Art Appreciation Module Set 1 PDF

APPRECIATION ART ENGLISH DEPARTMENT COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS CITY Pablo B. Flamiano...

APPRECIATION ART ENGLISH DEPARTMENT COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GENERAL SANTOS CITY Pablo B. Flamiano Jeffrey E. Floriza George S. Gunay Norman Ralph b. Isla Fernan b. Lehao John Jay L. Morido ireneo s. pelayo INTRODUCTION “ART is not what you see, but what you make others see.” This line is from the French artist Edgar Degas who expressed his art not for himself but for others to appreciate. Most of the artists and cultures we know are serious and passionate in their artistic pursuits and chosen creative outpourings. The common people would often ask why we study art and what is its importance for the the simple minded. One does not need to be a great critic or a master artist so he or she can understand and appreciate art. She can start learn the basics and the qualities of the art pieces then try to criticize those with justifiable standards. To help our students acquire the talent of appreciating art, the English Department of MSU – General Santos City provides this set of modules to aid art education during this challenging times. We are committed to deliver best outputs especially that we want to instill that being creative is a trait of a successful individual. In this set of modules for GEC 106 – Art Appreciation, the students will learn the importance of art and the various elements, subject, content, source, qualities and values of different artistic forms. Also, topics on art criticism and on heritage are added to create a full circle of learning the arts. The e-modules are designed for the students’ easy access and understanding of the concepts as well as learning the ways of interpreting art and preserving the culture. Appreciating art is not an exclusive talent but more of a participative, open pursuit to look for what is beautiful in the eyes and in the hearts. Arts reflect the ideals, the realities and the tangible expressions of an artist, of a culture, of a nation. Ergo, if one appreciates something beautiful, she just perceived it, but if she values it, she proves the truth that art, along with its story and aesthetics, lives on forever. NORMAN RALPH ISLA Chairperson English Department CSSH, MSU General Santos GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction SET I Module 1. Art Appreciation, Humanities and Aesthetics 5 Module 2. Elements of Art: Visual, Auditory and Performing Arts 9 Module 3. Subject, Source and Content of Art 18 Module 4. Values and Qualities of Art 24 SET II Module 5A. Seven Da Vincian Principles of Art Module 5B. Interpreting Art: Four Coordinates of Art Criticism Module 6. Art Criticism: Application of Critical Theories Moule 7. On Heritage: T’boli Folk Literature GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 3 CONTENT CREATORS Module 1. Norman Ralph B. Isla Art Appreciation, Humanities and Aesthetics Module 2. Jeffrey E. Floriza Elements of Art: Visual, Auditory and Performing Arts Module 3. George S. Gunay Subject, Source and Content of Art Module 4. Pablo B. Flamiano Values and Qualities of Art Module 5A. Fernan B. Lehao Seven Da Vincian Principles of Art Module 5B. Norman Ralph B. Isla Interpreting Art: Four Coordinates of Art Criticism Module 6. John Jay L. Morido Art Criticism: Application of Critical Theories Module 7. Ireneo S. Pelayo On Heritage: T’boli Folk Literature GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 4  MODULE 1 Learning Outcomes: 1. Identify and discuss the definitions ART APPRECIATION, HUMANITIES, and domains of Art Appreciation, Aesthetics and Humanities. AND AESTHETICS 2. Deepen the understanding on the art appreciation. 3. Discuss the ideas and reasons for studying aesthetics and the functions of Humanities. 4. Appreciate the core ideas for beauty and artistic expression. Time frame: 3 hours, 1 meeting Art is everywhere as they say. It can be Activity: the song or a musical composition of your Watch in YouTube the “What is Art?” by favorite singer, a GCFLearnFree.org. This is a short video for painting or sculpture 2:25 minutes only. of a great artists Here is the link: https://www.youtube. or the steps and com/watch?v=QZQyV9BB50E choreography of the dancer you follow. Vincent Van Gogh Gallery | Starry Night Analysis: Art is an expression of humanity or a representative of a specific civilization 1. Why do you think we need to study and even a significant voice of one culture. The purpose of this lesson is to art? Why study Humanities? understand why as humans we need to appreciate art and beauty. 2. Why do humans love someone or something that is beautiful? 3. Who dictates whether an art is On Art Appreciation beautiful or not? Everyone can appreciate and marvel at art, and being subjective in nature, Abstraction: different art forms appeal to different people. The term art encompasses a large variety of works, from paintings to sculptures, architecture to design, After you have pondered on the and in modern times, digital art (Desirazu, 2020). The National Commission questions above, you try to reason out for Culture and Arts is devoted to develop the seven arts by putting national based on your perception and sole committees in: judgment on things, particularly on their beauty. As you embark on studying Art 1. Architecture and Allied Arts for this semester, it is appropriate to shed 2. Cinema (Film, Television and Broadcast Arts) light on the definition of art appreciation, humanities and aesthetics. Though they 3. Dance are considered synonymous, these three 4. Dramatic Arts disciplines actually differ in their scope 5. Literary Arts (Fiction, Poetry, Essay, Play) and purpose. 6. Music 7. Visual Arts (Painting and Sculpture) Art appreciation, however, refers to the exploration and analysis of the art forms that we are exposed to. It can be highly subjective, depending on an individuals’ personal taste and preferences, or can be done on the basis of several grounds such as elements of design and mastery displayed in the piece. Art appreciation also involves a deeper look into the setting and historical implication and background of the piece, a study of its origins (Desirazu, 2020). Art is dynamic, with new trends and styles emerging at a fast pace. However, GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 5 the final attempt of the artist is that it speaks to the viewer on a personal level and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Art opens up the stream of subconscious and intends to personally touch every person that comes across it (Desirazu, 2020). So by studying art appreciation, one will be able to uncover the history behind the work, see the milieu and social problems that inspire the piece and even tell the personal narratives of the art’s subject and its creator. Art is mainly a product of human expression and it is part of our civilization to dig deeper and understand the traces of our existence – from personal to universal. To end, just by being human, it is empirical to appreciate art, expert or not, teacher or student. The arts endeavor to stretch the limits of what we consider our ‘Being.’ This explains why “the arts” is collectively called the Humanities (read the next part). The arts has enriched our definition of “self” by rescuing us from the boring days and cutthroat realities of life and even understanding the many faces of ourselves. By appreciating the arts, whether a person is living through ideals or confronted with realities, still he or she would see that life is beautiful and meaningful. Additional Reading: The Importance of Art Appreciation by Narendra Desirazu https:// www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of- art-appreciation/ Distance Learning Systems | Humanities course – Distance Learning Systems. On Humanities Humanities comes from the Latin humanus, which means human, cultured, refined. They are the branches of learning based on the philosophy and ethical perspective of humanism, which emphasizes the value of agency of human beings individually and collectively. To elaborate it more, Humanities is: 1. not scientific 2. at least, not directly to business or economics 3. a set of tangible expressions of the human quest for the good life 4. an ocean of all humanity’s deeper, inward awareness, knowledge and sensitivity 5. a collective pooling together of the legacy of a given culture’s values, ambitions and beliefs. Functions of Humanities a. to make all persons become better human beings b. to value and appreciate beautiful things c. to expand our perspective d. to know the changing image of mankind as it journeys across time, across realities and ideals Moreover, we study Humanities because it makes us more human – in the very sense of that word “human.” As the common Filipino adage says, “madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao (It’s easy to be a human, it’s hard to be sensible and humane), the humanities shared a particular imprint of the past that the people of today will appreciate and be learned from. We, as human beings, can learn more from what other humans, dead or alive, creative or critical, have believed, created and understood as they try to capsulate those ideas in artistic forms. Also, we study arts and humanities so we can realize our own potentials and even the potentials of others, and roughly, to see beauty in yourself and in others. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 6  On Aesthetics Aesthetics is technically the study of beauty. It comes from a Greek word “aesthesis” which means “sense of perception.” Since we were young, we were taught to practice our senses – sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch, movement – and the other two – balance and beauty. All these eight senses are particularly anchoring on the judgment of subjectivity. Subjectivity is often based on the sensori-emotional values or the sentimentality of a specific work of art wherein one tries to praise such beauty over the other. In reality, we can only praise and criticize the material things because it is perceptible to the senses, distinct from the immaterial. So, whether we say that aesthetics or appreciating beauty is always subjective, there are standards to consider if one art is truly beautiful. According to Denis Dutton Still Life by Picasso (2003), art has distinct signatures to be considered beautiful. Throughout his study on art, he identified six universal signatures in human aesthetics: 1. Expertise or virtuosity. Humans cultivate, recognize, and admire technical artistic skills 2. Nonutilitarian pleasure. People enjoy art for art’s sake, and do not demand that it keep them warm or put food on the table. 3. Style. Artistic objects and performances satisfy rules of composition that place them in a recognizable style. 4. Criticism. People make a point of judging, appreciating, and interpreting works of art. 5. Imitation. With a few important exceptions like abstract painting, works of art simulate experiences of the world. 6. Special focus. Art is set aside from ordinary life and made a dramatic focus of experience. Assessment Answer the following: 1. In your own words, define the following: a. Art Appreciation b. Humanities c. Aesthetics: 2. Among the four functions of Humanities, which one do you consider as the best use of Humanities? Why? 3. Among the nine (9) art forms taught under the Art Appreciation, what particular art form do you like the most? Why? You can select the arts that you are practicing/passionate of or maybe the one you like to pursue if given a chance. Application 1. Watch the “Aesthe-TISTICS” game by Norman Ralph Isla in YouTube and try to provide your pick on the following: a. Filipino Painting: _____________ b. Tourist Destination: _____________ c. Beauty Queens: _____________ d. On Handsomeness: _____________ 2. From your answers, look for a classmate (no duplication) and compare your picks with his/her choices. Are you the same or not? How different are your choices? From your discussion, write a 100-word essay on the subjectivity of aesthetics. Support your answer with any or two of the universal signatures posited by Dutton (2003). GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 7 References: Denis Dutton (2003). Jerrold Levinson (ed.). “The Authenticity of Art. The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. Desirazu, Narendra. (2020). The Importance of Art Appreciation. Education World. https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/ Zangwill, Nick. (2007). Aesthetic Judgment. Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Prepared by Approved by Norman Ralph Isla Norman Ralph Isla Faculty Chairperson English Department | CSSH English Department GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 8  MODULE 2 Learning Outcomes: Students are expected to: Elements of Art: Visual, Auditory 1. be familiar with the elements of and Performance visual, auditory, and performing arts; 2. develop understanding of how and what artworks are made of; 3. be familiar with our country’s National Artists in Visual, Auditory and Performing arts 4. appreciate the importance of the elements visual, auditory and performing arts; and 5. analyze the elements of visual, auditory or performing artworks. Time frame: 3 hours, 1 meeting Activity: Juan Luna’s famous painting “Spolarium” To realize how influential art is in our life, I would like all students to observe Art, in any form, gives emotions that lifts up the spirit, heals the soul and their surroundings and make a list of at rejuvenates life to anyone who appreciates and understand its meaning least five (5) things that you consider as and value. Art is everywhere and humans cannot live without it. However, artworks. not everyone sees the importance of arts in our daily lives. There are even skeptics who say that art is a waste of time. Do you agree with this idea? How List of Artworks in our Room/House/ do you think we change peoples’ perspective towards art? Living Room: Through this lesson, we are going to explore how art is made by checking 1. Random Painting out its elements through visual, auditory and performing arts. By doing so, 2. Eye Glasses each student is expected to develop awareness and appreciation on the 3. Cellphone Case importance of each art form in their surroundings. 4. Clothing Cabinet According to Esaak (2020), the elements of art are like atoms. They are 5. Bed “building blocks” for creating a work of art. Artists manipulate these elements, mix Then, try to identify the elements them in with involved on each works of art principles of design, and Analysis: compose a piece of art. Not every 1. Can an artwork exist without its work of art elements? Why? contains every one of these 2. How can the elements of visual, elements, but auditory, and performing arts affect at least two are an artworks’ appearance, conveyance always present. and effectiveness? For example, a sculptor, by Abstraction: default, has to Kublai Ponce Millan’s “Bangkapayapaan” in GenSan have both form Visual Arts and space in a sculpture, because these elements are three-dimensional. Visual arts are art forms that create works They can also be made to appear in two-dimensional works through the use which are primarily visual in nature (art of perspective and shading. that can be seen). It is closely tied with GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 9 Abstraction continuation: Elements of Visual Arts Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines design because when you look at a visual of a painting or sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is about. art you need to check its ‘concept or idea He uses lines to represent figures and forms. Lines have always direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any work of art, may either be straight into a configuration, drawing, model, (horizontal, vertical or diagonal) or curved. pattern, plan or specification.’ 1. Horizontal lines- are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of Visual art includes all the fine arts, like calmness. Example: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, as a. landscapes, calm bodies of water well as new media and contemporary forms of expression such as Assemblage, Collage, Conceptual, Installation, as well 2. Vertical lines- are lines of poised for action. They are poised, balance, as Photography, and film-based forms forceful and dynamic. It also tends to express as well as arouse emotions of like Video Art and Animation, or any exaltation. Example: combination thereof. Even, performance a. people standing straight, tall trees, statues of saints and heroes arts fall under visual arts. Lake Sebu, a photo from South Cotabato, Mt. Kalugong and Camp John Hay, Benguet Travel Guide Southern Mindanao | TrekEarth 3. Diagonal lines- suggest action and movement. They give animation to any composition in which they appear. Example: a. running person Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men’s 100 metres - Wikipedia | by Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil 4. Curved lines- suggest grace, movement, flexibility, and joyousness. Example: woman’s body, fruits Lines may also be classified into three groups: 1. Repetition- lines which follow Design and Architecture for Sustainable Innovation | or repeat one another. Başlangıç Noktası 2. Contrast- lines that are in opposition to each other. Still life Painting Jos van Riswick www.josvanriswick.com 3. Transition- lines which modify or soften the effect of others. Color - is a property of light. When light goes out, color goes with it. It has three (3) dimensions or attributes: hue, value, and intensity. Hue is a dimension of color that gives color its name. When we say the flower is yellow, we are naming its hue. Blue, red and yellow are the primary hues. If these primary hues are mixed in equal parts, the secondary hues are produced. The secondary hues are orange, green and violet. Orange is produced by mixing red and yellow; green by mixing yellow and blue; and violet by mixing blue and red. Altogether there are twelve easily distinguishable hues. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 10  Warm Colors Red, orange and yellow- associated with objects like the sun, fire and other sources of heat. They intend to impart warmth to any composition in which they are used. They are conspicuous, cheerful and stimulating, vivacious, joyous and exciting. They are called advancing colors because they have an effect of advancing or coming towards you. personal.utdallas.edu | ColorContrasts Sunset in Maitum 2019 | George S. Gunay Cool Colors Blue predominates like green, blue-green, blue and blue- violet- cause surfaces covered with them to appear to recede. They suggest distance. They are calm, sober, restful and inconspicuous. Color Harmonies There are two kinds of color harmonies: related color harmonies and the contrasted color harmonies. Related color harmonies- may either be monochromatic or adjacent. Monochromatic harmony is made up of several tones of one hue, like for instance orange, tan, brown and other tones from the orange family. Monochromatic harmonies are the simplest and Starry Night | Vincent Van Gogh easiest to use. Different tones of the same hue all have something in common, so it is easy for them to agree. In adjacent or neighboring harmony (also known as Analogous colors), two or three neighboring hues on the color circle are used together, for example, tones of green, yellow and orange. Contrasted color harmonies- colors which lie directly opposite each other in the color circle are called complementary colors. Colors lie directly opposite contrast with each other strongly. For example, red and green, orange and blue, violet and yellow. Value - refers to the lightness and darkness of a color. It is a quality which depends on the amount of light and dark in color. Tints- are values above the normal. For example, pink is a tint of red, sky-blue is a tint. Shades- are values below the normal. For example, maroon is a shade of red, navy-blue is a shade of blue. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 11  The value of hue can be changed. We raise it by adding more light to it so that it reflects more light and lower it by reducing the light it can reflect. Intensity - the third and last dimension of color. It refers to the brightness and darkness of color. It gives color strength. Colors differ in intensity. Two colors may be both blue but one is more intense than the other. High intensity colors are bright. Low intensity colors are dull. Texture - is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do with the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with the hands. In painting, texture adds vitality and richness of the skin, clothes, jewelry and others of the subject in the canvas. In Numb (Lot 7176), Roland Ventura, is a contemporary Filipino artist known for his dynamic melding of realism, cartoons, and graffiti, who portrays a man asleep, conjuring up a mirage of In Numb (Lot 7176), Roland Ventura images which sprout, fully-formed, from his insensate head. Perspective - deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye judges spatial relationships. It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. Linear Perspective- is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines. It has to do with SUTD Architecture and Sustainable Design the direction of lines and with the size of objects. Objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance. Aerial Perspective- is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone and color. Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect to the atmosphere. Objects appear to be lighter in color and the outline more vague as they recede into the distance or into the atmosphere. Space - refers to distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece. It can be positive (white or light) or negative (black or dark), open or closed, shallow or deep and two- dimensional or three- dimensional. In painting as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior of a building is seen as it appears in space, while the interior is seen by one who is inside an enclosing space. Painting does not deal with space directly. It represents space only on a two-dimensional surface. In architecture, space is of great importance. Sculpture has very little to do with space relationship or perception of space. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 12 Form - applies to the over-all design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object. It is consisting of size and volume which includes height, width and depth. It generally refers to sculpture, 3D design and architecture but may also relate to the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface. It has six (6) types: regular, irregular, centralized, linear, radial, and grid forms. Regular Forms are those whose parts are related to one another in a consistent, orderly manner. Irregular Forms are those whose parts are dissimilar and unrelated to one another. Centralized Forms consist of a number of secondary forms clustered to produce a dominant, central, and parent form. Linear Forms are arranged sequentially in a row or a series of forms along a line. Radial Forms compositions of linear form that extend outward from central Carl Krull’s dizzying drawings will make you do a double-take - Insider form in a radial form. Grid Forms are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by 3-dimensional grid. Volume - refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to solidity or thickness. We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines or outlines or shapes of objects, and by surface lights and shadows. Some of the Known National Artist for Visual Arts in the Philippines Napoleon Abueva (1930- ) is considered as the Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture. He is the man behind the famous Transfiguration at the Eternal Gardens Memorial Park. Victorio C. Edades (1895-1985) is the Father of Modernism in Philippine Art. He executed two paintings in 1928: “The Sketch,” (also called “The Artist and His Model”) and “The Builders.” Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) is the country’s first national artist, heralded as the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.” Some of Amorsolo’s famous works GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 13 include Defence of a Filipina Woman’s Honor, Planting Rice, and Sunday Morning Going to Town. Cesar Legaspi (1917-1994) was recognized as the pioneer of the Neorealist movement in the country. His known works include Tree Planting and Gadgets. Auditory Art Auditory art is art that is heard at one particular time. It is an art that combines sounds into a structure form usually according to conventional patterns and for an aesthetic or artistic purpose. Music as an auditory art includes characteristics such as: music moves through time (temporal) and music appreciation is the acquired ability to listen to music intelligently. Elements of Music Rhythm is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound. It is a larger concept that includes the beat and everything that happens to sound in relation to time. In music, its most fundamental component is beat - is the simple pulse found in almost all music familiar to us. Measuring rhythm is by means of a Meter, which is the arrangement of a rhythm in a fixed, regular pattern with a uniform number of beats in uniform measures. See YouTube Clip on “Beat and Rhythm” here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F21pS3Wo8ko Melody is associated mental motion sometimes called the memory element because it is always remembered by listeners. It is an organize group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a satisfying musical entity. See YouTube clip on “Melody” here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xMOFDS69ps Pitch indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by the frequency of molecular vibrations. The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch. The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch. See YouTube clip on “Pitch” here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjvuiOSo3ow Harmony refers to the manner of sound combination- the sounding series or group of tones at the same time or simultaneously. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 14 It has chords, which are combinations of two or more tones, sounded at the same time. These chords can either be a concord (combination or chord that produces an impression of agreeableness or resolution to the listener) or a discord or dissonance. See YouTube clip on “Harmony” here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RK7k34mJo2s Tempo refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It may be slow, quick or moderate. See YouTube clip on “Tempo” here: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyvHKzsOrFU Dynamics refer to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound. It may refer to the loudness and softness of music. See YouTube clip on “Dynamics” here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ffcaP94N8KM Timbre refers to tone quality (color). Helps differentiate one type of voice to another or instrument from another. See YouTube clip on “Timbre” here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tGEDgkZlC8 Some of the Known National Artist for Music in the Philippines Antonio R. Buenaventura (1904-1996) popularized folksongs by creating music based on the wide array of folk songs from various ethnic groups in the Philippines. His notable works include Ode to Freedom, By the Hillside, Echoes of the Past, Echoes from the Philippines, History Fantasy, and Mindanao Sketches. Listen to By the Hillside here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SXLBC4kt4fM Listen to Mindanao Sketches here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=FKdceWT1o0s Jovita Fuentes (1895-1978) has been hailed as the first international Filipino diva. In 1976, she made Philippine history by being given the honor as the first female National Artist for Music. She became known because of her roles in major productions such as Mimi in Giacomo Puccini’s La Bohème and Princess Yang Gui Fe in Li Tai Pe. Listen to Fuentes’ ‘Sì, mi chiamano Mimì’ from La Bohème here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv7hTZmcpf8 Lucio D. San Pedro (1913-2002) is an educator, master conductor, and a brilliant composer and his works are known to “evoke the folk elements of the Filipino heritage.” Some of his popular works include Sa Mahal Kong Bayan (choral music), Lahing Kayumanggi (band music), and Sa Ugoy ng Duyan (vocal music). Listen to the famous Filipino lullaby by San Pedro entitled, “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan” here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=F4A7Ptil2j4 Antonio J. Molina (1894-1980) is known as The Dean of Filipino Composers. He popularized the following music such as, Kung sa Iyong Gunita, Awit ni Maria Clara, Larawan Nitong Pilipinas, and GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 15  Hatinggabi (a serenade for solo violin and piano supplement). Listen to Molina’s “Hatinggabi” here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=kPQRGanwmE8 Performance Art Performance art is a combination of several art forms, such as visual art or design, auditory art or music, theatrical presentations like dance and drama, film and even literature. Elements of Dance Not every movement can be qualified as dance. A movement must have certain basic elements to be considered dance. These are theme, design, step, gesture, dynamics, step, gesture, dynamics, technique, music, costume, and properties. 1. Theme is one of the important elements of dance. It is the content or main ingredient of the presentation that conveys a message. 2. Design refers to the planned organization or pattern of movement in time and space. Pattern in time is provided by measured rhythm and beats. While pattern in space is created by floor pattern and planes. 3. Movement is the action of dancers as they use their bodies to create organized patterns. Body movement can be divided into steps, gestures of arms and hands, and facial expression. 4. Technique is the skill in executing movement. A technically proficient dancer has complete control over the muscles of his/her body. 5. Music plays an important role in the dance to which it is closely related. It is an accompaniment to dance that motivates the movements of the dancers through its melody and harmony. 6. Costume and properties. The type of dance performed and the costumes worn at any stage of history relate closely to the customs, beliefs, and environment of the people. Hand properties like costume enhance the effect of dance. 7. Choreography is the organization of the dancers following steps and movements. 8. Scenery refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it more realistic and enriching. Some of the Known National Artist of the Philippines for Dance Leonor Orosa Goquinco (1917-2005) also known as Cristina Luna, has been dubbed as the Trailblazer, Mother of Philippine Theater Dance, and Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics. Her famous choreographies include the following: The Firebirds, The Clowns, and Noli Dance Suite. Inspired by dances of the Igorots, the Moros, and Christians, she produced Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Love in Dance in 1960. Watch Leonor Orosa-Goquingco’s Filipinescas: Life, Legend and Lore in Dance, in the Igorot Suite here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qn-ItDqNVRo Ramon Obusan (1938-2006) is a dancer, choreographer, stage designer, and artistic director. In 1972, Obusan established the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group (ROFG), a dance company that reflects the culture of Filipinos in dance and music. Watch PASINAYA 2014 - Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group “Solotan (Maranao Suite)” here: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=Oamch-aUO7o GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 16  Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula (1929-1999) was the dance director of the Bayanihan Philippine National FolkDance Company (now the Bayanihan Dance Company), which is considered as the oldest dance company in the country. Some of her most recognized dances are the Singkil, Vinta, Tagabili, Pagdiwata, and Salidsid. Watch Urtula’s SINGKIL in the Bayanihan 60th Year Anniversary Celebration here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d2LVHba_So Assessment: Answer the following: 1. In your own understanding idea, what is your own definition of the following: Visual Art Auditory Arts Performing Arts 2. Among the Elements of Visual Arts, which elements (choose at least 2) do you consider is the most commonly used? Why? 3. Among the Elements of Music, which one do you consider is the most impactful? Why? 4. Among the Elements of Dance, which one do you consider is the most important? Why? Application: 1. Choose a National Artist in the Philippines for Visual Arts and analyze the elements present in one of his/her famous Works. 