Obligations and Contracts Attorney-Alwin-1 PDF

!!!!!!!1! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! TITLE%I.%OBLIGATIONS%...

!!!!!!!1! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! TITLE%I.%OBLIGATIONS% It! is! one! sided,! reflects! only! the! debtor’s! side! of! the! agreement!–!Sanchez!Roman! Article!1156!gives!the!Civil!Code!definition!of!obligation!in! it’s!passive!aspect.!! Our!law!merely!stresses!the!duty!of!the!debtor!or!obligor! ! when!it!speaks!of!an!obligation!as!a!juridical!necessity.!(De! CHAPTER(1:((( ! Leon)! GENERAL(PROVISIONS(( B. Elements(( ! 1. ACTIVE!SUBJECT!! Has!the!power!to!demand!the!prestation!! I. Concept*of*Obligations** ! Also!known!as!the!obligee!or!creditor! A. Definition(( 2. PASSIVE!SUBJECT!! ! Has!the!duty!to!perform!the!prestation!! Art.!1156.!!An!obligation!is!a!juridical!necessity!to!give!to!do!or!not! Also!known!as!the!obligor,or!debtor,! to!do.! ! ! 3. PRESTATION!OR!OBJECT!! OBLIGATION! May!consist!in!giving,!doing,!or!not!doing.!! From! the! Latin! word! obligare,! which! means! tying,! or! Must!be!(a)!possible,!(b)!determinable,!and!(c)!capable!of! binding.!! pecuniary!estimation! Tie! or! bond! recognized! by! law! by! virtue! of! which! one! is! ! bound!in!favor!of!another!to!render!something! KINDS%OF%PRESTATION% This!may!consist!in!giving!a!thing,!doing!a!certain!act!or!not! TO!GIVE!–!consists!in!the!delivery!of!a!movable!or!an! doing!a!certain!act.!! immovable!thing,!in!order!to!create!a!real!right!or!for! ! the! use! of! the! recipient! or! for! its! simple! possession! JURIDICAL!NECESSITY! or!in!order!to!return!to!its!owner! In! case! of! noncompliance,! the! courts! of! justice! may! be! TO! DO! –! all! kinds! of! work! or! services,! whether! called! upon! by! the! aggrieved! party! to! enforce! its! mental!or!physical! fulfillment,!or!in!default!thereof,!the!economic!value!that! NOT! TO! DO! –! consists! in! abstaining! from! some! act,! it!represents.! includes! “not! to! give,”! both! being! negative! The! debtor! may! be! made! liable! for! damages! which! obligations!! represents!the!sum!of!money!given!as!a!compensation!for! ! the!injury!or!harm!suffered!by!the!creditor!or!oblige! REQUISITES%OF%PRESTATION% The! debtor! must! comply! with! his! obligation! whether! he! Is!physically!and!juridically!possible! likes!it!or!not;!failure!will!have!harmful!consequences!! Is!determinate!or!at!least!determinable!according!to! ! pre?established!elements!or!criteria! NATURE!OF!OBLIGATIONS!UNDER!THE!CIVIL!CODE! Has!a!possible!equivalent!in!money!! Civil!obligations!are!obligations!which!give!the!creditor!or! o Pecuniary! interest! need! not! be! for! one! of! the! rd oblige!a!right!under!the!law!to!enforce!their!performance! parties,!it!maybe!for!the!benefit!of!3 !person/s! in!courts!of!justice! distinct!from!the!parties!to!the!contract! Natural! obligations! are! not! based! on! positive! law! but! on! o Prestation! need! not! be! of! economic! character! equity! and! natural! law,! do! not! grant! a! right! of! action! to! to! have! pecuniary! value,! if! it! does! not! have! enforce! their! performance! although! in! case! of! voluntary! value! the! law! attributes! to! it! economic! value! fulfillment!by!the!debtor,!the!latter!may!not!recover!what! e.g.!moral!and!nominal!damages! has!been!delivered!or!rendered!by!reason!thereof!(article! ! 1423)! ! ! 4. JURIDICAL!OR!LEGAL!TIE!! OBLIGATORY! RELATION! IN! ITS! TOTALITY:! The! juridical! relation,! That!which!binds!or!connects!the!parties!to!the!obligation! created! by! virtue! of! certain! facts,! between! two! or! more! persons,! Established!by!(a)!law,!(b)!bilateral!acts!(contracts),!and!(c)! whereby! the! creditor! or! obligee,! may! demand! of! the! debtor! or! unilateral!acts!(crimes!and!quasi?delicts)! obligor,!a!definite!prestation.! Also!called!efficient,cause,or!vinculum! ! Form! in! which! the! obligation! is! manifested! –! cannot! be! PASSIVE!SIDE:!Where!there!is!a!right!or!power!to!demand,!there!is!a! considered!essential!! correlative! obligation! or! an! imposition! upon! a! person! of! a! definite! ! conduct.!!! NOTE:! The! form! in! which! an! obligation! is! manifested! cannot! be! ! considered!essential.! ! ! CRITICISM!OF!DEFINITION! ! !!!!!!!2! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! C. Distinction(between(Natural(and(Civil( Binding! force?obligations! arising! from! contracts! have! the! Obligation( force!of!law!between!the!contracting!parties!! ! o Contracts!are!not!superior!to!law.!! AS!TO! NATURAL! CIVIL! o Must!be!valid!and!cannot!be!valid!if!it!is!against!the! Enforceability! Cannot!be!enforced!by! Can!be!compelled!by! law.!! and!How! court!orders;!depends! the!person!holding!the! o Compliance!in!good!faith?in!accordance!with!the! Enforced! on!the!good! right!to!compel,! stipulations!or!terms!of!the!contract!or!agreement.!! conscience!of!the! through!the!courts!or! o There!is!sincerity!and!honesty! debtor! public!authorities! Source!and!Basis! Equity,!Natural!Justice! Positive!Law! C. QUASIJCONTRACTS( or( DELICTS( [Quasi( ExJ and!Conscience! Contractu]( ! Art.! 1160.! Obligations! derived! from! quasi?contracts! shall! be! subject!to!the!provisions!of!Chapter!1,!Title!XVII.! II. Sources*of*Obligations** ! Art.!2142.!Certain!lawful,!voluntary!and!unilateral!acts!give!rise! A. LAW([ExJLege]( to!the!juridical!relation!of!quasi?contract!to!the!end!that!no!one! ! shall! be! unjustly! enriched! or! benefited! at! the! expense! of! Art.! 1158.! Obligations! derived! from! law! are! NOT, PRESUMED.! Only! another.!! those! expressly! determined, in, this, Code! or! in! special, laws! are! ! demandable,! and! shall! be! regulated! by! the! precepts, of, the, law! Juridical!relation!which!arises!from!certain!acts!that!are:!! which! establishes! them;! and! as! to! what, has, not, been, foreseen,! by! o LAWFUL!–!against!crime! the!provisions!of!this!book.!! o VOLUNTARY!