Art Appreciation Module PDF

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela College of Education A module in GE 6: Art Appreciation Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Prepared by: M...

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela College of Education A module in GE 6: Art Appreciation Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Prepared by: Mrs. Esper D. Razon Ms. Herlynne Grace D. Manaoat i  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts FOREWORD This module is designed as a supplementary educational guide for students of GE 6: Art Appreciation. Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts intends to aid and empower guided learning toward independent student learning while enriching the students’ appreciation of the arts. This module has five interesting lessons that will help you to understand and appreciate the arts. At the onset of each lesson, the topic is introduced to give elaborate what will be discussed and then proceed to the essential questions which are designed to encourage students to think beyond and introspect. By the end of every unit, the learning outcomes are intended to be realized through the activities provided. Aside from these aids to learning, this module also has different illustrations which the students will surely appreciate. For sure, after learning more about art using this module, students will have a nourished mind and heart and students will know that art achieved its important purpose. As the award-winning novelist Jerzy Kosinski once said, “The principles of true art is not to portray, but to evoke”. ii A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts TABLE OF CONTENTS iii  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Unit 1 Introduction to Art Appreciation: Assumptions, Forms, Functions, and Perspectives in Art and Humanities Topics: 1. Art History: Introduction 3. Functions and and Assumptions Philosophical Perspectives on  Art and Humanities Art  Assumptions of Art  Functions of Art 1. Art Appreciation: Creativity,  Philosophical Imagination and Perspectives on Art Expression  Art as an Imitation  Art as an  Visual Arts Representation  Film, Performance Art  Art as a  Poetry Performance Disinterested  Architecture Judgement  Dance  Art as a  Literary Art Communication of  Theatre Emotion  Applied Arts Introduction This unit explores art and the different forms in which it can express itself. This unit begins by detailing what is art and what are the assumptions that surrounds it. This unit also provides a variety of ways in which an artist can manifest art and its spirit and shows its importance by giving the functions of art in oneself and the others. Philosophical underpinnings of art are also discussed and elaborated in this unit. 1  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts INTENDED LEARNING ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK IN OUTCOMES: THIS UNIT:  Elucidate art and its concepts  What is Art? using perspectives in art  How is Art related in the study of  Realize the significance of art in Humanities? man’s holistic development and  How can you utilize arts to express in the societal progress yourself and your relation to  Differentiate the art forms others? through listing its individual  What is the role of creativity in art distinct features making?  Realize the function of some art  How does art affect our daily life forms in daily life according to its function?  Explain the basic philosophical  How is art evaluated using perspectives on the art different philosophical  Analyze the implication of the perspectives? different philosophical perspectives associated with art Freehand Drawing Before we proceed with our lessons, let’s have a little art session. In this activity, you are free to draw whatever you want. It can be your favorite character, an animal, a fruit, or scenery. You can use any medium you want to use. Let your mind, heart, and hands do the artwork. This activity will help you explore and express yourself through drawing. 2  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts How did you draw? Most of the time, the question whenever some draws is “What did you draw?”, but have you ever asked the question “How did you draw?” to someone? Now, after the freehand drawing activity, ask this question to yourself: How did I draw this? You can ask the following questions as a follow-up. These are important to reflect: What things did I consider to What is my motivation to draw create this drawing? this? Why did I create this drawing? What are my intentions? ?? Humanities Humanities is one of the most interesting and intricate fields of study out there. It aims to understand humans and their nature. With this being said, many individuals wonder why humanities is related to the study of art and design. If humanities is concerned with humans, why is it considered in line with art? To answer this question, let us know first what the definition of humanities is. HUMANITIES  Came from the Latin word “Humanus” which means “refined”, “cultured”, and “human”  Studies the construct of man—its frailty and its improvement  Investigates human quest for answers about the questions and concerns in life  Understands expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts and recognizes creative expressions  Emphasizes dignity and worthiness of man  Aims to shape human values and subjective energies (behaviour, attitude, and aspirations) In these definitions, let’s focus on the fourth bullet: Understands expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts and recognizes creative expressions. As we are all familiar of, art is considered as man’s way of expressing himself aside from explicitly explaining it through words. In this way, art is connected to humanities because it is a part of man’s expressions and nature. 3  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES 1. Man gains an understanding of himself 2. Man understands his natures 3. Man is provided with a measure of his own passion and desire 4. Man develops to be a complete and social man 5. Man’s behaviour is regulated ART  Came from the Aryan word “Ar” which means “to put together” and Latin “Ars” which means “skill”  Encompasses visual, literary, musical, and performance arts  Expresses aesthetic value by use of skill and imagination TWO KINDS OF ART  Fine Arts or Aesthetic Arts (Major Arts) – Focused on aesthetic values and enjoyment of the arts through the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste) “The Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gogh, “The Swan Lake” Ballet, & Arcangelo Corelli Concerto  Utilitarian Arts or Practical Arts (Minor Arts) - They are intended to be used in practical settings but they must also possess artistic qualities 4  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF ART 1. Art has been created by all people at all times, in all countries, and it lives because it is well-liked and enjoyed. 2. Art involves experience; there can never be appreciation of art without experience. 3. Art is not nature; nature is not art. Art is made by man. 4. Art is everywhere. 5. Art is man’s oldest means of expression. 6. Art is an expression and communication. ART FORMS / WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONESELF THROUGH ART VISUAL ARTS Those that appeal to the sense of sight. “The Kiss” by Gustave Klimt FILM Refers to the art of putting together successions of frames or images in order to create an illusion of movement. In contemporary times, this is the art of recording movement with the use of cameras and incorporating scripts, music, and acting to create an impactful visual story. 5  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts PERFORMING ARTS Performing art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props or sound. “Primary Accumulation” by Trisha Brown LITERARY ARTS Artists who practice literary arts use words to express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers. It also focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific format or norm. ARCHITECTURE This is the art of making beautiful buildings. However, not all buildings are beautiful. Some buildings only embody the functionality they need but are not beautifully expressed. Buildings should embody these three important elements – plan, construction and design – if they wish to merit the title architecture. “Bioinnova” designed by Tatiana Bilbao. Image: Iwan Baan 6  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts DANCE A kind of performance art wherein series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. “Igorot Dance” by PASACAT POETRY PERFORMANCE A form of art wherein both literary art and performing art combine through poems being performed in front of an audience. “Mga Basang Unan” by Juan Miguel Severo THEATER Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience and on a stage or drama space. Cronton Sixth Form College 7  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts APPLIED ARTS Artists in this field bring beauty, charm and comfort into many things that are useful in everyday life (industrial design, interior design, fashion design). “Seduction” by TheBocaj TWO TYPES OF ART  Functional Art – refers to art that we use in our daily lives such as tools, architectural structures, roads, bridges, buildings, furniture. Kitchen utensils, coins, bills, dress, weapons, etc.  Indirectly Functional Art – refers to the arts that are “perceived through the senses “such as fine arts, painting, music, sculpture, dance, literary piece, theatrical performances and the like. 8  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts FUNCTIONS OF ART  Personal Function – This function serves the personal interests, motivations, and expressions of the artist. It fulfills the function of the arts to satisfy the personal views of the artist who created the artwork.  Physical Function – This function aims to satisfy man’s physical needs. Artworks that can be used in everyday life fulfill its physical function.  Social Function – This function addresses a particular collective interest or makes people aware of the social issues around them. 9  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Aesthetic Function – an artwork functions aesthetically when it becomes instrumental for a man to be cognizant of the beauty of nature and where the real feelings of joy and appreciation to nature’s beauty are manifested through appreciation and enjoyment when in contact with the artwork. It also aims to make the artwork beautiful to most people.  Cultural Function – art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes, customs, and traditions of different groups of people. Art helps, preserves, shares, and transmits culture of people from one generation to another.  Political Function – art serves as an aid to a campaign about politics or a political agenda. 10  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Religious Function – these are artworks created and used for/in religious activities that fulfills their religious function  Economic Function – art is consumable for the masses and it helps the economic gains of artists What do you think? Can artworks have more than one function? 11  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART  Art as an Imitation  According to Plato, artist are imitators and art is just a mere imitation.  The things in this world are only copies of the original, the eternal and the true entities that can only be found in the world of forms.  Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artist for 2 reasons:  They appeal to the emotions rather than to the rational faculty of men.  