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Meaning and Relevance of History John Henry Briones  Contents Defining History Nature and Types Theories of History Relevance and Skills Historical Reconstruction  History Ksy+SYN+  DEFINING HISTORY Historia (Greek word) “Knowledge acquir...

Meaning and Relevance of History John Henry Briones  Contents Defining History Nature and Types Theories of History Relevance and Skills Historical Reconstruction  History Ksy+SYN+  DEFINING HISTORY Historia (Greek word) “Knowledge acquired A field of study that has through inquiry or developed a set of investigation.” methods and concepts. Shafer (1980) Candelaria et al. (2018) The attempt to discover, Mga salaysay* na may on the basis of saysay fragmentary evidence, (1) kwento; (2) the significant things katuturan at about us. kahalagahan. Barraclough (1955) Zeus Salazar (Filipino Historian) *Written, Visual, Oral (Ocampo)  NATURE and TYPES of HISTORY 1. Human actions in the History according to: past 1. Time/Period 2. Fragmentary by (Ancient, Medieval, nature Modern) 3. Terminates in the 2. Geographical units present (National or Local) 4. History is dynamic 3. Special Interest 5. Evidence is the pillar (Political, Social, and of historical research Cultural)  HISTORIAN and HISTORY TEACHER HISTORIAN HISTORY TEACHER Conduct field research, Contributes to the social understanding of his students evaluate historical through history itself… and in records, and provide several ways which he shares insights into past events. with other teachers. (What Is a Historian? 2017) Cartwright (1953) Question Is History a science or an art?  THEORIES of HISTORY GREAT GOD THEORY GREAT MAN THEORY The creation myths to be Dominant personalities found among preliterate determine the course of peoples. history. GREAT MIND THEORY BEST PEOPLE THEORY History is drawn forward Some elite, the Best or driven ahead by some Race, the ruling class ideal force. alone make history.  HUMAN NATURE THEORY EVERYMAN VIEW Determined by the Record of the collective qualities of human experience of the nature, good or bad. ordinary person. CYCLICAL VIEW LINEAR VIEW Every event has a Have continuity and starting point, a climax there is link between the and after that downfall. past and the present.  RELEVANCE and SKILLS 1. Understand People and 1. Ability to assess Societies evidence 2. Contributes to Moral 2. Ability to assess conflicting interpretation Understanding 3. Experience in Assessing 3. Provides Identity Past Examples of Question Change *Determining the magnitude Is it possible to come up and significance of change with absolute historical *Comparing and identify truth? continuities Events observed HISTORY as by someone The Past RECONSTRUCTION A part of what A part of what was observed in was survived has the past was come to the remembered historian’s attention. A part of what A part of what has was remembered come to the in the past was historian’s attention recorded is credible, A part of what grasped, and was recorded in expounded the past was The Account survived 1. Adeoti, E. O. & Adeyeri, J. O. (2012). History, the Historian and His Work: Issues, Challenges and Prospects. International Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 3(4), 36 -41. https://soeagra.com/ijert/ijertdec2012/6.pdf 2. Barraclough, G. (1955). History in a Changing World. Oxford: Basil Blackwell 3. Candelaria, J. L. P., Alphora, V. C. and Kunting, A. (2021). A Course Module for Readings in Philippine History. REX Printing Company, Inc. 4. Carr, E. H. (2008). What is History? (2nd ed.). Penguin Books 5. Cartwright, W. H. (1953). The Contribution of the History Teacher to Social Understanding. The High School Journal, 37(2), 38–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40363162 6. Chua, M. C. (2018). Saysay ng sariling kasaysayan: Ang Ambag ni Zeus Salazar sa Bayan. GMA News. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/content/638917/saysay-ng-sariling- kasaysayan-ang-ambag-ni-zeus-salazar-sa-bayan/story/ 7. Gottschalk, L. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 8. Novack, George (1972). Understanding history: Marxist essays. Pathfinder Press. 9. Ocampo, A. (2013). Meaning and History: The Rizal Lectures. Anvil Publishing, Inc. 10. Shafer, R. J. (Ed.). (1980). A Guide to Historical Method (3rd ed.). The Dorsey Press 11. Stearns, P. (2020). Why Study History? (1998). American Historical Association. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/historical- archives/why-study-history-(1998) 12. Talekau, P., Nayak, J., & Harichandan, S. (n.d.). History. https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Education_Paper_5_history.pdf 13. What is a Historian and How Do You Become One? (2017). Norwich University. https://online.norwich.edu/what-historian-and-how-do-you-become-one 1. [History Month Poster]. (2023). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=682705607234952&id=100064865553112&set=a.2 26490826189768 2. [Message of Pilosopo Tasyo to Ibarra]. (2019). Project Saysay. https://www.facebook.com/psaysay/photos/a.472489036161683/2143332079077362/?type=3 Gottschalk, L. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Why do we study History? [Audio Podcast]. (2020). PODKAS. https://www.podkas.org/history101/episode1 Who can be a historian? [Audio Podcast]. (2020). PODKAS. https://www.podkas.org/history101/episode4 Historical Method and Sources John Henry Briones  Contents Historical Method Historical Sources and Repositories Historical Criticism Historiography School of Thought  HISTORICAL METHOD The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past. Gottschalk (1969) The Historical Method. (n.d.). The Begbie Contest Society. http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/historicalmethod.htm  HISTORICAL SOURCES SOURCES Are artifacts that have Written Sources been left by the past a. Narrative/Literary a. Relics/remains b. Judicial b. Testimonies c. Social documents Howell and Prevenier (2001) Unwritten Sources TYPOLOGIES a. Archeological evidence 1. Written b. Oral 2. Unwritten  Primary Source Secondary Source Accounts of an event, Describe, discuss, written by someone who interpret, comment experienced or upon, analyze, evaluate, witnessed the event in summarize, and process question primary sources. Examples Examples 1. Autobiography, Diary, Memoirs 1. Biographical works 2. Letters, Speeches, Manuscripts 2. Magazine and News articles 3. Artifacts 3. Literature reviews 4. Photographs, Posters 4. Textbooks 5. Audio or video recordings 5. Commentaries  REPOSITORIES of PRIMARY SOURCES 1. Archive(s) 2. Library (Special Collection or Filipiniana Section) 3. Historical Society 4. Museum(s) 5. Historical Commission/ Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas Agency Philippine Historical Association https://pha1955.blogspot.com/  Pambansang Sinupunan ng Pilipinas Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas National Archives of the Philippines National Library of the Philippines https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/literature/experience-tour- https://nationalarchives.gov.ph/mission-and-vision/ national-library-philippines/ Albert and Shirley Small Special Collection Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas University of Virginia National Museum of the Philippines https://www.hartmancox.com/albert-shirley-small-special-collections- https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/about-us/mandate-and- library objectives/  HISTORICAL CRITICISM External Criticism Internal Criticism Authenticates evidence Analysis of documents and establishes texts as for credible details to be accurately as possible fitted into a hypothesis *Lower Criticism and Test of or context. Authenticity *Higher Criticism and Test of Credibility  EXTERNAL CRITICISM 1. Determination of date 6. Provenance (custody) (anachronistic) 7. Problem of Meaning 2. Determination of author a. Semantics (signification 3. Detection of spurious of words) documents (Forgeries) b. Hermeneutics 4. Anachronistic style (ambiguities) 5. Anachronistic reference to events Anachronistic: too early, late  EXTERNAL CRITICISM Checklist for External Criticism Auxiliary Sciences to History 1. Who wrote the document? 2. For what purpose was the 1. Paleography (writing) document written? 2. Heraldy and Geneology 3. When was the document (coat of arms and written? descent) 4. Where was the document 3. Silliography (seals) written? 4. Epigraphy (inscriptions) 5. Under what conditions was 5. Archeology (sites) the document written?  INTERNAL CRITICISM Checklist for Internal Criticism 1. Identification of the 1. Is the real meaning of the author statement different from its 2. Determination of the literal meaning? 2. How did the author report? approximate date 3. What was the intention of 3. Ability to tell the truth the author in reporting? 4. Willingness to tell the 4. Are there inner contradiction truth in the document? 5. Corroboration 5. Does the document contain bias of any sort?  