–!against!quasi?delict;!based!on! ! negligence!or!mere!lack!of!foresight!! Is!an!independent!sources!of!obligations! o UNILATERAL!–!against!contract!in!which!there!are! Governed!by!the!law!itself! two!parties! Agreement! of! the! parties! is! not! necessary! (e.g.! tax! o E.g.!!Art!2144,!Art!2150,!Art!2154,!Art!2164,!Art!2167,! collection,!Art!448!and!Art!488)! Art!2168,!Art!2174,!and!Art!2175! Is! not! presumed;! only! those! expressly! provided! are! ! enforceable! 1. KINDS!OF!QUASI[CONTRACTS! To! be! demandable,! they! must! clearly! be! set! forth! in! the! ! law!(i.e.,!Civil!Code!or!special!laws.)! a. NEGOTIORUM%GESTIO%(OFFICIOUS% “Special!laws”!refer!to!all!other!laws!not!contained!in!the! MANAGEMENT)%% Civil!Code.!! ! ! Art.!2144.!Whoever!voluntarily!takes!charge!of!the!agency!or! management!of!the!business!or!property!of!another,!without! B. CONTRACTS([ExJContractu,(Culpa(Contractual]( any! power! from! the! latter,! is! obliged! to! continue! the! same! ! until! the! termination! of! the! affair! and! its! incidents,! or! to! Art.!1159.!Obligations!arising!from!contracts!have!the!force!of!law! require!the!person!concerned!to!substitute!him,!if!the!owner! between! the! contracting! parties! and! should! be! complied! with! in! is!in!a!position!to!do!so.!This!juridical!relation!does!not,arise!in! good!faith.! either!of!these!instances:! ! ! Expresses!principle!of!autonomy!of!will,!presupposes!that! 1)! When! the! property! or! business! is! not! neglected! or! contract!is!valid!and!enforceable!! abandoned! PRE?CONTRACTUAL! OBLIGATION:! Damages! can! be! ! recovered!when!contract!is!not!perfected!if:! 2)! If! in! fact! the! manager! has! been! tacitly! authorized! by! the! o Offer!is!clear!and!definite,!leaving!offeree!in!good! owner! faith!to!incur!expenses!in!expectation!of!entering! ! into!a!contract!! ! o Withdrawal!of!the!offer!must!be!without!any! b. SOLUTIO%INDEBITI%(PAYMENT%NOT%DUE)% illegitimate!cause.!If!offeror!is…!! ! ! Guilty,of,fault,or,negligence,!liability!would!be! Art.! 2154.! If! something! is! received! when! there! is! no! right! to! based!on!Art!2176! demand! it,! and! it! was! unduly! delivered! through! mistake,! the! ! Not,guilt,fault,nor,negligence,!withdrawal!was!in! obligation!to!return!it!arises.! abuse!of!right,!liability!would!be!based!on!Art!19! ! e.g.!breach!of!promise!to!marry, The! juridical! relation! which! is! created! when! something! is! ! received! when! there! is! no! right! to! demand! it! and! it! was! Art.! 1305.! A! contract! is! a! meeting! of! minds! between! two! persons! unduly!delivered!by!mistake!(Article!2154)! whereby! one! binds! himself,! with! respect! to! the! other,! to! give! Requisites:!! something!or!to!render!some!service.!! o No!right!to!receive!the!thing!delivered! ! o The!thing!was!delivered!through!mistake.!! ! !!!!!!!3! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! c. OTHER%QUASI=CONTRACTS%(SUPPORT%GIVEN% D. ACTS( or( OMISSIONS( PUNISHED( BY( LAW( [ExJ BY%STRANGERS%AND%OTHER%“GOOD% Delictu,(ExJMaleficio,(Culpa(Criminal]( SAMARITANS”)% ! % Art.!1611.!Civil!obligations!arising!from!criminal!offense!shall!be! Art.! 2164.! When,! without! the! knowledge! of! the! person! obliged! to! governed! by! the! penal! laws,! subject! to! the! provisions! of! Art! give!support,!it!is!given!by!a!stranger,!the!latter!shall!have!a!right!to! 2177,!and!of!the!pertinent!provisions!of!Chapter!2,!Preliminary! claim!the!same!from!the!former,!UNLESS!it!appears!that!he!gave!it! Title! on! Human! Relations! and! of! Title! XVIII! of! this! Book,! out!of!piety!and!without!intention!of!being!repaid.! regulating!damages.!! ! ! Art.! 2165.! When! funeral! expenses! are! borne! by! a! third! person,! Art.!100,!RPC.!Every!person!criminally!liable!for!a!felony!is!also! without!the!knowledge!of!those!relatives!who!were!obliged!to!give! civilly!liable.!! support! to! the! deceased,! said! relatives! shall! reimburse, the, third, ! person,!should!the!latter!claim!reimbursement.! ! ! GENERAL!RULE!"Civil!liability!is!a!necessary!consequence! Art.! 2166.! When! the! person! obliged! to! support! an! orphan,! or! an! of!criminal!liability! insane!or!other!indigent!person!unjustly!refuses!to!give!support!to! o Reason!"!Commission!of!crime!causes!not!only! the! latter,! any! third! person! may! furnish! support! to! the! needy! moral!evil!but!also!material!damage.!! individual,! with! right! of! reimbursement! from! the! person! obliged! to! o Art!12,!RPC!Exempting!circumstances;!do!not!incur! give!support.!The!provisions!of!this!article!apply!when!the!father!or! liability!but!are!NOT!EXEMPT!from!civil!liability! mother! of! a! child! under! eighteen! years! of! age! unjustly! refuses! to! ! Imbecile,or,insane,person,,unless,acting,in,a,lucid, support!him.! interval, ! ! Person,under,9,years,of,age, Art.! 2167.! When! through! an! accident! or! other! cause! a! person! is! ! Person,over,9,years,of,age,and,under,15,,unless, injured!or!becomes!seriously!ill,!and!he!is!treated!or!helped!while!he! acting,with,discernment, is!not!in!a!condition!to!give!consent!to!a!contract,!he!shall!be!liable! ! Acting,under,compulsion,of,an,irresistible,force, to!pay!for!the!services!of!the!physician!or!other!person!aiding!him,! ! Acting,under,impulse,of,an,uncontrollable,fear,of, unless!the!service!has!been!rendered!out!of!pure!generosity.! an,equal,or,greater,injury, ! EXCEPTION!"