Art History PDF

ART HISTORY Art Movement - collective name given Ancient Art - early civilizations Cave art - 40,000 years ago (Lascaux, France) Media - natural pigments ochre, charcoal, minerals Styles - simple forms Purpose - hunting rituals Significant Artists - unknown (early hunter-gatherer societies)...

ART HISTORY Art Movement - collective name given Ancient Art - early civilizations Cave art - 40,000 years ago (Lascaux, France) Media - natural pigments ochre, charcoal, minerals Styles - simple forms Purpose - hunting rituals Significant Artists - unknown (early hunter-gatherer societies) Egyptian Art - 3000 BCE to 30 BCE (pharaohs) Media - stone, wood, metal, papyrus Styles - hieratic scale (Karnak Temple Symbolism - colors and icons specific meanings Purpose - religious and funerary Significant Artists - unknown (imhotep, architect, physician) Pharaohs - patrons of the arts Greek Art - 800 BCE to 30 BCE (idealized representation of human form) Media - marble, bronze, pottery Styles - naturalism in sculture (Contrapposto) Purpose - celebrated human achievement Significant Artists - Phidias (Zeus at Olympia, Parthenon scultures) Praxiteles - sculptor in relatable, sensual approach seen in Aphrodite of Knidos (Cnidus) Roman Art - 500 BCE to 500 CE (realism, everyday life) Media - marble, frescoes, mosaics Styles - focus on portraiture (Architectural Innovations) Purpose - convey power, achievements, cultural values Significant Artists - Augustus (first roman emperor) Vitruvius (prominent architect of "De Architectura" Medieval Art - 500 to 1400 CE deep influence from church (religious themes) Media - manuscripts, stained glass windows, sculpture Styles - flat, symbolic representations. Purpose - educate and inspire religous devotion (biblical stories, teachings) Significant Artists - anonymous (created by monks) Book of Kells, Limbourg brothers - Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry Asian Art - continent's rich cultural heritage over thousands of years. Chinese Painting - ancient traditions Media - ink, brush, silk, rice paper Styles - landscape and caligraphy Purpose - express spiritual and philosophical Significant Artist - Wang Wei (tang dynasty artist) known for tranquil landscapes Ukiyo-E (Japanese Print) - emerged during Edo period (1603-1868) Ukiyo - pictures of the floating world Media- woodblock printing Styles - bakashi (color gradients, depth) Purpose - capture fleeting moments in landscapes (bijin) beautiful people Significant Artists - Katsuhika Hokusai (The Great Wave off Kanagawa), Utagawa Hiroshige (Fifty-Three Stations of the Tōkaidō) ART HISTORY Early Modern Art - connects Renaissance to Baroque movements. Renaissance - after the Black Death (1347-1351), decline of feudalism Media - oil paints, frescoes, marble Styles - realism Purpose - celebrated human experience, beauty of the world Significant Artists - Leonardo Da Vinci (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper) Michelangelo (David, Sistine Chapel ceiling) Raphael (The School of Athens) Titian (rich colors) Botticelli (The Birth of Venus) Mannerism - emerged in Europe late Renaissance (1520's lasts into 16th century) Media - oil paint, fresco, and sculpture Styles - elongated forms Purpose - provoke thought and evoke emotion Significant Artists - Parmigianino, (Madonna with the Long Neck) Jacopo Pontormo, (The Deposition from the Cross) Baroque Art - emerged in Europe during late 16th century and lasts into early 18th century Barroco - irregular pearl Media – oil paints, marble, and frescoes. Styles - chiaroscuro strong contrasts between light and dark, tenebrism dramatic lighting Purpose - religious themes, historical events, and mythological scenes Significant Artists - Caravaggio, (The Calling of Saint Matthew) Peter Paul Rubens, (The Elevation of the Cross) Rembrandt van Rijn, (chiaroscuro in The Night Watch) Rococo Art - emerged in early 18th-century France Media – painting, sculpture, and decorative arts Styles – intricate designs, soft colors, and asymmetrical shapes Purpose – evoke feelings of joy and intimacy Significant Artists - Antoine Watteau, (romantic scenes of outdoor festivities) François Boucher, (mythological subjects with sensuality) Jean-Honoré Fragonard, (The Swing) 19th Century Art - key art movements (social and political changes) Neo-Classicism - late 18th to early 19th century revived classical styles from ancient Greece and Rome Media – oil paints, marble, and bronze Styles - symmetry, proportion, and minimalism Purpose – educate and inspire viewers Significant Artists – Jacques-Louis David, (The Death of Socrates) Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, (La Grande Odalisque) Romanticism - late 18th century and lasted into the mid-19th century Media - oil paintings, watercolors, and lithographs Styles - chiaroscuro and dynamic compositions that suggested movement Purpose - individualism Significant Artists - Eugène Delacroix (Liberty Leading the People) Realism - mid-19th century, reaction against Romanticism and Neoclassicism Media - oil paints, lithography and photography Styles – aimed for naturalism Purpose - portray life without idealization Significant Artists - Gustave Courbet (The Stone Breakers) Jean-François Millet (The Gleaners) Impressionism - late 19th-century France "Impressionism" comes from Claude Monet's painting “Impression, Sunrise,” Media - oil paints impasto, where paint is applied thickly Styles - loose brushwork and a focus on light en plein air (outdoors) Purpose - immediate perception of a scene Significant Artist - Claude Monet (Water Lilies) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Luncheon of the Boating Party) Post-Impressionism - late 19th century (1886-1905) Media - oil paint, watercolor, pastel Styles - bold colors and expressive brushwork (impasto) Purpose - profound emotional experiences Significant Artists - Vincent van Gogh (Starry Night) Paul Cézanne (The Basket of Apples) Neo-Impressionism - late 19th century (1880s) reaction to Impressionism Media - oil paints Styles - pointillism Purpose - more dynamic and scientific representation of light and color Significant Artists - Georges Seurat (A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte) Paul Signac - (The Port of Marseille) Symbolism - late 19th century (France) Media - poetry, theater Styles - dreamlike imagery, vivid colors Purpose - convey the inexpressible Significant Artists - Paul Gauguin, Gustave Moreau, and Odilon Redon Art Nouveau - 19th century - early 20th century Media - painting, sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts Styles - flowing, organic lines and motifs Purpose - integrate art into everyday life Significant Artists - Gustav Klimt (The Kiss) Antoni Gaudí (La Sagrada Família) 20th Century Art - Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Futurism Fauvism - early 20th century in France Fauvism - fauves, wild beasts Media - oil paints Styles - striking contrasts and vibrant compositions Purpose - not to depict the world accurately Significant Artists - Henri Matisse (Woman with a Hat) André Derain (Charing Cross Bridge) Expressionism - early 20th century in Germany Media - painting, literature, theater, and film Styles - bold colors, exaggerated forms, and distorted perspectives Purpose - convey emotional responses and provoke thought Significant Artists - Edvard Munch (The Scream) Wassily Kandinsky (abstract work) Cubism - early 20th century (1907-1917) Media - oil paint, collage and mixed media Styles - Analytic Cubism (1907-1912) - deconstructing objects into geometric shapes Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914) - brighter colors, textures, and collage elements Purpose - challenge conventional forms of representation Significant Artists - Pablo Picasso (Les Demoiselles d ‘Avignon) Georges Braque (Violin and Candlestick) Futurism - early 20th century in Italy Media - painting, sculpture, and literature Styles - Cubism and Abstract art Purpose - reject the past and celebrate the future Significant Artists - Umberto Boccioni (The City Rises) Giacomo Balla (Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash)