Philosophy PDF

We questioned our experiences as we grow PHILOSOPHY IS.. older We asked deeper questions that made us 1) Candlelight - gives us light in a way we are pause and t...

We questioned our experiences as we grow PHILOSOPHY IS.. older We asked deeper questions that made us 1) Candlelight - gives us light in a way we are pause and think. GUIDED 2) Child- like a child we always ask questions.[ DEFINITION Curiosity ] Etymologically- It comes from 2 greek words- 3) Bird- Free because it resist names and Philos(love) and sophia(wisdom)- the love of definitions wisdom. - It is the pursuit of wisdom, truth, and knowledge. PHILOSOPHY IS NOT.. - It is a reflective and meditative activity and a method of mental exercise. 1) Monster- can’t create chaos and disorder in - Ability to make good judgements and society. [ helps gain wisdom ] decisions. 2) Broken glass- Philosophy is important because it is all about HUMANITY BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY 3) Boring- Because of how teachers/professors a) METAPHYSICS- concerned with the nature of methodology. [ stereotypes ] existence, being and the world. “What is the nature of reality?” “How Jean Paul Sartre does the world exist, and what is its “ You are living in bad faith” “They are living in bad origin or source of creation?” faith” Philosopher/s: PLATO, ARISTOTLE - bad faith exists in our tendency to believe we For Achilles ( Greek hero )- Conscience is part of the are not who we really are; that we have no gift from the divine options and therefore act in an inauthentic For Augustin- We only created the past, present, and manner the future. - If they were to take action, work toward that life they imagine, then they would be living in Plato believes that we have 2 different worlds good faith 1) World of Forms (Ideal World)- the real world, the perfect, the eternal) DOING PHILOSOPHY 2) World of Matter (Materialistic)- IMperfect, - What do we mean by Philosophize? limited, corrupted, copy of the ideal world. PRAXIS- if you don’t know how to practice it, Philosophy will be useless. But, for Aristotle he believes that Both forms and - What does it mean to philosophize? matter are unified. QUESTIONING- pure intention why you’re asking 2 Categories: Before questioning, examine first, know your 1) Substance- exist, already there foundation on why you’re asking that 2) Accidents- needs a cause for it to exist. question We questioned the world when we were a b) ETHICS- is based on well-founded standards of child right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to 2) Process thoughts society, fairness, or specific virtues. 3) Jusitfy “Why should I do what is “right”?”What is 4) Apple goodness?” “What is knowledge?” How can we Philosopher/s: Kant, Bentham, MIll, Aristotle differentiate truth from falsehood?” BRANCHES OF ETHICS Philosopher/s: Plato, Locke, Kant 1) Meta Ethics- describe what is good and bad THEORIES: (Nature) a) Rationalism- Logic/reason 2) Normative Ethics- Actions/moral behavior PLato-logic (practical) Descartes- reason a) Deontological(Duty and the morality b) Empiricism- Experience of human actions)- Immanuel Xant John Locke- Tabula rasa-the idea of b) Utilitarianism- Right from wrong by individuals being born empty of any focusing on its outcomes built-in mental content, so that all Jeremy Bentham- Social knowledge comes from later utility- Benefits the society perceptions or sensory experiences John Stuart MIll- Individual Prior- reason utility Posteriori- Experience c) Virtue Ethics(Character based)-Aristotle- Virtues person live D. LOGIC- The study of argument and from a concern life in moderation. with the correctness of argumentation. What makes a good argument?” “When are we justified in drawing inferences?” Philosopher/s: Aristotle INDUCTIVE REASONING: Specific to General DEDUCTIVE REASONING- General to Specific E. AESTHETICS- Concerned with nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste. It has also been defined as a “critical reflection on art, culture, and nature. “Why do we find certain things beautiful?” “How can things of very different categories be considered equally beautiful?” 3) Descriptive Ethics- Moral attitude of a certain Philosopher/s: Kant, Plato, Aristotle group of people Plato believes that a crumpled paper is not an art but 4) Applied Ethics- Application on other fields an imitation because its not perfect but for Aristotle its an art and representation to express. c) EPISTEMOLOGY- The study of knowledge. In Art can be an imitation and expression. particular, the study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge. F. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY- is the study of fundamental “How do we know what we claim to know?” questions about the state, government, politics, 1) Confirm/accept liberty, justice, and the enforcement of a legal code - WHy do we need to Philosophize? by authority. To Doubt ( Rene Descartes) What is a government?” “Why are Experience (Karl Jaspers) governments needed?” “ What rights and Love of wisdom - the only thing i freedoms should a government protect?” know is I know nothing (Socrates) Philosopher/s” Plato Plato believes that there are 3 kinds of people 1) Artisans (common people) 2) Rules (leaders) 3) Guardians (warrior) CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSOPHY a) Analysis of Framework- a way of thinking about the world and is composed of views and beliefs. b) Examination of Knowledge- Philosophy gets hand in hand with other disciplines in terms of examining their fundamental purposes. Philosophy of science A) Positivism- scientific method B) Falsification- falsify theory (Karl Popper) C) Paradigm Shift- (Thomas Kuhn) ex. Technology Teacher->Partner Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Education 1) Essentialism- reading, writing, rhythmic 2) Perenialism- Traditional teaching 3) Constructivism- Students have own intellect so they construct their own. 4) Progressivism- Learning by doing (Dewey) 5) Existentialism- Freedom, exist, if you are not going use your freedom, you are in bad faith. c) As a Discipline  Unfortunately, Socrates was charged with corrupting the minds of the youth. It can be said that his manner WESTERN PHILOSOPHY of doing philosophy became the cause of his death. - The three most renowned Greek philosophers, In the end, he willfully accepted his death rather than Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. renouncing his beliefs and practices. They introduced intricate ideas concerning the rational capacities of PLATO’S WAY IN PHILOSOPHY man and how these capacities can One of the students who gathered around be used and developed. Socrates The recognition that a human person born on about 428 and died about 347 B.C. is a thinking being fundamentally Served as a transcriber of the past. Meaning, supports the idea that we all have he was the one who wrote down the the freedom to explore the world. dialogues of Socrates and his interlocutors. Plato was, of the highest degree, an original thinker. (Contrary to some critics who argued SOCRATES’S WAY IN PHILOSOPHY that Plato merely copied other thinkers' born about 470 B.C. in Athens, Greece. thoughts) Was frequently described as grotesque. (He One of Plato's famous stories and allegories is cared little or nothing for external called the "Allegory of the Cave," which can appearances.) However, these descriptions be found in his book The Republic. have something to do with his philosophy. - The allegory of the Cave explains the His looks were the least of his concerns two worlds of Plato, the real world because one’s intellectual activity is far more and the unreal. For example, consider important for him. (This is why, despite his the digital world as the “unreal world,” undesirable physical features, many young while the actual world is the “real men would still gather around him to learn world”. What appears on social media from his intelligent discussions. ) is only a picture or a copy of the real; hence, unreal. What is real then is the his philosophy emanated from his way of life, one who controls and decides to post a life that was not concerned about wealth something about myriads of things and worldly goods. on social media. Socrates was never concerned about Plato's way of doing philosophy sought to philosophy in the academic sense but was solve the question of the real and unreal. In more on making dialogues with various other words, it seeks the truth. people. ( Profound ideas such as Justice, For Plato, the truth is often forgotten at birth. virtues, morality, life, and death.) However, a recollection of such truth happens when we focused on getting at the answers to the encounter actual objects. questions that are important and relevant in everyone’s life. he helped many people examine how they lived and understood their lives because, for him, “An unexamined life is not worth living" (Tarrant, 2010).  ARISTOTLE’S WAY IN PHILOSOPHY WHAT IS OPINION? Aristotle was born about 384 B.C. He studied - Opinion is a view or judgement of a person or under Plato, and later on, put up his school group people about something but not called Lyceum. necessarily true There were only a few of Aristotle’s works that FALLACIES survived. However, from his important works, - are defects that weaken arguments. It is one can sense the depth of his intellectual considered to be errors in reasoning. When pursuits. we accept a position or persuade others to Aristotle learned much of Plato’s philosophy but the accept our claim based on weak line of path he took was different from his mentor’s interests. reasoning, a fallacy is committed. For one, he opposed Plato’s Theory of Forms. He did FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE - include all those not reject the idea of the form itself but claims arguments with premises and conclusions having that Plato was more concerned with the psychological or emotional relevance rather than abstract, referring to the world of ideas which logical relevance. can be reached only by thoughts. 1. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM (ARGUMENT - For Aristotle, the forms can be AGAINST THE MAN) achieved through the senses. Thus, Attacking the person making the argument he maintained that things can be instead of the argument itself. known and proven using the senses Example 1: Using someone's education level as a means to and the faculty of reason (S. M. exploit and degrade the opposing argument Cohen et al., 2016). - You didn't even finish high school. How could you possibly For him, the forms have two categories, know about this? namely, the substance and accidents. Example 2: Attacking an opponent's physical a) A substance can subsist on its own attractiveness rather than looking at the faults in their b) Accidents need another thing to exist. politics Aristotle introduced his ideas about empirical - Just look at that face! How could anyone vote for that? evidence or things that can be achieved and 2. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (ARGUMENT TO proven by using the senses. THE PEOPLE) - Centuries later, this was picked up by The idea is presented as acceptable because St. Thomas Aquinas who said, a lot of people accept it. "Nothing is in the intellect that was Example 1: Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you not first in the senses." Thus, by using should go and find one! one's senses, one can gain Example 2: You should buy this phone because it’s the knowledge. most popular one on the market. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle believed that human 3. AD VERECUNDIAM (APPEAL TO FALSE AUTHORITY) beings are endowed with reason. This rational The opinion of someone famous or capacity facilitates a person to discover his/her accomplished in another area of expertise is true potential. supposed to guarantee the truth of a conclusion.  Citing a claim based on an unqualified 7. ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM (ARGUMENT TO authority. IGNORANCE) The assumption of a conclusion or fact based Example 1: Bruce Willis supports Save the Whales primarily on lack of evidence to the contrary. International, so it must be a good cause. Usually best described by, “absence of Example 2: My accountant says that within the next 90 evidence is not evidence of absence.” days, the president of the country will be impeached! So we It insists that a claim is true because one’s should take this claim seriously! opponent cannot prove it false, vice-versa. Example 1: No one have proven it that God wrote the Bible. 4. ARGUMENTUM AD ANTIQUITATEM (APPEAL TO Therefore, God is not the author of the Bible. TRADITION) Example 2: No one has conclusively proven that there is no The idea is acceptable because it has been intelligent life on the moons of Jupiter. Therefore, there is true for a long time Its theme is more on intelligent life in the moons of Jupiter. “continue doing things as they have been always done in that way” FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION – include arguments with Example 1: We believe that it is good for mothers, who have premises and conclusions having no logical just given birth to a child, not to take a bath for one month. correlation. The truth of the premise is dubious We had this practice from our great- since time inasmuch as the relevant facts are not represented immemorial. And they have a long life expectancy of more correctly or that they appear as a matter of than 100 years. assumption. Example 2: Marriage has traditionally been between a man 1. CONVERSE ACCIDENT (HASTY GENERALIZATION) and a woman; therefore, gay marriage should not be Making assumptions about a whole group or allowed. range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too 5. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM (APPEAL TO PITY) small). The argument attempts to persuade by The error is committed when the speaker fails provoking irrelevant feelings of sympathy. to consider that the isolated facts in the Example 1: You need to pass me in this course, since I'll lose my scholarship if you don't. premise are unrepresentative or insufficient Example 2: I support this candidate who runs for president to be used as basis for a general rule in the because he has recently been diagnosed with a cancer. conclusion. Example 1: Maria and Martha got pregnant before marriage 6. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM (ARGUMENT TO FEAR OR and they are happily married. Therefore, it’s good to be pregnant before marriage. FORCE) Example 2: My schoolmate said that her philosophy class It used threat of force or an undesirable event was hard and my classmate said that she also finds the to advance an argument. It is committed subject difficult. Therefore, all philosophy classes must be when reason is replaced with fear. hard. Example 1: If you do not agree with my political opinions, you will receive a grade of 75 for this course. Example 2: If you will continue to wear shorts in public, I will end this relationship because you do not listen to me. 2. FALSE DILEMMA Example 2: An argument that suggests only two possible - If you don’t do your homework, you’ll fail the class. alternatives, neither of which are typically - If you fail this class, you won’t graduate from school. very appealing. - If you don’t graduate, you won’t get into college. It is also known as the black or white fallacy, - If you don’t attend a good college, you