!Certain!crimes!without!civil!liability! Art.! 2168.! When! during! a! fire,! flood,! storm,! or! other! calamity,! o Criminal!contempt! property! is! saved! from! destruction! by! another! person! without! the! o Gambling! knowledge!of!the!owner,!the!latter!is!bound!to!pay!the!former!just! o Traffic!violations! compensation.! ! ! SUBSIDIARY%LIABILITY%FOR%CRIME% Art.!2169.!When!the!government,!upon!the!failure!of!any!person!to! Innkeepers,! tavern! keepers! and! any! other! persons! or! comply! with! health! or! safety! regulations! concerning! property,! corporations!shall!be!civilly!liable!for!crimes!committed!in! undertakes! to! do! the! necessary! work,! even! over! his! objection,! he! their! establishment,! in! all! cases! where! a! violation! of! shall!be!liable!to!pay!the!expenses.! municipal! ordinances! or! some! general! or! special! police! ! regulation! shall! have! been! committed! by! them! or! their! Art.! 2171.! The! rights! and! obligations! of! the! finder! of! lost! personal! employees.!! property!shall!be!governed!by!Articles!719!and!720.! Also! applicable! to! employers,! teachers,! persons! and! ! corporations! engaged! in! any! kind! of! industry! for! felonies! Art.! 2172.! The! right! of! every! possessor, in, good, faith! to! committed! by! their! servants,! pupils,! apprentices! or! reimbursement! for! necessary! and! useful! expenses! is! governed! by! employees!in!discharge!of!their!duties.! Article!546.! o To!hold!employers!subsidiarily!liable!for!CRIME!of!an! ! employee:!committed!in!the!performance!of!the! Art.! 2173.! When! a! third! person,! without! the! knowledge! of! the! functions!or!duties!of!the!employee.!! debtor,! pays! the! debt,! the! rights! of! the! former! are! governed! by! o But!if!action!is!based!on!CONTRACT,!and!not!upon! Articles!1236!(recover!what!has!been!beneficial!to!debtor)!and!1237! previous!conviction!of!employee!for!a!crime:! (cannot!compel!creditor!to!subrogate!payor!in!his!rights).! employer’s!liability!is!PRIMARY!and!INDEPENDENT,! ! not!merely!subsidiary.!! Art.! 2174.! When! in! a! small! community! a! nationality! of! the! % inhabitants! of! age! decide! upon! a! measure! for! protection! against! CIVIL%LIABILITY%ARISING%FROM%CRIME% lawlessness,! fire,! flood,! storm! or! other! calamity,! any! one! who! % objects!to!the!plan!and!refuses!to!contribute!to!the!expenses!but!is! Rules!on!Criminal!Procedure!Rule!111.!When!a!criminal!action! benefited!by!the!project!as!executed!shall!be!liable!to!pay!his!share! is! instituted,! the! civil! action! for! the! recovery! of! civil! liability! of!said!expenses.! arising! from! the! offense! charged! shall! be! deemed, instituted, ! with,the,criminal,action!UNLESS!the!offended!party!waives!the, Art.! 2175.! Any! person! who! is! constrained! to! pay! the! taxes! of! civil, action,! reserves, the, right, to, institute, it, separately! or! another!shall!be!entitled!to!reimbursement!from!the!latter.! institutes!the!civil!action!prior!to!the!criminal!action.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!4! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! EXTENT%OF%CIVIL%LIABILITY% NEW! SOURCES! OF! OBLIGATION! "! generally! recognized! *Art. ! 1268 CC by!law!although!not!included!in!the!code! Art.! 104,! RPC! What, is, included, in, civil, liability, –! The! civil! liability! 1. Unjust!enrichment!(CC!categorized!under!quasi? establish!in!Articles!100,!101,!102!and!103!include:! contract)! ! 2. Unilateral!declaration!of!will! 1)!Restitution! 3. Abuse!of!rights!(CC!categorized!under!quasi?delict)! 2)!Reparation!of!the!damage!caused! ! 3)!Indemnification!for!consequential!damages! TEST! OF! NEGLIGENCE! "! Would! a! prudent! man,! in! the! ! position! of! the! person! to! whom! negligence! is! attributed,! RESTITUTION!"!thing!itself!is!restored!(Art!105,!RPC)! foresee! harm! to! the! person! injured! as! a! reasonable! REPARATION! OF! DAMAGE! CAUSED! "! court! determines! consequence!of!the!course!about!to!be!pursued?! amount!of!damage!(Art!106,!RPC)! ! INDEMNIFICATION! FOR! CONSEQUENTIAL! DAMAGES! "! not! ELEMENTS%OF%NEGLIGENCE% only! caused! the! 3rd! party! but! also! those! suffered! by! his! Duty!on!the!part!of!the!defendant!to!protect!the!plaintiff! family! or! by! a! 3rd! person! by! reason! of! the! crime! (Art! 107,! from!injury!of!which!the!latter!complains! RPC)! Failure!to!perform!such!duty! Civil!liability!for!crimes!is!extinguished!the!same!causes! An!injury!to!the!plaintiff!through!such!failure! provided!in!the!CC!for!the!extinguishment!of!other! ! obligations.! KINDS%OF%NEGLIGENCE% GENERAL!RULE:!Criminal!action!bars!civil!action!for!the!same! a. CULPA% AQUILANA% –! or! culpa! extra?contractual;! offense!! negligence!as!a!source!of!obligation,!a!quasi?delict! o Civil!action!for!recovery!of!civil!liability!arising!from!the! b. CULPA% CONTRACTUAL% –! negligence! in! the! offense!is!impliedly!instituted!with!the!criminal!action! performance!of!a!contract% EXCEPTIONS:!! c. CULPA%CRIMINAL!–!criminal!negligence! o Offended!party!reserves!the!right!to!institute!it! % separately!! DISTINCTION% BETWEEN% CULPA% AQUILANA% AND% CULPA% o The!law!provides!for!an!independent!civil!action!(i.e.!civil! CONTRACTUAL% action!may!proceed!to!final!judgment!irrespective!of! ! result!of!the!criminal!action!and!filing!of!the!criminal! CULPA!AQUILANA! CULPA!CONTRACTUAL! action!does!not!suspend!the!civil!action)!! (culpa!extra[contractual!or! ! Obligations!arising!from!the!act!or!omission!claimed! quasi!delict)! to!be!criminal!(Art!31)! ! Violations!of!constitutional!rights!and!liberties!of! Governed!by!Art!2176!to!2194! Governed!by!Art!1179!et,sequel,! individuals!(Art!32)! Negligence! as! a! source! of! Negligence!in!the!performance!of! ! Defamation,!fraud!or!physical!injuries!(Art!33)! obligation! a!contract! ! Refusal!or!failure!of!members!of!police!force!to! ?Parties! have! no! pre?existing! ?Parties! have! pre?existing! render!protection!to!life!or!property!!