They imitate rather than lead one to reality.  Socrates just like Plato claimed that art is just an imitation of imitation.  For Plato art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities that can be only attained through reason. According to him, all arts are imitative in nature. Plato wrote in The Republic that ‘’ ideas are the ultimate reality’’. Things are conceived ideas before they take practical shapes.  Art as a Representation  Aristotle, Plato’s most important student in philosophy, agreed with his teacher that art is a form of imitation.  However, in contrast to his mentor’s disgust, Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality.  For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as it is but to provide a vision of what might be or the many possibilities in reality.  Art as a Disinterested Judgment  Immanuel Kant considered the judgment of beauty the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity: and therefore, art is innately autonomous from specific interest.  For Kant, every human being, after perception and the free play of his faculties, should recognize the beauty that is inherent in a work of art.  This is the kind of universality that a judgment of beauty is assumed by Kant to have. Therefore, Kant claims that in order to judge art based on its inherent beauty, rather than letting one’s judgment to be tainted with his/her own interests.  Art as a Communication of Emotion  According to Leo Tolstoy, art place a huge role in communication to its audience emotions that the artist previously experienced.  Tolstoy is fighting for the social dimension of art. This means that art serves as a mechanism of cohesion for everyone. 12  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts SUMMATIVE TEST I. IDENTIFICATION: Identify the concept being pertained to in the sentence. Write your correct answers on the spaces provided in each number. ___________1. This is a branch of art which is considered as a major art because it focuses on pleasing the senses. ___________2. This field is concerned with uncovering the truth about man’s nature and seeks to improve his overall behavior, attitude, and aspirations. ___________3. This is a branch of art which is considered as a minor art because it focuses on being used in practical settings. ___________4. This means “skill” in Latin. ___________5. This means “Human”, “Refined”. And “Cultured” in Latin. ___________6. This is greatly vital in art because it requires thinking outside of the box. ___________7. This is also greatly vital in art because it provides a bigger perspective as it shows beyond what we can see in worldly reality. ___________8. This requires skill, creativity, and imagination and encompasses a lot of forms such as visual, literary, and musical forms. ___________9. This art form is concerned with the planning and designing of infrastructures and buildings to make them more aesthetically pleasing. ___________10. This is an art form which uses words to express feelings and thoughts and is expected to be performed in front of an audience. ___________11. This is an art form which uses music and beats in order to create movements. ___________12. This is an art form which creates a story by capturing movement itself. ___________13. This art form creates a new universe on stage and is performed live to an audience. ___________14. According to the assumptions in art, _______ is not considered as art. ___________15. These are art forms which appeal to the sense of sight. 13  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Reference Caslib, Jr., B.N., et al (2018), Art Appreciation. Rex Bookstore Textbook Other Espina, F.P et al, (2004), Humanities for College Student. Katha References Publishing Company Estolas, J.V et al, (1995), Introduction to Humanities: Arts for Fine Living. National Bookstore Lamucho, V.S. et al, (2003), Introduction to Humanities: A Humane Experience. Mutya Publishing House Menoy, J.Z. (2014), Introduction to the Humanities: A Holistic Approach. Books ATBP. Publishing Corp. Ortiz, M.A, et al (1976), Art: Perception and Appreciation. University of the East Internet Asuncion, J. (2014). Introduction to Humanities. Retrieved from Resources https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/imjhengasuncion/introduction-to- humanities-39268501 14  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Unit 2 Getting to Know the Art and the Artist: Reviewing and Evaluating the Subject and Content through the Elements, Principles and Present Media Topics: 1. Subject and Content  Types of Subject  Kinds of Subject  Content in Art (Level of Meaning) 2. Artists and Artisan  The Artisan and the guilds  Managers, Curators, Art Dealers  Production Process  Medium and Technique  GAMABA National Artists  Awards and Citations 3. Elements and Principles of Art  Elements of Art  Principles of Design  Rule of Thirds Introduction This unit discusses the basics of creating an art: (1) subject and content, (2) mediums and techniques, (3) elements of art and principles of design. In this unit we are also going to elaborate how these factors affect their relevance in the study of art and its product. We are also getting to know more about our local artists, especially our very own National Artists in the Philippines and their works of art. 15  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK INTENDED LEARNING IN THIS UNIT: OUTCOMES:  How do artists present their  Analyze how artists present subjects in relation to the real their subjects in relation to the subject? real subject  How do we characterize the  Identify the content of a certain content in art according to the artwork based on its factual, level of its meaning?  What factor shapes artists’ conventional and subjective values and beliefs in creating meaning an art?  