2. Choose a National Artist in the Philippines for Music and analyze the elements used in one of his/her known Works. 3. Choose a National Artist in the Philippines for Dance and analyze the elements present in one of his/her famous Works. References: Esaak, Shelley. (28 August, 2020). The 7 Elements of Art and Why Knowing Them Is Important. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from: thoughtco.com/what-are-the-elements-of-art-182704. Mendez, Mario L. Jr. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. University Press of First Asia. Makati City: Philippines. Sanchez, Custiodiosa et al., (1998). Introduction to the Humanities. Rex Book Store. Philippines. Prepared by Approved by Jeffrey E. Floriza Norman Ralph Isla Faculty Chairperson English Department | CSSH English Department GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 17  MODULE 3 Learning Outcomes: 1. Students will have deeper ART: SUBJECT, SOURCE AND CONTENT https://www.academia.edu/14874159/THE_SUBJECT_OF_ART_Meanings_Kinds_and_Functions_of_Subject understanding on the subject, source, and content of art. 2. Articulate on how the subject is represented by the artist, factors The subject of art refers to any person, object, scene or event described or affecting his choice of subject, and represented in a work of art. the kinds of subjects the artists Representational or Objective. Arts that have subject like painting, sculpture, choose. graphic arts, literature and theatre arts. 3. Connect the various topics discussed Non-Representational or Non-Objective. Arts that do not have subject like on this module on critiquing any work music, architecture and many of the Functional Arts (program music – musical compositions which have subject). They do not present descriptions, stories, or of art. referencesto identifiable objects or symbols. Rather they, appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and Time frame: 6 hours, 2 meetings expressive elements. Activity: Many contemporary painters have Using you mobile phones, take a picture turned away from of anything that captivates you. Then representational to draw on a bond paper the dominant lines non-objective painting. of the captured image and finish the They have shifted their remaining details using geometric shapes attention to the work of that represents them. Shade randomly art as an object in itself, some shapes you feel like shading. Leave an exciting combination some shapes unshaded. of shapes and colors Analysis: that fulfills an aesthetic need without having to 1. What influenced you most to on your represent images or tell subject? a story. Many modern paintings are like this 2. Look at the strong lines in your making them more drawing. Are they mostly vertical, difficult to comprehend. diagonal or horizontal? Is there any meaning as to how they are positioned and intersect? Ways of 3. As you were shading the shapes Representing in your drawing, was your initial Subject perception of your photo affected as The manner of Jono Dry Art you continue shading? representing subject Abstraction: varies according to the intent and inventiveness Your creative tendencies are influenced of each artist. by your circumstances - intellect, feelings, Realism – when things are depicted in the way they would normally mood, relationships, among others. Your appear. Strictly speaking, no work of art is realistic. Since no work of art is an definition of what is beautiful evolves as accurate copy of what exists in the natural world. Some paintings seem to be you mature in your artistic experiences. photographic renderings of facts or historical facts. Abstraction – it is the process of simplifying and/or reorganizing objects and One of the measures of maturity in this elements according to the demands of the artistic expression. The artist selects domain is that, when you get to talk on and renders the objects with their shapes, colors and positions altered. In some this matter, the depth, scope and diversity abstract works, enough of a likeness has been retained to represent real things. of your discourse reflect a character that In others, the original objects have been reduced to simple geometric shapes is evidently scholarly. and they can be rarely identified unless the artist named it in title. His concern is the rendering of the essence of the subject rather than the natural form itself. Distortion – is when the figures have been so arranged that proportions differ noticeably from natural measurements. It could also mean twisting, stretching or deforming the natural shape of the object. The relief sculptures and paintings of ancient Egypt were distorted. The head and lower part of the body were GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 18  NBC News March 8, 2018 To design costumes for ‘Black How to Look at ART and Panther,’ this artist drew on his Understand IT Filipino upbringing 1. Point of View and Focal Point Anthony Francisco, a visual Explore how point of view-the artist’s positioning of the designer who worked on the viewer with respect to the image-works in painting and “Dora Milaje” costumes in “Black sculpture, paying particular attention to differences Panther,” drew on African and in angle and spatial relation. Then, continue with focal Asian cultures for inspiration. point, or the artist’s centering of attention on a key area of the work. 2. Color-Description, Symbol, and More Consider the core principles of color in painting, including the distinctions of value and saturation and the relationship of colors as analogous or complementary. See how major works of art achieve their power and “ They thought I grew up in a hut! They “ meaning through color, as seen in celebrated canvases by Seurat, Gauguin, and Van Gogh. But yes, we do have technology. 3. Line-Description and Expression See the properties of line, another essential element of shown in profile, while the eye and upper part of the body were in the frontal art, as “descriptive” (describing reality) or “expressional” position. Convention demanded the highly stylized representation of the figure. (conveying feeling). Notice the use of geometric lines, It is usually done to dramatize the shape of a figure or to create an emotional implied lines, and directional lines within a composition. effect. Caricatures employ distortions so that their targets of ridicule would Also, consider the compelling, psychological use of line in appear grotesque and hateful. Picasso’s works, Seurat’s Surrealism – it is realism plus distortion. It is a method where the artist in The Circus, and in key giving expression to what it is in the subconscious composes dreamlike scenes Modern and Expressionist that show an irrational arrangement of objects. The images are recognizable, works. sometimes drawn from the nature but they are so combined in utterly fantastic 4. Space, Shape, Shade, and unnatural relationships. and Shadow man searching with magnifying glass Free Photo Examine geometric The very concept of the ‘birth’ or ‘origin’ of art may seem and “organic” shapes in inappropriate, since humans are by nature artists and painting and sculpture and the history of art begins with that of humanity. In their the crucial relationship artistic impulses and achievements humans express their of figure to ground and vitality, their ability to establish a beneficial and positive mass to space. Then, relationship with their environment, to humanize nature; explore the illusionistic use of shading, shadows, their behaviour as artists is one of the characteristics for and overlapping shapes selection favourable to the evolution of the human species. in Caravaggio’s and