(Art!34)! contractual!relations! contractual!relations! ?Fault! or! negligence! which! ?Fault!or!negligence!of!the!debtor! E. QUASIJDELICTS( [Quasi( ExJDelicto,( Quasi( ExJ constitutes! an! independent! as!an!incident!in!the!fulfillment!of! source! of! obligation! between! an!existing!obligation! Maleficio,( Culpa( Aquilana,( Tort( (common( parties!not!previously!bound!! law)]( Negligence!of!defendant!should! ?Negligence! serves! to! increase! ! be! the! proximate! cause! of! the! liability! arising! from! the! Art.! 1162.! Obligations! derived! from! quasi?delicts! shall! be! damage!if!liability!is!to!attach! contractual!obligation.!! governed!by!the!provisions!of!Chapter!2,!Title!XVII!of!this!Book! ?Quasi! delict! may! arise! even! if! ! and!by!special!laws.! there!is!pre?existing!contractual! ! relation.!! Art.! 2176.! Whoever! by! act! or! omission! causes! damage! to! ! another,! there! being! fault! or! negligence,! is! obliged! to! pay! for! ! the! damage! done.! Such! fault! or! negligence! when! there! is! no! ! pre?existing! contractual! relation! between! the! parties,! is! called! ! quasiMdelict!and!is!governed!by!the!provisions!of!this!Chapter.! ! ! ! BASIS! "! Undisputable! principle! of! equity;! fault! or! ! negligence!cannot!prejudice!anyone!else!besides!its!author! ! and! in! no! case! should! its! consequences! be! borne! by! him! ! who! suffers! the! harm! produced! by! such! fault! or! ! negligence.! ! o Man!is!responsible!not!only!for!his!voluntary!willful! ! acts,!executed!consciously!and!intentionally!but!also! ! for!those!acts!performed!with!lack!of!foresight,!care! ! and!diligence,!which!cause!material!harm!to!society! ! or!to!other!individuals.! ! ! !!!!!!!5! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! 1. DISTINCTION!BETWEEN!QUASI[DELICTS!AND!CRIMES! 2. LIABILITY!FOR!FAULT!OF!OTHERS!! ! Obligation!arising!from!quasi?delict!is!demandable!not!only! AS!TO…! QUASI[DELICT! CRIMES! for! one’s! own! acts! or! omissions,! but! also! for! those! of! Nature!of!right! Private!rights;!wrong! Public!right;!wrong! persons!for!whom!one!is!responsible.!! violated! against!the!individual! against!the!state! ! Condition!of! Criminal!intent!is!not! Criminal!intent!is! Art.! 2180.! The! obligation! imposed! by! Article! 2176! is! mind! necessary.!Possible! necessary!for!the! demandable!not!only!for!one's!own!acts!or!omissions,!but!also! that!there!is!not! existence!of!liability,! for!those!of!persons!for!whom!one!is!responsible.!! criminal!charge!but! without!it,!there!can! ! only!civil!liability!for! be!no!crime! The!father!and,!in!case!of!his!death!or!incapacity,!the!mother,! damages!arising!from! are! responsible! for! the! damages! caused! by! the! minor! children! quasi?delict! who!live!in!their!company.!! Legal!basis!of! Actionable!in!any!act! Not!as!broad!as! ! liability! or!omission!wherein! quasi?delict,!can!be! Guardians! are! liable! for! damages! caused! by! the! minors! or! fault!or!negligence! punished!only!when! incapacitated!persons!who!are!under!their!authority!and!live!in! intervenes! there!is!a!penal!law! their!company.!! clearly!penalizing!it! ! Liability!for! Liability! for! damages! Certain!crimes!do!not! The! owners! and! managers! of! an! establishment! or! enterprise! damages! to!the!injured!party! have!civil!liability!e.g.! are! likewise! responsible! for! damages! caused! by! their! contempt,! gambling,! employees!in!the!service!of!the!branches!in!which!the!latter!are! violations! of! employed!or!on!the!occasion!of!their!functions.!! ordinances! and! ! traffic! regulations! Employers! shall! be! liable! for! the! damages! caused! by! their! when! nobody! is! employees! and! household! helpers! acting! within! the! scope! of! injured! their! assigned! tasks,! even! though! the! former! are! not! engaged! Forms!of!redress! Reparation! of! the! Fine! (accruing! to! the! in!any!business!or!industry.!! injury! suffered! by! the! public! treasury),! ! injured! party! "! imprisonment! or! The!State!is!responsible!in!like!manner!when!it!acts!through!a! compensation,! both!"!punishment! special! agent;! but! not! when! the! damage! has! been! caused! by! indemnification! the!official!to!whom!the!task!done!properly!pertains,!in!which! Amount! of! Preponderance! of! Beyond! reasonable! case!what!is!provided!in!Article!2176!shall!be!applicable.!! evidence! evidence! doubt! ! Compromise! Can! be! compromised! Can! never! be! Lastly,! teachers! or! heads! of! establishments! of! arts! and! trades! as! any! other! civil! compromised! shall!be!liable!for!damages!caused!by!their!pupils!and!students! liability!! or!apprentices,!so!long!as!they!remain!in!their!custody.!! ! ! The!responsibility!treated!of!in!this!article!shall!cease!when!the! REQUISITES%OF%LIABILITY%UNDER%QUASI=DELICTS% persons! herein! mentioned! prove! that! they! observed! all! the! There! exists! a! wrongful! act! or! omission! imputable! to! the! diligence!of!a!good!father!of!a!family!to!prevent!damage.!! defendant!by!reason!of!his!fault!or!negligence! ! There!exists!a!damage!or!injury! Art.!218,!FC.!The!school,!its!administrators!and!teachers,!or!the! Direct!causal!connection!or!relation!of!cause!and!effect!between! individual,! entity! or! institution! engaged! in! child! are! shall! have! the! fault! or! negligence! and! the! damage! or! injury! OR! that! the! special! parental! authority! and! responsibility! over! the! minor! fault!or!negligence!be!the!cause!of!damage!or!injury!! child!while!under!their!supervision,!instruction!or!custody.!! o DOCTRINE! OF! PROXIMATE! CAUSE:! such! adequate! and! ! efficient!cause!as,!in!the!natural!order!of!events,!and!under! Authority! and! responsibility! shall! apply! to! all! authorized! the! particular! circumstance! surrounding! the! cause,! would! activities!whether!inside!or!outside!the!premises!of!the!school,! necessarily!produce!the!event!! entity!or!institution.!! o NATURAL! AND! PROBABLE! CAUSE:! either! when! it! acts! ! directly!producing!the!injury,!or!sets!in!motion!other!causes! Art.!219,!FC.!Those!given!the!authority!and!responsibility!under! so! producing! it! and! forming! a! continuous! chain! in! natural! the!preceding!Article!shall!be!principally!and!solidarily!liable!for! sequence!down!to!the!injury! damages!caused!by!the!acts!or!omissions!of!the!unemancipated! o CONCURRENT! CAUSE:! if! two! causes! operate! at! the! same! minor.!The!parents,!judicial!guardians!or!the!persons!exercising! time!to!produce!a!result!which!might!be!produced!by!either! substitute! parental! authority! over! said! minor! shall! be! independently! of! the! other,! each! of! them! is! a! proximate! subsidiarily!liable.!! cause! ! o When!the!plaintiff’s!own!negligence!was!the!immediate!and! The! respective! liabilities! of! those! referred! to! in! the! preceding! proximate!cause!of!his!injury,!he!cannot!recover!damages.!! paragraph!shall!not!apply!if!it!is!proved!that!they!exercised!the! o BUT! if! negligence! is! only! contributory,! the! immediate! and! proper!diligence!required!under!the!particular!circumstances.!! proximate! cause! of! the! injury! is! defendant’s! lack! of! due! ! care,! the! plaintiff! may! recover! damages,! the! courts! shall! All! other! cases! not! covered! by! this! and! the! preceding! articles! mitigate!the!damages!to!be!awarded!