Authoritarian Rule - PLSC 101 - Fall 2024 PDF

AUTHORITARIAN RULE Muneeza Mirza  2 MUNEEZA/PLSC101/2024 2024  3 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA 4 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 20...

AUTHORITARIAN RULE Muneeza Mirza  2 MUNEEZA/PLSC101/2024 2024  3 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA 4 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 1. Military dictatorship: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. 2. Monarchies: Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. An autocracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. 3. Personalistic dictatorships: The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to 5 silence critics. Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 4. Single party dictatorships: Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. 5. Hybrid dictatorships: Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/dictatorship-countries 6 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 MILITARY RULE/ARMED FORCES 7 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  MILITARY RULERS 8 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Mali - Since August 2020 Myanmar- Since February 2021 Chad - Since April 2021 Guinea - September 2021 Sudan - October 2021 Burkina Faso - January 2022 Niger - July 2023 Gabon - August 2023 https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of- 9 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 dictatorship-countries-in-the-world-1709274761-1  10 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  11 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024  Venezuela Nicholas Moduro Nicolás Maduro won the special election held in April 2013 to choose a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term of Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez, who had died in March. After serving as vice president (October 2012–March 2013), Maduro, a former labor leader, became the interim president following Chávez’s death. A zealous proponent of chavismo (the political system and ideology established by Chávez), Maduro was the successful candidate of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela; PSUV) in the special election to replace Chávez, and he was reelected in 2018. Maduro’s increasingly authoritarian rule led to repeated attempts by the opposition to remove him from office. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolas-Maduro 12 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 Uzbekistan While reforms adopted since President Shavkat Mirziyoyev took office in 2016 have led to improvements on some issues, Uzbekistan remains an authoritarian state with few signs of democratization. 13 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 MONARCHY 14 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  15 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-still-have-monarchy/ 2024 DOMINANT - PARTY 16 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Power in Russia’s authoritarian political system is concentrated in the hands of President Vladimir Putin. With loyalist security forces, a subservient judiciary, a controlled media environment, and a legislature consisting of a ruling party and pliable opposition factions, the Kremlin manipulates elections and suppresses genuine dissent. Rampant corruption facilitates shifting links among state officials and organized crime groups. Russian forces invaded Ukraine in February 2022, with the government curtailing rights and individual liberties even RUSSIA further to stifle domestic dissent.   18 https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/19/putin-s-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid- 2024 totalitarianism-pub-86921 ZIMBABWE Emmerson Mnangagwa became president in November 2017 following a dramatic week in which the military took charge and Robert Mugabe resigned after 37 years in office.He was re-elected as president in 2018. Mr Mnangagwa was again re-elected in August 2023 in a poll that observers said did not meet local laws and global standards, gaining 52.6% of the valid votes cast while his opponent Nelson Chamisa came second with 44%. Mr Chamisa rejected the results.When he first became president, Mr Mnangagwa - known as "The Crocodile" for his ruthlessness - promised a new start for his country's people.But Zimbabwe is still struggling with high inflation and unemployment also remains rife. Mr Mnangagwa's vow to guarantee human rights also appears hollow, with little changing in this regard since Mr Mugabe's departure. 19 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113249 COMMUNIST STATE 20 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Stages in History… …the inevitable progress of history = historical determinism Primitive Communism P Evolution A S Feudalism S A Violent Revolution G E Capitalism O F Violent Revolution T Socialism I M Transition E 21 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 Communism (Utopia) 2024  The history of all societies is the ‘history of class struggle’: Owners of the ‘means of production’ against/versus workers of the ‘means of production’. PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM (no government) = Classless society (based on subsistence living – very few commodities) Pre Industrial Society FEUDALISM (usually an absolute monarchy) = Aristocracy (landowners) versus Peasantry (land-workers) Revolution Industrial Society CAPITALISM (parliamentary democracy defending bourgeois principles) = Bourgeoisie (factory owners) versus Proletariat (factory workers) 22 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  The history of all societies is the history of class struggle: PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM FEUDALISM Capitalist Revolution CAPITALISM Socialist Revolution SOCIALISM Dictatorship of the Proletariat = Workers control the State to resist counter-revolution… as the threat diminishes, so the State becomes less powerful! Society becomes more equal with class system breaking down and goods more fairly distributed. Gradual transition COMMUNISM Classless society - no State, just the administration of things! 23 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 All equal where plentiful goods are fairly shared: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs’.  24 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  25 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13904437 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND   Miguel Diaz-Canel became president in April 2018 in a handover ending six decades of rule by the Castro family.  He has promised to maintain the island's one-party system after being chosen as president by parliament.  Cuba’s one-party communist state outlaws political pluralism, bans independent media, suppresses dissent, and severely restricts basic civil liberties. The government continues to dominate the economy despite recent reforms that permit some private-sector activity. CUBA https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19583447 26 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  27 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Fascism I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. What is Fascism? RIGHT WING intense nationalism and elitism totalitarian control interests of the state more important than individual rights maintain class system and private ownership Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority 2024 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 28 consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax  Nazism I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism? extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them 2024 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 29 THEOCRACY 30 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  At the top of Iran's power structure is the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who succeeded Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the father of the Iranian Revolution, upon Khomeini's death in 1989. Khomeini and Khamenei are the only two men to have held the office since the founding of the Islamic Republic in 1979 IRAN IRAN IS AN ISLAMIC THEOCRACY, AND THAT ONE MAN, THE SUPREME LEADER, EXERTS IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL CONTROL OVER A SYSTEM DOMINATED BY CLERICS WHO SHADOW EVERY MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE STATE  32 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada is a political and religious leader who is the third Supreme Commander of the Taliban source:https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-09-08/Graphics-Key-figures- in-the-new-Afghan-government-13nXFhiJtde/index.html AFGHANISTAN TALIBAN RULE 33 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Hitler, Stalin, and Mao ruled through violence, fear, and ideology. But in recent decades a new breed of media- savvy strongmen has been redesigning authoritarian rule for a more sophisticated, globally connected world. In place of overt, mass repression, rulers such as Vladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and Viktor Orbán control their citizens by distorting information and simulating democratic procedures. Like spin doctors in democracies, they spin the news to engineer support. 34 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024  Rule through fear Rule through deception 35 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0zLtNs2umI  36 Muneeza/PLSC101/2024 2024