HISTORIOGRAPHY The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived from that process. Gottschalk (1969) Source: https://www.21socialstudies.com/blog/historiography  SCHOOL of THOUGHT Accidentalist Annales school The focus is more on Search for society’s why the event happened. mentalities, the ways of life and values. Example: 1. A mosquito bite prevented Trotsky being fit enough to seize Hegelian control of the USSR Intellectual movements 2. A change in wind direction prevented the Spanish Armada and the progress of from arriving in England ideas. Intentionalist Marxist The roles played by key Economic forces are the individuals in history as main driving force in they were influenced by historical change. their intentions and Example: personalities 1. Studies of the Peasants’ Revolt which focus on prices of bread Example: and declining wages. Hitler’s master plan created and 2. American Revolution caused the Holocaust Historicist Structuralist Based on the objective Historical events study of primary happened due to the sources. existing political and military structures. Method in Creating History (Positivism) Example The Positivists rely on the use of 1. City States of Italian Renaissance sources for accurate and complete 2. Absence of Church allowed visualization of the past Renaissance to flourish Post Modernist All interpretations of The Problem of Objectivity history are valid. “Construct our Foucault disputed that interpretation responsibly, all sources are biased, with care, and with a high incomplete and degree of self language itself has no consciousness about our fixed meaning, disabilities, and the therefore the past disabilities of our sources.” cannot be known. Howell and Prevenier (2001) 1. Analysis of Sources. (n.d.). http://gcwk.ac.in/econtent_portal/ec/admin/contents/96_P18HSC310_2020111012315516.pdf 2. Brundage, A. (2013). Going to the Sources: A Guide to Historical Research and Writing (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 3. Candelaria, J. L. P., Alphora, V. C. and Kunting, A. (2021). A Course Module for Readings in Philippine History. REX Printing Company, Inc. 4. Gottschalk, L. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 5. Hockett, H. C. (1955). The Critical Method in Historical Research and Writing. The Macmillan Company 6. Howell, M. & Prevenier, W. (2001). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Cornell University Press. 7. McDowell, W. H. (2013). Historical Research: A Guide. Routledge 8. Schrag, Z. (2021). The Princeton Guide to Historical Research. Princeton University Press. 9. Shafer, R. J. (Ed.). (1980). A Guide to Historical Method (3rd ed.). The Dorsey Press 10. Research Committee, Academy of Accounting Historians. (1980). Report on basic historical method. Accounting Historians Notebook: 3 (2). https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_notebook/vol3/iss2/1 Ocampo, Ambeth. (2019, January 30). Philippine History from primary sources. https://opinion.inquirer.net/119205/philippine-history-from-primary-sources How do we make history? [Audio Podcast]. (2020). PODKAS. https://www.podkas.org/history101/episode3 John Henry Briones Artifacts Top: Coins (Spanish Era) Left: Ifugao Bulul guardian figure Center: Belt Buckles (Ornament)  Josephine Bracken Baptismal Certificate Audio Recording Census Aurora Quezon’s Travel Diary Interview Bonifacio’s Letter to Jacinto Friar Account Memoirs Journal Manuscript Murillo Veralde Map Music Sheet Magazine Newspaper Fabian de la Rosa El Kundiman (Painting) Pamphlet  Patent Personal Account McArthur Beach Landing Photograph Poem Political Cartoon Postcard Poster Report Royal Decrees and Laws Statistical Data Quezon’s Speech Wreck of Battleship Maine (Video) 1. [Spanish Era: 1521-1897]. (n.d.). Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Coins%20and%20Notes/History%20of%20Philippine%20Money/spani sh.jpg 2. Jastrow. Bulul guardian figure.[Digital Image]. (2006). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ifugao_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-4-1.jpg 3. [Digital Image of Kandit Sash Finials]. (n.d.). Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/MuseumCarousel/Thumbnails/Ginto/Kandit%20Sash%20Finials.jpg 4. Quezon, A. (n.d.). Travel Diary. The Philippine Diary Project. https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about- aurora-a-quezon/ 5. Xiao, C. (2018, March 4). Bonifacio’s Letter to Jacinto. Xiao Time. https://xiaochua.net/2018/03/04/the-bonifacio-presidential-letters-resources/ 6. Best, J. (2013, January 16). Binondo church in 1909, with the Insular Cigar Factory to its left [Digital Image]. Positively Filipino. https://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/1/postcards- from-the-age 7. [Digital Image of The Katipunan and the Revolution]. (2014). Google Books. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=F3q- krDckHwC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 8. [Digital Image of Relacion de las Islas Filipinas]. (n.d.). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. https://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ166475101# 9. [Digital Image of Resena veridica de la revolución filipina]. (n.d.). University of Michigan. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ahz9328.0001.001/1?rgn=full+text;view=image 10. Zollner, F. and Nathan, J. (2016). Leonardo da Vinci male head in profile with proportions. [Digital Image]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Male_head_in_profile_with_proportions.jpg 11. [Digital Image of Compilation of laws of the kingdoms of the Indies]. (n.d.). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-8940.html 12. [Digital Image of Free Press Magazine]. (2017, May 17). Philippine Press History. https://philippinepresshistory.wordpress.com/2015/05/27/vi-philippine-magazines-during-the- american-occupation/ 13. [Digital Image of Free Press Newspaper]. (2017, May 17). Philippine Press History. https://philippinepresshistory.wordpress.com/2015/05/27/vi-philippine-magazines-during-the- american-occupation/ 14. Craig, A. (2012, June 4). The baptismal certificate of Josephine Bracken [Digital Image]. Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Josephine_Bracken_baptismal_certificate.j pg 15. Philippine Census Office. Agriculture [Digital Image]. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/censusofphilippi03phil/page/96/mode/2up 16. [Digital Image of United States Philippine Commission, Schurman, J. G., Dewey, G., Otis, E. S., Denby, C. & Worcester, D. C. (1900) Report of the Philippine commission to the President- December 20, 1900. Washington, Govt. Print. off., -01]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/01022358/ 17. [Digital Image of Speech by Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, February 20, 1943]. (n.d.). University of Toledo Digital Repository. https://utdr.utoledo.edu/islandora/object/utoledo:4997 18. De la Rosa, F. (1936). El Kundiman [Digital Image]. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/3/82/2216/ 19. National Museum of American History. (n.d.). General Douglas MacArthur lands in the Philippines at Lingayen Gulf on Luzon, January 9, 1945 [Photograph]. Smithsonian Institution. https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1303377 20. Bagay, N. D. L. C. & Murillo Velarde, P. (1734) A Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands. [Manila: Publisher Not Identified] [Map] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668467/ 21. Richardson, J. (2020). Andres Bonifacio “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”. Katipunan. https://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/kalayaan-the-katipunan-newspaper/andres-bonifacio-pagibig-sa- tinubuang-bayan-c-march-1896 22. [Digital Image of Boxer codex ca. 1590]. (n.d.). https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav3/general/index.html#mets=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.dlib. indiana.edu%2Fiudl%2Fgeneral%2Fmets%2FVAB8326&page=3 23. A Song for Our Soldiers and Nurses. [, monographic. publisher not identified,, Place of publication not identified:] [Notated Music]. (1918). Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2007499000/ 24. McCoy, A. (n.d.). Political Begging [Screenshot]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315678206_Selected_sections_and_cartoons_from_’P hilippine_Cartoons_Political_Caricature_of_the_American_Era_1900- 1941’_edited_by_Alfred_W_McCoy_and_Alfredo_R_Roces_1985 25. Paley, W. D., Thomas A. Edison, I., Paper Print Collection & Niver. (1898) Wreck of the battleship "Maine". United States: Edison Manufacturing Co. [Screenshot]. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/98500970/ 26. [Photograph of Piegan Indian, Mountain Chief, listening to recording with ethnologist Frances Densmore]. (1916). Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/93503097/ 27. [Photograph of Max Atienza interviews Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo]. (1957). FEBC International Archive. https://febcintl.org/photos/picture.php?/1720 28. Plant, P. (1882). Cork Swimming Suit [Digital Image]. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/historical_patents.html 29. Paine, T. (1776). Common Sense [Digital Image]. Brandeis University. https://www.brandeis.edu/library/archives/essays/special-collections/paine.html 30. Offner, A. & Rehse Archiv Für Zeitgeschichte Und Publizistik, D. (1918) Zeichnet 8 Kriegsanleihe / Alf. Offner. Austria, 1918. [Wien: K.u.K. Hofl. J. Weiner] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2004666163/ 31. Philippine Census Office. Percentage of Pupils enrolled [Digital Image]. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/censusofphilippi42phil/page/n45/mode/2up