(Art!2179)! shall!be!governed!by!the!provisions!of!the!Civil!Code!on!quasi? ! delicts.! ! !!!!!!!6! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! ! 2. WITH!A!PERIOD!OR!TERM! DILIGENCE%OF%EMPLOYERS% ! !An!employer!may!be!held!civilly!liable!for!the!quasi?delict! Obligations! with! a! Period! or! Term! deal! with! when! an! or!crime!of!his!employee.!! obligation!is!demandable! ! ! LIABILITY!OF!EMPLOYERS!FOR! LIABILITY!OF!EMPLOYERS!FOR! EMPLOYEES’! EMPLOYEES’! PERIOD!"!a!future!and!certain!event;!an!event!that!must! QUASI[DELICT!(Art!2180,!CC)! CRIME!(Art!103,!RPC)! necessarily!come! ! Primary,!can!be!sued!directly!by! Subsidiary,!employee!must! the!injured!party!and!after!he!has! have!first!been!convicted!and! AS!TO! PERIOD! CONDITION! paid!the!damages!to!such!injured! sentenced!to!pay!civil! Fulfillment! Certain!event! Uncertain! party,!he!can!recover,from,his, indemnity!and!it!must!be! event! employee!amount!paid!by!him! shown!that!he!is!insolvent!in! Time! Future!event! Past!event! order!that!employee!may!be! unknown!to!parties! liable! Influence!on! Fixes!the!time!for! Causes!an! Employer!can!avoid!liability!by! Liability!is!absolute!and!cannot, the!obligation! the!efficaciousness!of! obligation!either!to! proving!that!he!exercised!the! avail,of,the,defense!by!proof!of! the!obligation! arise!or!to!cease! diligence,of,a,good,father,of!a! such!diligence! Effect!when!left! Empowers!the! Invalidates!the! family!to!prevent!damage! to!the!debtor’s!will! court!to!fix!the! obligation! All!employers,!whether!they!are! Employer!is!liable!only!when!he! duration! engaged!in!some!enterprise!or! is!engaged!in!some!kind!of! Retroactivity!of! Does!not!have!any! Has!retroactive! not,!are!liable!for!the!acts!of!their! business!or!industry!(during! effects! retroactive!effect! effect! employees!including!house! performance!of!duty)! unless!there!is!an! helpers! agreement!to!the! contrary! ?Must!be!possible! ! III. Classification*of*Obligations** 3. ALTERNATIVE!AND!FACULTATIVE! Alternative! and! Facultative! focus! on! classifiying! A. Primary(Classification(under(the(Civil(Code(( obligations!with!multiple!objects.! ! ! 1. PURE!AND!CONDITIONAL! ALTERNATIVE% ! # An!obligation!with!multiple!prestations!but!debtor!will! PURE!"!not!subject!to!any!condition;!no!specific!date!is! perform!one,or,some,but,not,all,!depending!on!whose! mentioned;!demandable!at!once! ! choice!it!is! ! ! # Performance! of! one! of! them! is! sufficient! as! CONDITIONAL!"!fulfillment!or!extinguishment!depends! determined!by!the!choice!of!the!DEBTOR,!but!may!be! exercised! by! the! creditor! when! EXPRESSLY! granted! to! upon!a!future!and!uncertain!event!! him! (article! 1205),! or! by! a! third! person! when! a! ! COMMON!AGREEMENT!gives!the!right!to!him.!! Pure! and! Conditional! obligations! deal! with! when! the! ! obligation!is!enforceable.! ! FACULTATIVE% # An!obligation!with!multiple!prestations!with!a!principal! CONDITION! "! future! AND! uncertain! event,! upon! the! obligation!and!substitute!prestation.! happening! of! which,! the! effectivity! or! extinguishment! of! an! # The!choice!is!generally!given!to!the!DEBTOR!! obligation!(or!right)!subject!to!it!depends! # Only! one! prestation! is! agreed! upon! but! the! obligor! ! may!render!another!in!substitution.! Characteristics!of!a!condition! # Examples:!! o Future!and!uncertain!–!the!word!“or”!should!be! “I!will!give!you!my!piano!but!I!may!give!my! “and”.!! television!set!as!a!substitute.”!! o Past!but!unknown!–!Both!future!and!past!events! must!be!UNCERTAIN.!! “I!will!mortgage!my!land!to!secure!my!debt!which! shall!be!payable!within!90!days!upon!my!failure!to! ! pay!my!debt!within!30!days.”!! Two!principal!kinds!of!condition! ! o Suspensive!(Condition!precedent!or!condition! ! antecedent)?!gives!rise!to!an!obligation!or!right! ! o Resolutory!(Condition!subsequent)!?!fulfillment!will! ! extinguish!an!obligation! ! ! ! Effects!of!Happening!of!Condition! ! o Acquisition!of!Rights!! ! o Loss!of!rights!already!acquired! ! ! ! !!!!!!!7! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! AS!TO! ALTERNATIVE! FACULTATIVE! 6. WITH!A!PENAL!CLAUSE! Number!of! ?Several! are! due,! but! ?Only! one! althought! Deals!with!obligations!containing!an!accessory!obligation! Prestations! compliance! of! one! is! the! DEBTOR! is! to! assume! a! greater! liability! in! case! of! a! breach! of! the! sufficient! allowed! to! substitute! principal!obligation! ! it.! Purpose!of!a!Penal!Clause! Right!of!choice! ?may! be! given! to! the! ?Right! to! make! the! o To!insure!their!performance!by!creating!an!effective! creditor! or! third! substitution! is! given! deterrent! against! breach,! making! the! consequences! person! only!to!the!debtor! of! such! breach! as! onerous! as! it! may! possibly! be! Loss!through!a! ?loss! of! one! or! more! ?loss!of!the!thing!due! (general!purpose)! fortuitous!event! of! the! alternatives! extinguishes! the! o To! substitute! a! penalty! for! the! indemnity! for! through! a! fortuitous! obligation! damages! and! the! payment! of! interests! in! case! of! event! does! not! non?compliance! (Article! 