Define the role of managers,  How relevant still are the curators, buyers, collectors, art awards, National Artist and dealers in the art world GAMABA, not only to the art  Recognize the relevance of the world, but also to the Filipino National Artist and GAMABA society as a whole?  What is the relevance of the awards not only to the art world, elements and principles of art but to the society as a whole in the study of art and its  Recognize the relevance of the product? elements and principles of art in  Why are media used in art the study of art and its product important to consider when  Create an artwork depicting the creating an art work? various principles of design What do you think? It’s a challenge! Using your own words and perceptions, can you give an answer or explain the following concepts below? Share us what you think! What is the difference between an artist and an artisan? Can you name some of our artists in CaMaNaVa? What elements and principles in art were used in this picture? 16  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts SUBJECT AND CONTENT In the Philippines, looking at art has always been a tricky business not only for novices, but also for the long-time art aficionados. This is also true in all other parts of the world. Why? Because in order for people to appreciate an art, one must be able to extract a specific image, isolate the artist’s intention and understand a particular meaning. Failure to do so, means there will be no comprehension and therefore leads to failure of experience. THE SUBJECT OF ART In any art form, be it a painting, sculpture, music, dance or architecture, there is always a subject that serves as the foundation in the creation of an artwork. The subject of art is varied - it may be a person, object, scene or event represented in a work of art. Some arts have subjects while others have none. Arts that have subjects are called representational or objective arts because they depict something and easily recognized by most people. Examples of these are paintings, sculpture, graphic arts, theatre arts and literature although some paintings and sculptures are without subjects. “Hut” Colored Pencil on paper, 2011 by Rey Bollozos, Davao City 17  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts On the other hand, arts that do not have subjects are called non-representational or non-objective arts for they have no resemblance to any real or identifiable objects and they do not represent anything. Rather they just appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their elements. Abstract Canvas Garden Flowers by Celine Marcoz In most cases, there are things to consider between the artwork and the viewer, allowing the viewer to understand more easily what he is seeing. These are the three basic components of an artwork: the subject which is the visual image, the form which pertains to how the elements and the medium are put together, and the last is the content which is referred to as the meaning communicated by the artist. In simpler terms, the components of art answers the following questions when creating an artwork: SUBJECT WHAT FORM HOW CONTENT WHY 18  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT There are many subjects that can be represented in an artwork and they are grouped into: 1. Nature (landscapes, seascapes and cityscapes) – this deals with the environment – the natural and the physical world. Colorful landscape by Harun Ayhan 2. Animals – represents the figures and likeness of animal species. “Swallowtail Butterfly” by Irma Lacorte 19  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 3. Portraits of Human Figures – It is a realistic likeness of a person in a painting, sculpture or drawing. It can be a whole human figure or just a part of it. “Self Portrait” by Fernando Amorsolo 4. Still life – This refers to any inanimate objects either in a form of a drawing, painting or photograph. “Orange Still Life” by Carola Ann-Margret Forsberg 20  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 5. Everyday life – This portrays the real and actual happenings in the daily lives of people about their usual ways, performing their usual activities. “In the sea of everyday life” by Elena Sharagova 6. History and Legend – This subject is inspired by history or legend. Historical events are real stories transpired from the past while legends are just imaginary. “Urduja: The movie” by Reggie Entenzia and Mike Tuviera “Bust of Rizal” by Guillermo Tolentino 21  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 7. Religion and Mythology – Used the arts to aid in worship, to instruct, to inspire feelings of devotion and as representations of divinity. “Kristo y Kristos” by Augie Fontanilla “Medusa” by Caravaggio 8. Dreams and Fantasies – It refers to subjects that are inspired by the subconscious mind that make them usually vague, illogical and irrational. These may be a product of the workings of an artist’s imagination. “Tools” by Bong Perez “Untitled” (After Charles Howard Hodges) by Ewa Juszkiewicz 22  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts CONTENT IN ART The question word applied here is the why. Why was the artwork created in the first place? When we come to encounter this question, we are after the meaning communicated in the artwork or the message that the artist wants to express in his art. Some people do not see content at once, but it is transmitted by the way subject and form interact in a work. To take on the challenge of fully understanding the content of art, one must consider its three levels of meaning. 1. Factual meaning – This is the literal statement and the most basic level for it is easier to grasp the content here by just extracting the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to each other. 