won’t get a either-or fallacy. good job. The error is committed when we presume the - If you don’t get a good job, you’ll be poor and two contraries used as contradictories, where homeless. in there are only two alternative available, - You don’t want to be poor and homeless, do you? when other alternative exist. Example 1: I thought you were a good person, but you 5. STRAW MAN weren’t at church today. Distorting an opposing view so that it is easy Example 2: If you really love me, then you’ll give to me to refute. whatever I want. It is committed when the arguer clearly understood the position of the issue and 3. BEGGING THE QUESTION presents a counter position that is completely Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented true; also known as circular argument. version of the original position. It occurs when an argument's premises Example 1: assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of Teacher: You should have a perfect attendance in my class. supporting it.{ you assume without proof the Student: Isn’t it that nobody is perfect? stand/position, or a significant part of the stand, that Conclusion: So, it is not right for the teacher to demand for is in question } perfect Example 1: I have a right to free speech, therefore, you attendance. cannot stop me from talking. Example 2: Example 2: The student did take the final examination in Person A: I don’t think children should run into the busy Logic. Therefore, it would be unfair for the teacher to fail him streets in the course. Person B: I think that it would be foolish to lock up children all day with no fresh air. 4. SLIPPERY SLOPE A string of “if then” statements that form what FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY- includes the misuses of may seem like a valid argument, but typically language. An ambiguous word, phrase or draw a conclusion that predicts unfounded sentence is a language that has more than one dire consequences. meaning. the consequent series of thingsevents or 1. EQUIVOCATION actions arranged in a domino or stampede It is committed when a term is used in two or effect. more different sense within a single Example 1: If we don’t stop tuition fee increase, then by the argument. next semester the school will be charging us with 50, 000 pesos a semester---- then we’ll just stop from our Known as “lexical ambiguity” which means an studies--- then work as a janitor--- then end up doing uncertainty in the part of speech orcategory nothing, build a family that eats only once a day. ambiguity. Example 1: Don’t fall in love because everything that falls 4. COMPOSITION breaks. (“Fall” is equivocal; one is falling in love, while the It is committed when an attribute of a specific other one is a literal falling of objects). part is applied to the collective whole. Example 2: It is fallacious when it is argued that because Juan Ponce Enrile was minister the parts have a certain characteristic, it Pope John Paul is a minister follows that the whole has the characteristics Therefore, Pope John Paul II is Juan Ponce Enrile too. (The word minister is equivocal – the first premise minister refers to a public official serving the cabinet. The second Example 1: premise refers to a servant of God.) Lorenzo is an intelligent boy. Lorenzo studies in MSU-IIT Therefore, all who study in MSU-IIT are intelligent. 2. AMPHIBOLY It is committed when there is a defect in the 5. DIVISION grammatical construction of the sentence. It is committed when an attribute of a The sentences have double interpretation due collective whole is applied to a specific part. It to structural defect, mistake in grammar or is fallacious when it is argued that because arrangement of words. the whole has a certain characteristic, it Example 1: I read a book riding in a bus yesterday. (It follows that the part have that characteristic sounds like the book is riding in a bus) Correct: Riding in a bus yesterday, I read book. too. Example 2: John fires Mark then he died. (Pronoun – he- to Example 1: You come from a family of doctors and whom does it refer?) intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course! Example 2: Logic students are good debaters 3. ACCENT Jerry is a logic student It can be committed when there is a faulty or Therefore, Jerry is a good debater. undue emphasis (accent or tone) upon certain words or statements. Example 1: Slow men at work Slow, men at work (Slow down) Slow men, at work (Individual) Example 2: Jorge turned in his assignment on time today. Therefore, Jorge usually turns in his assignments late. (Here the premise may be true if read without inflection, but if it is read with heavy stress on the last word seems to imply the truth of the conclusion.)  