1226);! or! to! punish! the! extinguish! the! debtor! for! the! non?fulfillment! or! violation! of! his! obligation! obligation.!! Loss!through!fault! a.! does! not! render! a.! loss! of! the! thing! ! of!the!debtor! debtor!liable! due! through! his! fault! ! ! b.! Where! the! choice! makes!him!liable.! PENAL!CLAUSE! CONDITION! belongs! to! the! b.! the! loss! of! the! Constitutes!an!obligation! Does!not!constitute!an! creditor,! the! loss! of! substitute! before! the! although!accessory! obligation! one! alternative! substitution! through! May!become!demandable!in! Never!demandable! through! the! fault! of! the! fault! of! the! default!of!the!unperformed! the! debtor! gives! rise! debtor! does! not! obligation!and!sometimes!jointly! to!liability! render!him!liable.! with!it! ! ! 4. JOINT!AND!SOLIDARY! Classifies! obligation! according! to! the! subjects! of! the! B. Secondary(Classification( obligation,!their!number!and!the!ties!that!bind!them! ! ! 1. LEGAL,!CONVENTIONAL!AND!PENAL!! JOINT%% ! # each! can! be! made! to! pay! only! his! share! in! the! Legal!"!derived!from!law!and!is!not!presumed;!expressly! obligation! determined!in!the!Civil!Code.!! # the! whole! obligation! is! to! be! paid! or! fulfilled! proportionately! by! the! different! debtors! and/or! is! to! % be! demanded! proportionately! by! the! different! Conventional! "! from! contracts/stipulation! of! parties;! creditors.!! should!be!complied!with!in!good!faith!! SOLIDARY%% % # one! can! be! made! to! pay! for! the! whole! obligation! Penal!"!from!commission!of!a!crime! subject!to!reimbursement! ! # one!where!each!one!of!the!debtors!is!bound!to!render,! 2. REAL!AND!PERSONAL! and! /! or! each! one! of! the! creditors! has! a! right! to! demand! from! any! of! the! debtors,! entire! compliance! ! with!the!prestation!! Real"!an!obligation!to!give! # Solidary!liability!only!when!(Article!1207):!! % The!obligation!expressly!so!states!! Personal!"!an!obligation!to!do!or!not!to!do! Law!requires!solidarity! ! The!nature!of!the!obligation!requires!solidarity!! 3. DETERMINATE!AND!GENERIC! ! ! 5. DIVISIBLE!AND!INDIVISIBLE! Determinate%"!an!obligation!to!give!a!unique,!specific! Focuses! on! whether! the! performance! of! the! obligation! thing;!capable!of!perishing! must!be!done!as!whole!or!capable!of!being!done!in!parts! % % Generic% "! an! obligation! to! give! a! generic! thing;! generally! DIVISIBLE% "! one! the! object! of! which,! in! its! delivery! or! does!not!perish! performance,!is!capable!of!PARTIAL!FULFILLMENT.! ! ! 4. POSITIVE!AND!NEGATIVE! INDIVISIBLE!"!one!the!object!of!which,!in!its!delivery!or! ! performance,!is!NOT!capable!of!partial!fulfillment.!!! ! Positive%"!an!obligation!requiring!a!positive!act!(to!give!or! ! to!do)! ! % ! Negative! "! an! obligation! requiring! an! omission! (not! to! ! give!or!not!to!do)! ! ! !!!!!!!8! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! CHAPTER(2:(NATURE(AND( 5. UNILATERAL!AND!BILATERAL! ! Unilateral%"!an!obligation!with!a!prestation!incumbent! only!on!one!of!the!parties! % EFFECTS(OF(OBLIGATIONS( Bilateral!"!an!obligation!with!reciprocal!prestations! ! 6. INDIVIDUAL!AND!COLLECTIVE! I. Kinds*of*Prestation* ! Individual%"!Only!has!one!creditor!and!one!debtor! A. Obligation(to(Give((Real(Obligation)( ( % 1. A!SPECIFIC!THING! Collective!"!May!have!multiple!creditors!and/or!debtors! ! ! REAL!OBLIGATION!–!the!subject!matter!is!a!thing!which!the!obligor! 7. PRINCIPAL!AND!ACCESSORY! must!deliver!to!the!obligee! ! ! Principal%"!independent!and!capable!of!standing!on!its! SPECIFIC! THING! GENERIC! THING! own! (determinate)! (indeterminate)! One! that! is! individualized! Indicated! only! by! its! kind! or! % and! can! be! identified! or! specie,! without! being! Accessory! "! depends! on! another! obligation! for! its! distinguished!from!others!of!its! designated! and! distinguished! existence! kind! from!others!of!the!same!kind! ! ! ! 8. AS!TO!OBJECT!OR!PRESTATION!! Debtor!cannot!substitute!it! Object! due! becomes! ! with! another! although! the! determinable! from! moment! of! Simple%"!an!obligation!with!only!one!prestation! latter! is! of! the! same! kind! and! delivery!! quality! without! the! consent! of! ! % the!creditor!(Art.!1244)! Debtor! can! give! anything! of! Multiple!"!an!obligation!with!two!or!more!prestations! the!same!class!as!long!as!it!is!of! ! the!same!kind! Conjunctive!–!all!must!be!performed! ! Distributive!–!one!or!some!must!be!performed! SPECIFIC%THING%(DETERMINATE)%% o Alternative! –! more! than! one! prestation! but! one! ! party! may! choose! which! one;! several! are! due! but! a. DUTIES%OF%THE%OBLIGOR/DEBTOR%(Letters%B=D% only! one! must! be! fulfilled! at! the! election! of! the! debtor! are%the%accessory/incidental%obligations)%% ! o Facultative! –! main! prestation! and! a! substitute! - principal prestation!and!it!is!the!debtor!who!chooses;!only!one! i. To%deliver%thing%itself% obligation thing!is!due!but!the!debtor!has!reserved!the!right!to! ! substitute!it!with!another! Art.!1244,!Par.!1.!The!debtor!of!a!thing!cannot%compel!the!creditor! ! to! receive% a, different! one,! although! the! latter! may! be! of! the! same! 9. POSSIBLE!AND!IMPOSSIBLE! value!as,!or!more!valuable!than!which!is!due.! ! ! “He!shall!acquire!no!real!right!over!it!until!the!same!has!been! Possible%"!an!obligation!capable!of!being! delivered!to!him”!–!the!creditor!does!not!become!the!owner! performed/complied!with! until!the!specific!thing!has!been!delivered!to!him! % Though! upon, agreement, or, consent, of, the, creditor,! the! Impossible! "! an! obligation! incapable! of! being! debtor! may! deliver! a! different! thing! or! perform! a! different! performed,!either!physically!or!legally! prestation! in! lieu! of! that! stipulated! "! DATION! in! payment! ! (Art!1245)!or!OBJECTIVE!NOVATION!(Art!1291)! ! Generally,! arises! from! the! perfection! of! the! contract! (Art.! 1305,!1315,!1319)! ! If!it!is!subject!to!a!suspensive!condition!or!period!