2. Conventional meaning – This refers to the acknowledged meaning or interpretation of the artwork using signs, symbols and motifs that a certain object or color has for a particular culture or group of people. (flag is a symbol for a country; the cross is a Christian symbol of faith) 3. Subjective meaning – This stems from any personal meanings consciously or maybe unconsciously perceived by the viewer that could result to a variety of meaning when a particular work of art is read. These could rely on what the audience know, learned, experienced and the values they stand for. So it is expected that meaning of the art may not be singular but rather can communicate multiple meaning to the viewers. Sample Illustration “Creation of Adam” by Michelangelo 23  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts For the factual meaning, there is Adam in the nude sitting on a reclined position and earth-bound. While on the right part is God afloat, wearing a tunic and surrounded by drapery and some figures. Their arms both stretched with their respective index fingers appearing to be in contact. The subject matter and the content here from the factual perspective suggests that the painting is a biblical art since the painter depicted a scene the creation of man. The interpretation of the conventional meaning is seen in the symbolic nudity of Adam which means innocence, the figure of the old man who is God showing divinity and perfection, their leveling position which shows God’s superiority and their body forms and structure believed to be man was created in the image and likeness of God. The last is the subjective meaning which can create multiple of meanings associated with the images seen in the artwork (e.g. the shape of the human brain, the finger contact, the reclining position of Adam). All of these can bring varied meanings to the viewer according to their perception. ACTIVITY 1: ARTWORK ANALYSIS Let’s check for a while if you grasped the concepts we discussed earlier. In this activity, you have to analyze the artwork below through: A. FACTUAL MEANING B. CONVENTIONAL MEANING C. SUBJECTIVE MEANING “Brown Madonna” by Galo Ocampo 24  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts ARTIST AND ARTISAN Artist is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, choreographer, dancer, musician, etc. who produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Artisan is a craftsman, such as carpenter, carver, plumber, blacksmith, weaver, embroider, etc. who produces directly functional and/or decorative arts. An artisan started as an apprentice with skills qualification to register under a particular craft guild. Here, they took on a certain specialization or trade and with a lifetime commitment to a particular trade, an artisan develops immense skill and expertise in his craft. 25  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts PEOPLE IN THE ART WORLD With the complexity of the art world, people in here are no longer limited to those who undertook formal instruction in either production or study of art. The reason is they can assume administrative or managerial roles whose interest is the management and operations of museums, galleries and other art spaces. Aside from these people and with the inclusion of the artists and artisans, there are also others who are part of the art world. They are: 1. Curator – typically affiliated with museums and galleries and has the ability to research and write, as an arbiter of design and layout and decides for the display and hanging of materials for exhibition. 2. Buyers and collectors – are often considered as one and the same. Nevertheless, buyers are those who assess and survey the artwork and oversee the sale on behalf of the collector. This happens if the latter wants to keep his identity hidden or maybe if he’s too busy. 3. Art dealers – are those in charge in the distribution and circulation of those artworks through varied means such as direct sales, through galleries or by auction. MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE When an artist has a certain shape in his vision, his first thoughts are on what medium to employ. Unless an artist translates his experience into a form that can be perceived, it cannot be shared by other people. Art has to exist in some medium to be recognized as such. Medium in art is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea or message is conveyed. These are the materials used by an artist to interpret his feelings or thoughts: pigments in painting; wood, stone, bricks and various building materials in architecture; marble, metal and clay in sculpture; sound in music and words in literature. Thus, medium is very essential in arts. The selection of medium depends entirely on the artist. He usually selects materials that would suit his plan that can be used and handled easily and bring out the qualities he wants to show. An artist’s knowledge of his medium and his skill in making it achieve what he wants to is referred to as technique. It is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect. It is how the artist manipulates his medium to express his ideas in the 26  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts artwork. In creating an art, artists may differ from each other in technique even if they use the same medium. MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS Visual Arts are those arts that can be seen by our eyes. The most common are painting, sculpture and architecture. PAINTING It is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat and smooth surface by the use of pigments. There are different mediums used in painting and each kind has unique qualities that the artist can use to his advantage. Ortiz, M.A. et al. (2002). Art: Perception and Appreciation 1. Watercolor – is tempered paint made of pure ground pigment bound with gum Arabic. It is difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones but it invites brilliance and a variety of hues. Spontaneity is its principal essence. There can be very little corrections made with this kind of medium since it makes the color less brilliant. 