Evidence from a huge analysis of rock art and cave paintings Friedrich’s works, and the and engravings shows that, from their origins, humans have compositional power of also been Homo aestheticus. shapes in paintings such as Matisse’s Dance and Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam. Michel Lorblanchet | The Origin of Art 5.Understanding Composition https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/0392192107077651?journalCode=dioa Look at the symmetry and asymmetry in painting and sculpture, and the key effects on the viewer of each. Study the scale and proportion of figures, and the The Artist and His Choice of Subject distinction between “open” and “closed” composition, reflecting the artist’s approach to visually framing the Practically everything under the sun is raw material for the artist to draw image. his subjects from. Most, if not all, of the visual arts are representations of 6. Getting the Right Perspective what the artist thought and felt about the world they lived in. Or they are Grasp the principles of linear perspective, representations of things the artists imagined or dream about. Whatever foreshortening, and atmospheric perspective as they subject an artist chooses, his choice involves some personal statement. replicate how the human eye perceives. See how artists, including Cezanne and Van Gogh, manipulated Things that affect an artist’s choice of subject perspective for their own creative ends, and observe the extreme illusionism of trompe l’oeil and anamorphosis. 1. Medium 7. Time and Motion 2. Time in which he lives and or the patronage he gets Explore how artists evoke motion and the passage 3. Developments in science and technology of time, including implying motion through strong directional lines and time through narrative devices. The value of a work of art does not depend on the artist’s choice of subject. Study approaches to implied motion in Impressionism, It does not mean that the more profound the subject, the greater the work Abstract Expressionism, and Op art, and the use of actual of art. Rather, the worth of any representational work of art depends upon motion in performance art and modern sculpture. the way the subject has been presented. It has been agreed has more to do https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/how-to-look-at-and-understand- with the way in which its subject or theme is presented than with what is great-art?clickid=QVzTQw0C6xyORxWwUx0Mo3QwUkiXLrS0ZRypyI0&ir pid=1198320&irmpname=Thaneeya%20LLC&mp_value1=1000805&utm_ presented. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 19  Art: A Source of Visual Communication Farah Khan, Computer Science, International journal of multidisciplinary and current research, 2018 DOI:10.14741/ijmcr/v.6.6.11Corpus ID: 59595178 Art is a fundamental part of human life. The language of art is the most powerful language one can understand beyond the barriers of communication, art provides an open forum for expressiveness. Since pre-historic time it has been observed as a mechanism of communication with each other. It has been analyzed that people throughout history used it for expressing their thoughts, beliefs, philosophies, fears and spiritual connections. Artists from all regions of the world have documented their voice through this medium of expression while focusing on the contemporary issues concerning their own time. In the contemporary age, art is observed as the most powerful tool for voicing the inward experiences of the artist. It is also being utilized for responding back to the society. Artists are free to express what they perceive individually and in what way they want the masses to conceive out of it. They are raising questions and analyzing the political and social scenario in their own visual idiom. In this manner, Pakistani artists are equally participating in raising their voice in visual form to communicate their experiences and challenges they are facing SELF PORTRAIT | Salvador Dali in the contemporary world. They are also providing answers to the prevailing global chaos. sourceS of art Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes Artists have always been fascinated with their physical environment. These are favorite subjects of Chinese and Japanese painters. Fernando The phoenix is the symbol of Resurrection Amorsolo, is well known for having romanticized Philippine landscapes. The peacock is the symbol of Immortality In Europe, the paintings of pure landscapes without human figures through Christ was almost unheard of until the Renaissance. They only served as backgrounds prior to this. Modern painters seem to be attracted to Portraits scenes in cities. Vicente Manansala, Arturo Luz and Mauro Malang Santos are some who have done Cityscapes. People have always been intrigued by the human face as an index of the owner’s character. As an instrument of expression, it is capable of showing Still Life a variety of moods and feelings. It is a realistic likeness of a person in sculpture, painting, drawing These are groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting or print but it need to be a photographic likeness. (flower and fruit arrangements, dishes food, pots and pans, musical A great portrait is a product of a selective process, instruments and music sheets). The arrangement is like that to show the artist highlighting certain features and de- particular human interests and activities. The still lifes of Chinese and emphasizing others. Japanese painters usually show flowers, fruits and leaves still in their natural setting, unplucked from the branches. It does not have to be beautiful but it has to be truthful. Besides the face, other things are worth noticing in portraits are the subject’s hands, which Animals can be very expressive, his attire and accessories They have been represented by artists from almost every age and place. for it reveals much about the subject’s time. In fact, the earliest known paintings are representations of animals on Statues and busts of leaders and heroes were quite the walls of caves. The carabao has been a favorite subject of Filipino common among the Romans but it was not until the artists. The Maranaws have an animal form of sarimanok as their proudest Renaissance that portrait painting became popular prestige symbol. Animals have been used as symbols in conventional in Europe. Many artists did self portraits. Their own religious art. faces provided them unlimited opportunities for character study. The dove stands for the Holy Spirit in representations of the Trinity Figures The fish and lamb are symbols of Christ The sculptor’s chief subject has traditionally been GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 20 the human body, nude or clothed. The body’s form, structure and flexibility offer the artist a big challenge to depict it in a variety of ways, ranging from the idealistic as in the classical Greek sculptures to the most abstract. The grace and ideal proportions of the human form were captured in religious sculpture by the ancient Greeks. To them, physical beauty was the symbol of moral and spiritual perfection; thus they portrayed their gods and goddesses FACE OF WUHAN | GSGunay | 4feb2020 as possessing perfect human shapes. Early Christian and medieval artists seldom represented the nude figure. The figures they used to decorate the walls and entrances of their churches were distorted so as not to call undue attention and distract people from their spiritual thoughts. But Renaissance artists reawakened an interest in the nude human figure. A favorite subject among painters is the female figure in the nude. Everyday Life Artists have always shown a deep concern The Ugly and Tragic in Art about life around them. Many of them have recorded in paintings their observation of people going about their usual ways and There is nothing that may be considered as performing their usual tasks. Genre paintings an improper subject when it comes to art. are representations of rice threshers, cockfighters, candle vendors, street musicians The grotesque, the ugly and the tragic are and children at play. all legitimate subjects as the pleasurable and the beautiful are. Many, in fact, have History and Legend often deviated away from the stereotyped History consists of verifiable facts, legends and beautiful subjects. The greatest plays of unverifiable ones, although many of them are often accepted as true because tradition are invariably tragedies. And many of has held them so far. Insofar as ancient past our songs speak about love denied or is concerned, it is difficult to tell how much of what we know now is history and how much lost. Our sweetest songs are those that is legend. History and Legend are popular tell of saddest thoughts according to subjects of art. While many works may not be consciously done historical records, certain Percy Bysshe Shelley. There are reasons information about history can be pieced for the wide appeal of works of art that from them. The costumes and accessories, the status symbols, the kinds of dwellings or show human suffering. Each of us has the means of transportation. Malakas and suffered grief, frustration or loss one way Maganda and Mariang Makiling are among the or another. In these works of art we find legendary subjects which have been rendered in painting and sculpture by not a few Filipino an affinity with the rest of the humanity artists. who have likewise experienced these painful emotions and tensions. It is as if by Religion and Mythology vicariously experiencing the suffering Art has always been a handmaiden of Religion. evoked by these works, we are purged Most of the world’s religions have used the arts to aid in worship, to instruct, to inspire of the pain and we achieve a release of feelings of devotion and to impress and tension. convert nonbelievers. The Christian Church commissioned craftsmen to tell the stories about Christ and the saints in pictures, usually in mosaics, murals and stained glass windows GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 21 in churches. It also resorted to the presentation of tableaux and plays to preach and teach. Some religions however, forbid the representation of divinity as human beings or animal forms, although they allow the use of some signs or symbols in their place. Pictures of God, human beings, or animals are forbidden in Judaism and Islam because people might worship the images themselves. Other religions have taught that a god may sometimes assume human or other visible forms. Thus he is distinguished from human beings by a halo, wing, or a darker complexion, or by the use of some attributes. The ancient Egyptians portrayed their gods as part human and part animal. The ancient African tribes distorted their god’s features. Among the Hindus, Shiva is shown as a four-armed god. Buddha, is symbolized by his footprints, a wheel or truth. In the early DOG PORTRAIT | Pablo Picasso Christian world, representation of divinity were also symbolic. There were precise conventions in rendering them. The serpent has been used to mean evil. The Four Evangelists were represented by animal forms - St. Luke by an Ox, St. John by an Eagle, St. Mark by a Lion, St. Matthew by a Winged Man. Dreams and Fantasies Dreams are usually vague and illogical. Artists especially the surrealists have tried to depict dreams as well as the grotesque terrors and apprehensions that lurk in the depths of the subsconscious. A dream may be lifelike Main Differences Between Subject vs Content situation. Therefore, we would not know if https://differencebtwn.com/what-is-the-difference-between-subject-and-content an artwork is based on a dream unless the artist explicitly mentions it. But if the picture Basis of Comparison Subject Content suggests the strange, the irrational and the absurd, we can classify it right away as a fantasy Definition The main object in an The meaning of the or dream although the artist may not have artwork work of art gotten from the idea of a dream at all but the workings of his imagination. No limits can be Determination Very recognizable Must be analyzed imposed on an artist’s imagination. In the work of art Is one of the parts of a Involves and unifies all work of art parts of the artwork Subject and Content Subject refers to the objects depicted by the artist. Content refers to what the artist expresses or communicates on the whole of his work. Content is the meaning. In literature, it is the theme. Content reveals the artist’s attitude toward his subject. At the age of 67, the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore “fell under the enchantment of lines.” Thus Subject Matter’s Different Levels of Meaning began an artist’s career which 1. Factual Meaning - the literal statement or ended in this death. The Nobel the narrative content in the work which Price winner for Literature who can be directly apprehended because the wrote that the voice of the objects presented are easily recognized. universe is one of “pictures and 2. Conventional Meaning - refers to the special dance,” rarely gave descriptive meaning that a certain object or color has title to his paintings. “People a particular culture or group of people. Examples: Flag- symbol of a nation, cross for often ask me about the meaning Christianity, crescent moon - Islam. of my pictures,” he said, “It is for them to express not to 3. Subjective Meaning - any personal meaning consciously or unconsciously conveyed by explain.” the artist (to the viewer) using a private The UNESCO Courier, August 1957, p. 3 symbolism which stems from his own association of certain objects, actions or colors with past experiences. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 22 Art: A Source of Visual philosophies, fears and spiritual connections. Artists from all regions of the Communication world have documented their voice through this medium of expression Farah Khan, Computer Science, International journal of multidisciplinary while focusing on the contemporary issues concerning their own time. In and current research, 2018, DOI:10.14741/ijmcr/v.6.6.11Corpus ID: the contemporary age, art is observed as the most powerful tool for voicing A 59595178 rt is a fundamental part of human life. the inward experiences of the artist. It is also being utilized for responding The language of art is the most powerful back to the society. Artists are free to express what they perceive individually language one can understand beyond and in what way they want the masses to conceive out of it. They are raising the barriers of communication, art provides an questions and analyzing the political and social scenario in their own visual open forum for expressiveness. Since pre-historic idiom. In this manner, Pakistani artists are equally participating in raising their time it has been observed as a mechanism of voice in visual form to communicate their experiences and challenges they communication with each other. It has been are facing in the contemporary world. They are also providing answers to the analyzed that people throughout history prevailing global chaos. used it for expressing their thoughts, beliefs, ASSESSMEnT 1. Draw an artwork of any kind which you can accomplish in 10 TROJAN HORSE WAS A UNICORN | Kim Jung Gi minutes. Explain it as to subject, source and content. 2. Making your original drawing as the reference, redraw it by making some parts distorted (enlarged, mangled, skewed, etc...). Can you consider your second drawing independent from the first one? If so, why and how? If not, why is it the same? When you distorted parts of your drawing, did you have some sort of a plan? If so, explain what was it you were trying to achieve on the process of distorting some of the parts? ƒƒ If not, is there some sort of a connection among the distorted parts to the overall drawing that makes it more meaningful? Describe. 3. Can the artwork of your classmate be appreciated without you knowing what it is all about? Explain with least with two major arguments. Expound each one by citing as many topics/texts from this module. 4. Farrah Khan posited, “The language of art is the most powerful language one can understand beyond the barriers of communication, art provides an open forum for expressiveness. “ Evaluate this claim by citing topics/texts on this module. You may also expound further by utilizing other reference/s outside of what was covered in the module. 