(Art.!1179,! ! 1189,! 1193),! it! arises! upon! fulfillment! of! the! condition! or! ! arrival!of!the!period;!OR!parties!make!stipulate!otherwise! ! In!a!sale,!obligation!arises!from!the!perfection!of!the!contract! ! even!if!the!obligation!is!subject!to!a!suspensive!condition!or!a! suspensive!period!where!the!price!has!been!paid! ! In! obligations! arising! from! law,! quasi?contracts,! delicts,! and! ! quasi?delicts,! time! of! the! performance! is! determined! by! the! ! provisions!of!law!applicable! ! ! !!!!!!!9! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! Defects!of!the!thing!may!be!waived!by!the!creditor!IF!! ACCESSIONS%AND%ACCESSORIES%DISTINGUISHED:% o Expressly!declares!! ! o With!knowledge!thereof,!he!accepts!the!thing!without! ACCESSIONS! ACCESSORIES! protest! or! disposes! or! consumes! it! "! “waiver! of! Can! exist! only! in! relation! to! Can! exist! only! in! relation! defect”! the!principal! to!the!principal! ! ! ! - is an accessory Fruits! of,! or! additions! to,! or! Those! things! which,! ii. To%preserve%thing% obligation ! improvements! upon,! a! thing! (the! destined! for! embellishment,! principal);! not! necessary! to! the! use! or! preservation! of! Art.!1163.!Every!person!obliged!to!give!something!is!also!obliged%to% principal!thing! another! thing! or! more! take% care! of! it! with! the! proper% diligence! of! a! good% father% of% a% ! important,! have! for! their! family,! UNLESS! the! law! or! the! stipulation! of! the! parties! requires! Includes! everything! which! is! object! the! completion! of! the! another!standard!of!care.! produced! by! a! thing,! or! which! is! latter! for! which! they! are! ! incorporated!or!attached!thereto,! indispensable!or!convenient.!! Why:! the! obligation! to! deliver! would! be! illusory,! so! the! either! naturally! or! artificially.! ! debtor! has! the! incidental! duty! to! take! care! of! the! thing! Does! not! include! fruits! because! The! things! joined! to,! or! due!! *From the concept of a Roman father Art!1164!mentioned!it!already! included! with,! the! principal! What! kind! of! diligence:! DILIGENCE! OF! GOOD! FATHER! OF! Accesion! continua! which! thing! for! the! latter’s! FAMILY;!elaborated!in!Art!1173! includes:! embellishment,! use,! or! It!is!the!ordinary,care!or!that!diligence!which!an!average!(a! 1. Accesion,natural! completion;! accessory! and! reasonably! prudent)! person! exercises! over! his! own! e.g.!alluvion! principal! thing! must! go! property! 2. Accesion,industrial! together! o Failure! to! preserve! the! thing! "! Liability! for! e.g.! building,! planting,! - can ! be removed without damages!! sowing! damaging o BUT! if! due! to! FORTUITOUS! EVENTS! or! FORCE! ! - can't be removed without the thing (ex. horseshoe, MAJEURE! "!Exempted!from!responsibility!!(Art.! ! damaging saddle) 1174)! (ex. hair of the horse) - accessory iv. To%deliver%the%fruits% obligation Factors! to! consider:! Nature! of! the! obligation,! the! ! circumstances!of!the!person,!of!the!time,!and!of!the!place! Art.!1164,!Par.!1.!The!creditor!has!a!right!to!the!fruits!of!the!thing! (Art.!1173)! from! the! time% the% obligation% to% deliver! it! arises.! However,! there! is! Exception:! When! the! law! or! the! stipulation! provides! for! no%real%right!until!the!same!has!been!delivered!to!him.! another! standard! of! care! (slight! or! extraordinary! ! diligence),! said! law! or! stipulation! must! prevail! (Art.! 1163! Non, nudis, pactis,, sed, traditione, domina, rerum, UNLESS!clause)! *Time to deliver -trasferentur,"!the!ownership!of!things!is!transferred! depends whether the obligation is o Art.!1755!–!a!common!carrier!should!use!utmost! suspensive, resolutory,not!only!by!mere!agreements!but!by!delivery% or w/ (extraordinary)! diligence! of! very! cautious! persons,! with! a! due! regard! for! all! the! a period By! law,! the! creditor! is! entitled! to! the! fruits! of! the! circumstances! thing!to!be!delivered!from!the!time!the!obligation!to! o Reyes, v, CA! –! banks! are! duty! bound! to! treat! make! delivery! of! the! thing! arises! –! the! intention! of! the!law!is!to!protect!the!interest!of!the!oblige!should! deposit!accounts!with!the!highest!degree!of!care! where! the! fiduciary! nature! of! relationship! is! the! obligor! commit! delay,! purposely! or! otherwise,! in! concerned! the!fulfillment!of!his!obligation% o Exception:! It! is! contrary! to! public! policy! to! , REAL%RIGHT!–!power!or!right!or!interest!belonging!to!a!person!over! stipulate! for! absolute! exemption! from! liability! for!any!fault!or!negligence!(Art.!1173,!1174)! a! specific! thing,! without! a! definite! passive! subject! individually! ! determined,!against!whom!such!right!may!be!personally!exercised! Gives!to!a!person!a!direct!and!immediate!power!over! iii. To%deliver%the%accessions%and%accessories% - accessory a! thing,! which! is! susceptible! of! being! exercised,! not! obligation ! only! against! a! determinate! person! but! against! the! Art.! 1166.! Obligation! to! give! a! determinate! thing! includes! that! of! whole!world! delivering%all%its%accessions%and%accessories,!even!though!they!may! E.g.!rights!of!ownership!and!possession! not!have!been!mentioned.! , ! PERSONAL% RIGHT, –! power! belonging! to! one! person! (creditor)! to! General! rule:! all! accessions! and! accessories! are! demand! of! another! (debtor),! as! a! definite! passive! subject,! the! considered! included! in! the! obligation;! principal! of! law! fulfillment!of!a!prestation!to!give,!to!do!or!not!to!do! that!the!accessory!follows!the!principal! ! May! be! qualified! by! contrary! intentions! of! the! parties,! , e.g.! exclude! delivery! of! accession! or! accessory! of! the! , thing.!! , ! , ! , ! , ! , ! , !!!!!!!10! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! PERSONAL%RIGHT%AND%REAL%RIGHT%DISTINGUISHED:! b. Fraud! ! c. Negligence!in!performance! PERSONAL!RIGHT!