27  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 2. Gouache – is an opaque watercolor painting the major effects of which are caused by the paper itself. It is noted to be similar, but not quite the same, to poster paint. 3. Fresco – is the application of pigments mixed with water on a moist plaster wall. Color will then sink into the surface and becomes an integral part of the wall. The image becomes permanently fixed and lasts as long as the wall exists. The famous example of this is the painting done by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. “Sistine Chapel”, Painting in Fresco by Michelangelo 4. Tempera – paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and egg white. This is a favorite medium throughout the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance. Since the paint dries quickly, corrections are difficult to make. Nevertheless, it has an advantage of great luminosity of tone – the colors being clear and beautiful. 28  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 5. Pastel – is a stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and compounded with gum water. It is a very flexible medium and varied effects may be produced. It is not very popular, because no one has yet discovered the way to preserve its original freshness. The chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses some of its brilliance. 6. Encaustic – is the application of wax colors fixed with heat. This is used by the Egyptians for painting portraits on mummy cases. Fayum Encaustic Mummy Portrait 7. Oil – pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas. It is very flexible medium since one can use brush, palette knife or even his bare hands in applying paint thinly or thickly on a canvas. Oil paints are slow to dry and the painting may be changed and worked over a long period of time. On the other hand, it tends to crack easily, turns yellowish in color or darken with age. 29  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 8. Acrylic – is the favorite medium used by today’s painters because of the transparency and quick drying characteristics of watercolor and the flexibility of oil combined. DRAWING It is the most fundamental of all skills needed in the arts and can be done with various mediums: 1. Pencil – the most common medium and its lead comes in different degrees of hardness or softness. 2. Pen and Ink – one of the oldest mediums still in use and offers great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used in application. An example of this is the India ink which comes in liquid form and the favorite medium of comic illustrators and cartoonists. 30  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 3. Bistre – is a gray-brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. Bistre Drawing by Louis Smith 4. Crayons – are pigments bound by wax and compressed into sticks. 5. Silverpoint – a silver stylus that produces a thin grayish line that cannot be erased. This is very popular during the Renaissance period and not in general use today. “Moses” by Sherry Camhy 31  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 6. Charcoal – made from particles of carbon mixed with a binder and compressed. It is very useful in showing light and shadow. SCULPTURE It is the art of making a two or three dimensional representation by means of carving, casting, modeling and fabrication. There are many different materials that a sculptor can work with. Each of those presents a challenge to his creativity. 1. Stone – a hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material. Marbles, Limestones, Pumice, and Soapstones are examples of stone materials which are used in sculptures. “Bathsheba” by Benjamin Victor Ancient Aztec Stone Sculpture in Metropolitan Museum of Art 32  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 2. Metal – can be cast, cut, drilled, filled, bent, forged and can be shaped or deformed under great pressure without breaking. Refugee boat art metal sculpture by Giannis Dendrinos 3. Plaster – is composed of lime, sand and water and used extensively in making mannequins, models and other indoor sculptures. Bust of Laocoon reproduce by Galleria Romanelli 33  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 4. Clay – mainly used for making bricks, ceramics and sculpture since the earliest times. Clay Sculpture by Candice Bohannon Ancient Indian Animal Clay Sculpture 5. Glass – a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline and transparent used to make beautiful but very fragile figurines “Mother and Child” by Ramon Orlina “Motion” by Bryan Randa 34  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 6. Wood – can be intricately carved and subjected to a variety of treatment because it is lighter and softer to carve. “Longing” by Fred Zavadil BASIC SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES The 1st three methods are considered traditional  Carving involves removing the unwanted portion of the raw material to reveal the desired form. It is said to be the most difficult method.  Modeling means building the form and the most common material used are clay and wax.  Casting is considered as a complex process since this requires first with the production of a negative mold.  Fabrication/Assembling is a process of building a form piece by piece by combining different materials together. Architecture is an art of designing and constructing a building. The usefulness and beauty of a building lies on the choice and handling of the materials employed in the construction.  