Obligations Arising from Contracts

Contracts have the force of law and must be complied with in good faith. This principle emphasizes the importance of upholding agreements between parties.

A pre-contractual obligation arises when an offeror makes a clear and definite offer, causing the offeree to incur expenses in anticipation of entering into a contract. If the offer is withdrawn without a legitimate reason, the offeror may be liable for damages.

When someone receives something that they are not entitled to, and it was delivered due to a mistake, they have an obligation to return it. This concept is called Solutio Indebiti (Payment Not Due).

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties where one promises to do something in exchange for something else.

Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses are governed by penal laws, subject to civil liability. In other words, a criminal act can also result in civil consequences.

When someone benefits from the actions of another without their knowledge or consent, they may have an obligation to compensate them. This concept is called Negotiorum Gestio.

Acts or omissions punished by law are considered delicts or crimes, and can result in civil liability.

A quasi-contract is a legal obligation arising without a formal agreement, based on principles of fairness and equity. It typically involves situations where someone provides necessary support to another.

A legal principle that holds employers responsible for crimes committed by their employees while acting within the scope of their employment.

A legal principle stating that an employer is primarily and independently liable for a contract violation by their employee, even if the employee committed a crime in the process.

When a community gathers to protect itself from lawlessness, fire, or other calamities, any individual who benefits from the project but refuses to contribute financially is liable for their share of the expenses.

A legal principle stating that individuals forced to pay taxes for another person have the right to seek reimbursement from the individual responsible for those taxes.

When a criminal action is initiated, a civil action for damages related to the crime is automatically deemed to be instituted as well, unless the victim specifically waives that right.

The victim of a crime has the option to separately initiate a civil action for damages, even after the criminal action is settled.

A legal principle governing the finder of lost property, outlining their rights and obligations regarding the found property.

When someone pays a debt owed by another person without the debtor's knowledge, the rights of the payer are governed by the principles of recovery and subrogation.

Obligations arising from a contract, including negligence in fulfilling contractual terms.

Obligations arising from acts or omissions that cause damage, but not based on a pre-existing contract.

A civil action does not stop or delay a criminal action, even if both actions involve the same event.

The act of causing harm to another through fault or negligence. This is a general principle of law.

The negligence of the defendant must be the direct cause of the damage for them to be held liable.

A duty of care exists even when no contract is in place. The law requires individuals to prevent causing harm to others.

Negligence in a contract is a breach of the contractual duty, whereas negligence in a quasi-delict is a separate source of liability.

The principle that one's fault or negligence cannot harm others without consequence; responsibility for harm must fall on the person who caused it.

A wrongful act or omission that violates public rights and is punishable by the state.

The legal responsibility for the actions or omissions of another person.

The intent to commit a criminal act.

The burden of proof required in a civil case, where the plaintiff must show that it is more likely than not that the defendant is liable.

The burden of proof required in a criminal case, where the prosecution must show beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.

The responsibility of a parent or guardian for the actions of their minor child or ward.

The responsibility of an employer for the actions of their employees, when acting within the scope of their employment.

A right that gives a person direct and immediate power over a specific thing. Example: Rights of ownership and possession.

A right that empowers a person (creditor) to demand something from another person (debtor). Example: Right to collect payment on a loan.

A thing that is individually determined, meaning it is specifically identified and can be distinguished from other things. This could be a specific car, painting, or piece of land.

A thing that is not specifically defined. It is one of a kind, like a specific car, painting, or piece of land.

The natural growth of the soil and the young of animals. Examples include fruits, grains, and calves.

The products derived from a thing that is produced through human labor or industry. Examples include crops from a field, livestock, or manufactured goods.

Things that are naturally attached to or inherent in another thing. Examples include the keys to a car, the wheels of a bicycle, or the roof of a house.

The principle that all accessions and accessories are considered included in the obligation to deliver a determinate thing. This means that the recipient of the thing also receives everything that naturally belongs to or is attached to it.

Things derived from a legal relationship, such as rent from a property or interest from a loan. These fruits are more about the legal relationship and less about direct human effort.

Generic objects that can be replaced by any equivalent item of the same kind. It is not a specific, identifiable object.

Creditors have the right to demand the delivery of a thing that is of the quality intended by the debtor. This quality must be suitable for the purpose of the obligation.

A creditor has the right to ask for the delivery of a thing that meets the minimum quality standards, taking into account the purpose of the obligation and other circumstances. Even if there's slight inferiority, the creditor has a right to a reasonable quality thing.

Generic things are confined to a particular class, making the class itself a determinate object. E.g. If a contract is for "a car", the class "car" itself becomes determinate, even though the specific car isn't specified.

A creditor can demand specific performance of an obligation, meaning the debtor must fulfill the exact terms of the agreement. This applies to obligations involving specific things.

A creditor can demand damages for breach of contract, such as when the debtor fails to deliver a thing, delays delivery, or doesn't deliver a thing of the agreed-upon quality.