(JUS!IN! REAL!RIGHT!(JUS!IN!RE)! d. Delay!or!default! PERSONAM!OR!JUS!AD!REM)! e. Any!manner!in!contravention!of!the!tenor!of!obligation!! There! is! a! definite! active! There! is! only! a! definite! active! ! subject! and! a! definite! passive! subject! without! any! definite! 2. A!GENERIC!THING! subject! passive!subject! , ! ! GENERIC%THING%(INDETERMINATE)% Binding! or! enforceable! only! Directed! against! the! whole! ! against!a!particular!person! world! Art.! 1246.! When! the! obligation! consists! in! the! delivery% of% an% ! indeterminate% or% generic% thing,! whose! quality! and! circumstances! TYPES%OF%FRUITS%(Art.!442):! have! not! been! stated,! the! creditor! cannot! demand! a! thing! of! 1. Natural!Fruits!–!spontaneous!products!of!the!soil,!and!the! superior, quality.! Neither! can! the! debtor! deliver! a! thing! of! inferior, young! and! other! products! of! animals;! without! the! quality.!The!purpose!of!the!obligation!and!other!circumstances!shall! intervention!of!human!labor! be!taken!into!consideration.! *No legal obligation to take care of 2. Industrial! Fruits! –! those! produced! by! lands! of! any! kind! ! a generic thing rd through!cultivation!or!labor;!by!reason!of!human!labor! Creditor! may! ask! for! compliance! by, 3 , person, at, debtor’s, 3. Civil!Fruits!–!those!derived!by!virtue!of!juridical!relation! expense;!action!for!substituted!performance!(Art!1165)! ! ! CORRELATIVE% RIGHTS% OF% THE% OBLIGEE/CREDITOR% (Sir! Labitag’s! LIMITED% GENERIC% THING! –! generic! objects! confined! to! a! particular! diagrammatical!outline)!! class,!the!class!is!considered!in!itself!a!determinate!object! 1. Right!to!compel!delivery!! ! a. Fruits!(both!industrial!and!natural!from!the!time!obligation! DUTIES%OF%THE%OBLIGOR/DEBTOR! to!deliver!arises),!accessions!and!accessories! To! deliver! a! thing! which! is! of! the! quality! intended! by! the! b. No! real! right! until! delivery! "! personal! action! against! parties! taking! into! consideration! the! purpose! of! the! debtor,!no!right!against!the!world! obligation!and!other!circumstances!(see!Art.!1246)! 2. Right!to!rescission!or!resolution!! To! be! liable! for! damages! in! case! of! fraud,! negligence,! or! 3. Right!to!damages! delay,! in! the! performance! of! his! obligation,! or! a. Failure!to!deliver! contravention!of!the!tenor!thereof!(see!Art.!1170)! Legal! excuse! for! breach! of! obligation! or! delay— , FORTUITOUS!EVENT!unless!there!is! CORRELATIVE% RIGHTS% OF% THE% OBLIGEE/CREDITOR, (from! Sir! o Law!e.g.!possession!in!bad!faith!(Art!552)! Labitag’s!diagrammatical!outline)!! o Stipulation!to!the!contrary! 1. Right!to!ask!for!rescission!or!damages! o Nature!of!obligation!requires!assumption!of! 2. Right!to!damages! risk! a. Failure!to!deliver! FE!APPLICABLE!TO:!! b. Fraud!(malice!or!bad!faith)! o Nonperformance!! c. Negligence! o Delay! d. Delay! o Loss/deterioration!of!specific!thing!! e. Any!manner!contravene!the!tenor!of!obligation! ! Art! 1189! Before! happening! of! ! suspensive!condition! RIGHTS%OF%A%CREDITOR,(from!BarOps!Reviewer!2008)! ! Art! 1190! Before! happening! of! ! resolutory!condition! SPECIFIC! GENERIC! Debtor!still!liable!despite!FE:! To! compel! specific! To! ask! for! the! performance! o Expressly!specified!by!law!! performance! of!the!obligation! ! Art! 1942! Bailee! liable! for! loss! To!recover!damages,!in!case! To!ask!that!the!obligation!be! (commodatum)! of! breach! of! the! obligation,! complied!with!at!the!expense!of! ! Art!2001!Act!of!a!thief! exclusive! or! in! addition! to! the!debtor!! ! Art!2147!Negotiorum!gestio!! specific!performance! ! Art!1993!Loss!of!deposit!! Entitlement! to! fruits,! To! recover! damages! in! case! o Stipulation!e.g.!debtor!becomes!“insurer”!of! interests! from! the! time! of!breach!of!obligation!! the!obligation! obligation!to!deliver!arises! o Assumption!of!risk! ! o Fraud!or!malice!(bad!faith)!! ! ! Art!1165!Par!3!Delivers!to!two!or!more! ! persons!having!different!interest! ! o Debtor!in!delay!already!when!FE!happened!! ! ! (Art!1165!Par!3)! ! o Debtor!guilty!of!concurrent!negligence!"!in! ! this!case,!no!long!FE! ! o Liability! arises! from! criminal! act! except! if! debtor! tenders! thing! and! creditor! unjustifiably!refuses!to!receive!(Art!1268)! !!!!!!!11! OBLIGATIONS!AND!CONTRACTS!|!Prof.!E.!A.!Labitag!|!A.Y.!2013?2014!!! Karichi!Amended!|!B2017! !!!! B. Obligation( to( Do( (Positive( Personal( II. Breach*of*Obligation* Obligation)( *Duty of the obligor is to take !care of himself A. Concept( POSITIVE! PERSONAL! OBLIGATION!–!the!subject!matter!is!an!act!to! ! do!or!to!render!service! VOLUNTARY!breach!of!obligation!arises!from!the!modes!provided!in! ! Art.!1170! Art.! 1244,! Par.! 2.! In! obligations! to! do! or! not! to! do,! an! act! or! ! forbearance! cannot% be% substituted! by! another! act! or! forbearance! INVOLUNTARY! breach! of! obligation! arises! because! of! fortuitous% against,the,obligee’s,will.! events%provided!in!Art.!1174% ! !! If! the! prestation! is! a! personal! one,! and! specific! to! the! SUBSTANTIAL%AND%CASUAL/SLIGHT%BREACH%DISTINGUISHED:% debtor,!only!he!can!do!it;!no!substitution!of!the!debtor!can! ! be!done! SUBSTANTIAL! CASUAL! Exception:! FACULTATIVE! OBLIGATION! wherein! the! debtor, Total!! Partial! reserves,the,right,to,substitute!another!prestation!! Amounts! to! non? A!part!is!performed! ! performance! Art.! 1167.! If! a! person! is! obliged! to! do! something! fails! to! do! it,! the! Basis! for! rescission! and! Gives! rise! to! liability! for! same!shall!be!executed,at,his,cost.!! payment!of!damages! damages! ! The!same!rule!may!be!observed!if!he!does!it!in!contravention,of, ! the, tenor, of, the, obligation.! Furthermore,! it! may! be! decreed! that! GENERAL! RULE:! Rescission! will! not! be! permitted! for! a! slight! or! what,has,been,poorly,done,be,undone.! casual! breach! of! the! contract,! but! only! for! such! breaches! as! are!so% !