Rock materials such as stone, clay, gravel and sand, cement and hollow blocks 35  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Metal materials such as steel, iron, aluminum, bronze, etc.  Organic materials includes all kinds of wood used in the construction  Hybrid materials are tiles, marbles, bricks and adobe  Synthetic materials composed of glass and plastic 36  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts GAMABA AND NATIONAL ARTIST AWARDS AND CITATIONS In history, support for the arts and culture is not limited to the allocation of funding or patronship. One of the most common measures in which artists and other creative producers are given incentives and honor for their work is through state-initiated and given awards and citations. The two major awards given to the artists in the Philippines are the Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists) and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasure Award). Both are said to be the highest National Awards for Culture and the Arts. GAMABA was created in 1992 under R.A # 7355 under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA). It recognizes exceptional artists who are engaged in the traditional and artistic excellence. As culture bearers, they must have been passed on their artistic knowledge and widely practiced by the present generation in their community. The skills of the artists fall under these categories: weaving, carving, literature, pottery, music, graphic and plastic arts and other traditional artistic expressions. Some of the incentives granted to the recipient are the following: 1. A specially designed gold medallion 2. An initial grant of P100,000 and a P14,000 monthly stipend for life 3. Medical and hospitalization benefits worth P750,000 4. Funeral assistance and tribute On the other hand, the Order of National Artists is conferred every three years through a rigorous deliberation and selection process jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). It is conferred by the President of the Philippines upon the recommendations of these two institutions. The award is given to a Filipino artist who excels in: music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast and allied arts. Fernando Amorsolo was the 1st recipient in the year 1972 as National Artist for Visual Arts. The following are the privileges received by the awardee: 1. Rank and title 2. Medallion and a citation that will be read during the conferment 3. Cash awards and other benefits (life pension, medical and hospitalization, life insurance) 4. State funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani 5. A place of honor for designated area during national state function. 37  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts ACTIVITY 2: CAN YOU ANSWER THE FOLLOWING? A. Why is assembling said to be the most widely used technique by the modern day artists? B. Identify the distinguishing roles of these varied people belonging in the art world. 1. Curators 2. Buyers and Collectors 3. Art Dealers ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART In creating an art, the artist need not only utilizes mediums but puts together elements. It must be emphasized, however, that all works of art require the elements to be present. They are the necessary preconditions for the creation of art. ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS LINE It is the prolongation of a point or the path of a moving point. It defines edges of shapes and forms. It is said to be the most universal, primitive and the easiest means of creating an art. Line have various types: Straight Line – a line that Curved Line – a line that progresses in one direction gradually changes in direction that creates soft edges Angular Line – a line that changes abruptly, creating sharp edges 38  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts In viewing a picture, our eye movement is controlled significantly by a large measure of line directions.  Horizontal Directions – represents serenity, calmness and stability  Diagonal Directions – identifies movement, motion and instability  Vertical Directions – represents strength, power and poise SHAPE AND FORM These two are related to each other in the sense that they define the space occupied by the object of art.  Shape refers to two dimensions: height and width.  Form refers to three dimensions: height, width and depth. Examples of Shapes Examples of Forms 39  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts CATEGORIES OF SHAPE 1. Natural/Organic Shapes  are an obvious popular source since it objectively represents the physical or material and the natural world.  are shapes directly identified with the environment. 2. Abstract Shape  are fundamental shapes that are objectified coming from an idea, emotion or experience.  a thought processed shaped where it solicits further understanding likewise appreciation of the articulated or emphasized idea. 3. Geometric Shape  are identified by the use of any geometrical figures such as cubes, spheres, cones, etc.  it is classified in two-dimensional and three-dimensional forms. 40  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 4. Positive Shape – is the solid form in a design 5. Negative Shape – is the space which are not occupied by any form KINDS OF FORM 1. Closed Form – the figure inside the frame is complete which means that the figure that you see is the only figure presented in the artwork “Sunflowers” by Vincent van Gogh 2. Open Form –the form or image inside the frame is incomplete which means that the artwork creates an illusion that the dimensions inside as if extends and may be infinite “Paris Street; Rainy Day” “Mona Lisa” by Gustave by Leonardo Caillebotte da Vinci 41  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts TEXTURE This refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object. TYPES OF TEXTURE 1. Actual Texture  These are artworks that are intended to be touched.  