5. In our past experiences, a phrase may have been uttered by a peer and that blew us away. The phrase was so beautiful that we find ourselves consumed by it. It has even become part of our discourse with others. Can it be considered a work of art? Explain by citing items discussed in this module first before utilizing other reference/s you have gathered. Prepared by Approved by George S. Gunay Norman Ralph Isla Associate Professor II Chairperson English Department | CSSH English Department GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 23  MODULE 4 Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, you should be VALUES AND QUALITIES OF ART able to 1. explain the importance of art to oneself and to society; 2. differentiate intrinsic from instrumental values of art; 3. discuss the properties of artistic quality; and VALUES OF ART 4. evaluate the quality of an artwork. Intrinsic vs Time frame: 6 hours, 2 meetings Instrumental Values Activity: Two contending Consider the artworks below and decide notions, intrinsic and whether they are of high or low value. instrumental, compete for consideration when philosophers as well as critics discuss about the value of art. These contrasting poles of value will be elucidated in the following discussion, which begins with a brief description of the intrinsic value of art. What is art What is art? is the most familiar question in Legaspi Cesar | Torso philosophical aesthetics. And if you have a Socratic bent of mind, you might provide a reply in the form of another question: “Why is this question worth asking?” A common rejoinder is that art matters. But what makes art valuable? Art is a source of pleasure or enjoyment is a spontaneous answer. What draws people to the arts is not the hope that the experience will make them smarter or more self-disciplined. Instead, it is the expectation that HV LV encountering a work of art can be a rewarding experience, one that offers Mona Lisa del Giocondo [ ] [ ] them pleasure and emotional stimulation and meaning. These effects are called the intrinsic benefits of art, which are inherent in the arts experience The Milkmaid [ ] [ ] that add value to people’s lives. Fountain [ ] [ ] Examples of intrinsic benefits are the sheer joy one can feel in response to a piece of music or to movements in dance or to a painting. Beyond these Artist’s Shit [ ] [ ] immediate effects, there are personal effects that develop with recurrent aesthetic experiences, such as growth in one’s capacity to feel, perceive, and judge for oneself and growth in one’s capacity to participate imaginatively in the lives of others and to empathize with others. And some works go beyond such personal effects, providing a common experience that draws people together and influences the way the community perceives itself, thereby creating intrinsic benefits that accrue to the public. GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 24  Art as a communicative experience “A work of art,” according to Andrew Harrison, “is... a bridge, Analysis: however tenuous, between one mind and another.” This insight is a key to understanding the intrinsic effects of arts experiences. Art is a Write a brief explanation as to why the communicative experience, a bridge from artist to audience and a bridge artwork is of high or low value. linking individual beholders to one another. 1. Mona Lisa del Giocondo In the history of aesthetics, two perspectives have dominated the argument about what art expresses, the Classical and Romantic views. The Classical 2. The Milkmaid (and Neoclassical) view held that art was a representation – or imitation – of 3. Bird in Space reality; the Romantic view held that art was an expression of emotion and imaginative vision rather than a reflection of the natural world. 4. Fountain Although many artworks of representational artists were depiction of the 5. Artist’s Shit natural world rather than the creation of beauty or meaning, it also seems clear that the world such artists disclosed in their works was never presented as it might be in itself—neutral, uninterpreted, and set apart from human feelings and conceptual schemes. While some of the larger claims of the Romantics may be difficult to accept, they did teach us to see that art is invariably personal, mediated, and invested with value and emotion. In her book Problems of Art, Susanne Langer describes the work of art as an “objectification of subjective life,” “an outward showing of inward nature.” In the act of creative expression, the artist finds images and forms (plastic, musical, kinetic, literary) that embody his or her vision in a way that can be conveyed to others. Van Gogh, for example, wrote to his brother Theo about trying to achieve “something utterly heart-broken” in his painting. He senses that his personal experience is potentially communicable to others, and his painting is an incorporation of the expressive qualities of the scene. Given this perspective, the work of art captures individual uniqueness—the subjective world of experience that ordinary discourse cannot communicate with sufficient power, subtlety, and depth. It expresses pain and comfort, excitement and repose, and life lived and felt. Artistic expression, therefore, fills gaps left by communication based on the natural science model of knowledge that dominates our culture. Rather than describing the world in impersonal, abstract, or mathematical terms, it presents a created reality based on a personal perspective (often surprising and original) that includes the whole uncensored human being Michaelangelo, The Creation of Adam, Sistene Chapel, 1508-1512 with all its feelings, imaginings, and yearnings. An implication of the view of art as a form of communicative expression is that one must experience a work of art to appreciate its value. John Dewey contends in Art as Experience that art is “a quality of experience” rather than a product. It is the experience of art that creates intrinsic benefits. Three classes of benefits will be discussed below, namely (1) private benefits that enhance an individual’s life in the moment of experience; (2) private benefits to the individual that become integrated into other activities, thereby providing public benefit as well; and (3) effects that can be described as promoting broad public benefit. Immediate intrinsic benefits inherent in the arts experience Captivation The initial response to a compelling work of art is often an uncommon feeling of rapt absorption, or captivation—of deep involvement, admiration, and even wonder. Upon encountering the work, one is Universes in Universe | Kidlat Tahimik. Sharjah Biennial 2019 struck by something unprecedented and extraordinary in it, and one GEC 106 - Art Appreciation | 25 is often amazed by the feat of the creating artist—and, as in music and emotional, imaginative—as to their capacity to drama, the performing artist as well—who unleashes the expressive afford pleasure per se” power of that specific medium. In this state, we are able to appreciate the particularity of things before us with unusual engagement and intensity. In other words, we appreciate specifics in a way that is rare in Expansion of individual capacities everyday life, where we tend to grasp things almost exclusively in terms of their relation to practical needs and purposes. Expanded capacity for empathy Another aspect of this form of captivation is that it often leads to Aristotle claimed that we need art because we imaginative flight, a departure from one’s everyday self that enables have not lived enough. Art allows us to acquire one to imaginatively inhabit the created reality being presented. Arnold experiences that our own lives could never provide. Weinstein writes that art is an exhilarating emancipation, “a magic Contemporary philosopher Margaret Nussbaum venture out of our own precincts and into something rich and strange.” makes the same point when she writes that art Some have described this sensation as an escape from our ordinary lives provides “an extension of life not only horizontally, into a fantasy world, and certainly many creative works provide little bringing the reader into contact with events of but ente