Confucianism has similarities with the EASTERN PHILOSOPHY Filipinos’ concept and experience of family. Filipinos have close family ties. Even if there’s - centered on finding the answers to the a feud within the family, a Filipino will insist question “who and what am I?” that blood is thicker than water. - They focus on searching for the meaning of Moreover, for Confucius, a good ruler should being human. The goal of their respective have perfect virtue. If a ruler is like a sage philosophical enterprises is to practice how to internally, it will also manifest externally. truly live as a human person. - Often understood interchangeably with THREE PRINCIPLES THAT A RULER SHOULD ABIDE BY religion. (Buddhism, for one, belongs to the top major religions of the world. Thus, these “First, manifest a clear character philosophies are actively practiced by its second, show concern for the people, and followers.) third, aim for the highest good. Under this - Philosophy and religion are intimately mode of thinking, morality and politics are Connected. inseparable.” Confucius firmly believed that if a leader emulated himself a sage king, there would be CONFUCIANISM peace in the world (Liu, 2006). - one of the greatest traditions in ancient China - started by Kongzi or Confucius over 2500 TWO NOTABLE CONFUCIAN VIRTUES years ago. He was born about 551 B.C. in Tuo, and died about 479 B.C. in Qufu. Two notable Confucian virtues are expected from Confucianism includes a wider scope of subjects, each and every human being of character. including morality, society, philosophy and religion, Jen (ren), which means human heartedness, and practices and values (Littlejohn, 2010). which denotes a compassionate person. - Confucianism attempts to craft a philosophy Yi, or righteousness, which consists of doing of peace that could conceivably reach every things in the right manner. corner of the world, guided by the aim to Remember that these two virtues are the sources of restore peace among men and nations. other virtues. - The Chung Tzu or Junzi means that a Confucius believed that if a leader sets a gentleman should possess the virtue of Jen good example to his constituents, to his and Yi. In other words, a human person family, and people with whom he would have presupposes a man of character, that is, a a relationship, they, in turn, will do the same. virtuous human person. - For this reason, Confucianism is considered a social philosophy that is grounded on the assumption that proper social and political behavior is cultivated in the family. For him, the love and relationship with one's family are paramount (Liu, 2006).  sexual pleasures. 5. Right Livelihood: It consists of the resolve not to earn BUDDHISM one's living in a way that violates the ethical code. - is a living tradition whose roots can be traced 6. Right Effort: It means eliminating and preventing from the life and teachings of Siddharta unwholesome states and develop meditative practice. 7. Right Mindfulness: It includes various contemplations Gautama{the historical Buddha} of the body, feelings, and mind. - Buddhism is anchored on the idea that 8. Right Concentration: It means the attainment of human person lives in suffering and that he progressively higher mental states. should overcome this. This suffering refers to the deep dissatisfaction that pervades human Another fundamental feature of Buddha’s ethical experience, and the thirst for endless teaching is “Karma and Rebirth”. “ desires. It is said that on the nightof his enlightenment, the - Buddhism teaches that “all phenomena are Buddha had attained, conditioned, transitory, devoid of any ‘essence’ or ‘self’ that remains unchanged THE THREE KINDS OF TRUE KNOWLEDGE over time.” 1) First, knowledge of past lives. This means that a person is 2) Second, the cycle of rebirth is governed by composed of different causal Karma. patterns rather than having an 3) Third, the four noble truths. Buddha underlying essence (Emmanuel, construed that karma and rebirth is a natural 2013). causal process in the universe. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS for Buddha, good and bad actions are like seeds that, if planted, will bear fruits in the 1) The first noble truth is that human life is future. pervaded by suffering. As we experience sadness, sorrow, 2) Second, suffering is a result of craving. disappointments, heartbreaks, and many 3) Third, there is a state of freedom from other negative things the world could offer, suffering - called Nirvana - that we can all Buddhism teaches us something for our attain by realizing that we are not Selves, thus emancipation. abandoning the craving. Buddhism is neither optimistic nor pessimistic, 4) Fourth, anyone can attain Nirvana by but rather realistic as it describes life as it is. following the Eightfold Path: Yes, life includes suffering. However, it also 1. Right View: It consists of knowing the noble truths and teaches that we can attain freedom from Buddha's teaching as a whole. suffering through total non-attachment. 2. Right Resolve: It consists of the intention to renounce sexual drive and the intention of non-ill-will, and non-cruelty. 3. Right Speech: It involves not engaging in speech that is false, malicious, harsh, or idle. 4. Right Action: It means not killing living beings, not taking what is not given, and avoiding misconduct in  TWO PIVOTAL ISSUES IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY INDIAN PHILOSOPHY One should encounter in studying their philosophy, - responds to the question, "Who am I?" namely, the nature of causation, and the nature of the - like Buddhism, Indian Philosophy is essentially self. spiritual. - It has been acknowledged in their philosophy - It is said that the human person is conceived that one of the central metaphysical as spiritual in nature. problems is causation. - also associated with practice in everyday life. Unlike western philosophy that - Indian philosophy is pursued not as an focuses much on knowing the academic endeavor but rather as a vital materialistic cause of the universe, guide to one’s life. (the principal priority in Indian Philosophy is more concerned Indian philosophy.) with the importance of the cause - fundamentally centered on the notion of the (Laine 2016). self. ( self= priority ) The physical world is not as important as the CONCLUSION knowledge of the inner self. Thus, the common theme WESTERN of all schools of Indian Philosophy is to “see the self”. - Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle believed that the human person is gifted with reason. The realization of the highest truth is beyond - Socrates' way of philosophizing was more on intellectualization because truth is a deep and very a dialectic way of conversation personal one (Frauwallner, 1973). - Plato introduced to us the idea of two worlds - Aristotle reminded us that the real world The theoretical aspect of living is augmented with the refers to the things we have now obvious praxis of living. Thus, the philosophy devoid of EASTERN praxis is futile. One needs his mental capabilities to - doing philosophy is more on the practical face this sophisticated world bravely. Still, if one fails practice of the different theories of living. to see the value of his/her inner self, the kind of life Buddhism: the idea of suffering, and a he/she pursues is empty of authenticity. human person should overcome this - Each human person has something in his/her deep dissatisfaction mind to pursue. This idea of something Indian Philosophy: The physical world enables the person to direct himself/herself to is not as important as the knowledge a certain goal. of the inner self and the right - Indian Philosophy reminds us that the practices of living. physical world is not as important as knowing Confucianism: the virtues of Jen and the inner self and the right practices of living. Yi which are deemed essential to a human person, especially if he/she envisions becoming a leader.  METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING OPINION 1) SOCRATIC METHOD Named after socrates, the teacher of - A personal claim, a belief, or a personal PLATO stance on a particular subject matter. Process of asking open-ended questions - “ SOMETIMES OPNIONS ARE BASED ON FACTS” GOAL: It is committed to finding the truth. Takes the form of a dialogue in which STATEMENT OF FACT people discuss and analyze a specific - Has objective content and is well-supported subject matter. by the available evidence The art of asking a question that is committed to the truth. STATEMENT OF OPINION - Whos content is either subjective or not well supported by the available evidence. UNDERSTANDING TRUTH STATEMENTS - NOt all those who claim that they are telling the truth are revealing the truth. THEORIES OF TRUTH 2) DIALECTICAL METHOD FIRST CONCEPT OF TRUTH- KNOWLEDGE Derived from the Greek word dialego- to “Jusified true belief” debate or discuss “ Something is true because you believe it to GOAL: method of studying and be true and there is justification for such understanding the real development and belief” change 1) CORRESPONDENCE THEORY- Maintains that Admits the presence of the conflicts, both the knower’s mind and the thing being proceeds from the whole truth of the conflict, and gives birth to a new thesis: perceived must correspond to each other. The synthesis 2) COHERENCE THEORY- Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context. 3) RELATIVISM- A philosophical concept that contends that there are NO ABSOLUTE TRUTHS 4) CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY- Knowledge is 3) PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD shaped by social forces and influenced by - Two greek words: phenomenon culture and history. (Appearance), Logos (Study/reason) 5) CONSENSUS THEORY- Views knowledge as - GOAL: investigates the essence of nature of the things that appear to a person. based on agreements and that something is - Helps a person to examine his/her own true when if almost everyone agrees that it is experience of something true. HUSSERL’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD 6) PRAGMATIC THEORY- A view that claims that - Most original/pure something is true if we can put it into practice phenomenology and is useful in real life.  - PHENOMENOLOGY- emphasizes ARGUMENTS the person’s lived experience to - A collection of statements or propositions, some of get to the true meaning of reality. which are intended to provided support or evidence NATURAL ATTITUDE- the in favor of one or the others. belief that the reality outside the person is HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT relative to and separate from the person who Man- name of gender, as a term experiences it. Human- biological term na tao ka PHENOMENOLOGICAL Person- recognition of the person that the being has rights ATTITUDE- the process - If you have capabilities and potential whereby a person Human person- biological, psychological suspends his beliefs VIEWS 1) Biological- human part of the natural world - Instincts, survival, reproductions - Biggest achievement-culture, we created a norm. 2) Psychological- we have mental faculties Pysch- conscious and unconscious mind Rationality- ability to reason out Intelligence- Receive and apply information Introspection- ability to evaluate yourself 4) HERMENEUTICS - Reflection Greek god ( HERMES) messenger between - Used in psychology gods and humans 3) Economic- it is our duty to work and reproduce Derived from hermeneuein which means 4) Theological- human is created by God interpreting or interpretation. Offers a toolbox for efficiently treating Human Person problems of the interpretation of human Legal person - you follow the law, if you are given actions, texts, and other meaningful the rights-based on the human law material. Natural person- humans, kita GOAL: to capture the truth of the text Moral person- You are following the divine law 1) If you are self-aware 2) Intelligence 3) Know how to decide on your own (Autonomous being) 4) Know how to communicate Human Person Self- being self-aware and the ability to develop oneself ○ Innate ○ Emergent - able to know that there are others as well ○ Integrated and developing - changes to self  Identity- what defines you as a person ANCIENT PERIOD ○ Physical Characteristics Plato and Aristotle- Cosmogenic model of the World ○ Mental Attributes PLATO ○ Experience, Memories, Ideas and Views - Human person is a dichotomy of body and Personhood - recognition of your identity soul ○ Person as an Autonomous Being- reason - Body is material and is subject to changes free choice and destructions ○ Unified Individual- all people have - The soul is immaterial and Unchanging potential - BODY (dependent) —> SOUL ○ Relation to others - participate into the (independent) community , communicate, social being Human Person TRIPARTITE FUNCTION OF SOUL: Material Aspect Non-Material Aspect- biases,prejudices,stereotype 1) Rational Function ( HEAD- think, analyze, comprehend and make decisions) 2) Passion/spirited function ( Performs action dictate by reason- responsible for various feelings) 3) Appetitive Function ( Physical wants) ARISTOTLE - “The soul and the body are substantially united” - SOUL- source of life - “ all bodies, living or not, are a combination of the primary elements. The body is not the principle of life, for it is always in potentiality. It needs a form to be in actuality. “The soul is the form of the organized body - For Aristotle: ANYTHING THAT LIVES HAS A SOUL - Believed then that there must be a connection between the mind and the soul - CONSCIOUSNESS ←→ SELF-AWARENESS THREE KINDS OF SOULS 1) Vegetative souls- plants can grow, reproduce, and feed themselves 2) Sensitive souls- Shares with the vegetative soul but EMBODIED SPIRIT capable of sensing and feeling ( Desire, Anger, pain) Embodied- Quality of being materialized 3) Rational Souls- Shares with the other lower souls; it Spirit- Something immaterial has the capacity for scientific thoughts, distinguish human person as an embodied spirit- it refers to various things, analyses relationships, deliberate the inseparable union of the body and the soul and discover truths. “ The human person is the meeting point of the material and immaterial entities” ( Steph, 2018 )  MEDIEVAL PERIOD HUMAN NATURE - Age of faith Thinking - Cosmology to Theodicy Feeling ST. AUGUSTINE Acting - Believed that God created the world, and this includes the creation of the immortal HUMAN BODY soul. - Connotes to the idea of FINITUDE - SOUL- self-sustaining substance - Being embodied means human beings have - Soul makes man authentic certain limitations - The fact the human body moves means - HUMAN BEINGS ARE CONSTRAINED BY THE TIME AND that it is animated by the soul to perform SPACE its functions. - HUMAN BEINGS HAVE PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS - The soul is dependent on the body, in the same way as the body is dependent on TRANSCENDENCE the soul. - Act of surpassing our limitations - Without the soul, the body will not have a - To transcend is to beyond the ordinary form - Without the body, the soul will not have its required sense organs to gain knowledge - INTELLECT AND WILL- highest human faculties ★ Highest Human Faculties- Geared towards the contemplation of God through beatific Vision. “ When the physical body of man corrupts because of sins, the soul of man continues to exist. From then, he can see face to face God and enjoy the eternal happiness” MODERN PERIOD - Theocentric → Anthropocentric - “ MAN AT THE TOP” RENE DESCARTES ( Rationalist ) - Animals have no souls ( mere bundles of instincts prepackaged by God ) - “ I think, therefore I am” - HUMAN MIND CAN EXIST WITHOUT HUMAN BODY JOHN LOCKE (Empiricist) - The human mind is a tabula rasa or blank slates - Soul begins to know only when the senses begin to perceive. - Soul is always in contact with the body