These are artworks that make use of the Impasto Technique (layered painting). 2. Simulated Texture  Most common texture employed in visual arts.  As per observation, the works exhibit an evident appreciation of tactility as the process moves from one texture detail to another. 42  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 3. Invented Texture  may be sourced from nature and from the artist’s hand through a proactive metamorphosis.  as such, texture will be treated more as a decorative rather than a surface representation. VALUE It is the relative degree of lightness and darkness in a graphic work of art or painting. In the application of value, one must determine the source of the light. If the light comes from the left, the left part of the object is seen light, while the right side is seen dark. If there is lightness and darkness in color, there is also light and shadow and this is referred to as CHIAROSCURO. Note: The dark part and the shadow is always the opposite to the direction of the source of light. 43  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts VOLUME/SOLIDITY It is the characteristic of an object that has mass and weight. SPACE It refers to the area, size, location or distance. It exists as an “illusion” in the graphic or two dimensional visual arts but in sculpture it is actually present. To achieve the illusion of space, the artist usually consider the use of perspective. There are two kinds of perspective: 1. Linear perspective is the means by which we see the illusion of distance through the use of converging lines. “Arched Hallway Photography” by Christopher Walsh 44  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 2. Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone and color and providing a wide perspective of the figures and view “Aerial Perspective” by Richard Garvey-Williams COLOR It is the most important element in the visual arts and has the most aesthetic appeal. Many colors may be formed by mixing 2 or more colors but there are some which we cannot combine because they are pure colors. These are red, yellow and blue and they are called primary colors. The color formed out of combining two primaries is called secondary color. These are green, orange and violet. 45  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts The combination of 1 primary and 1 secondary is called intermediate color like blue green, yellow orange, red violet, etc. Color Harmony The proper combination of colors must always be looked upon, for this will best determine the beauty of an art. A good color combination that is pleasing to the eyes is referred to as color harmony. There are two kinds of color harmony: 1. Related color harmony – colors that are nearer to each other in the color wheel a. Monochromatic color – uses one color only with the application of values (dark and light). 46  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts b. Analogous color – there are two or more different colors that possess one common color in all their mixture. 2. Contrasting color harmony – colors that are farther to each other in the color chart. a. Complementary color – they are the opposite colors in the color chart. ELEMENTS OF AUDITORY ART RHYTHM This is said to be the most important element in music for it is considered as the pulse and heartbeat in music. Rhythm is the repeated pattern of strong and weak beats in music. It is often associated to beat, meter and tempo. DYNAMICS In music, this refers to the loudness or softness of sound. Examples of this are the following:  Pianissimo (pp) – very soft  Piano (p) – soft  Mezzo-piano (mp) – medium soft  Mezzo-forte (mf) – medium loud  Forte (f) – loud  Fortissimo (ff) – very loud 47  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts TONE COLOR This is a quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument from another. Also known as timbre. STYLE Style in music refers to the singer’s or composer’s way of doing his part. TEXTURE Texture in music refers to the number of sounds being heard one at a time. It could also refer to the thickness or thinness of a musical composition. There are three kinds of texture:  Monophonic – single melodic line  Homophonic – main melody plus accompaniment or two different melodies sounded together  Polyphonic – three or more different melodic lines. FORM This is the structure of a musical composition and it has four types:  Unitary – one section only  Binary – two sections  Ternary – three sections  Rondo – multiple sections MELODY A combination of tones arrange in succession is termed melody. It is presented in a horizontal manner and read from left to right. HARMONY Harmony is a combination of tones arrange in a simultaneous manner. If the musical presentation of melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises when tones are combined to form chords. PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGN Design is the overall visual structure of a work of art. It is also the proper arrangement of the different elements of art in order to produce something beautiful. To come up with attractive artworks, artists must be governed by the different principles since these are the rules and standards of artistic compositions. Good and nice arts are the result of careful and correct application of the principles. Thus, it would be very beneficial for us to be familiar with the following principles on the next page. 48  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 1. Balance is a feeling of equality in weight, attention or attraction of the various elements. In art, balance is more felt than seen for the parts of a visual composition are judged not by how heavy they are, but how they look. In other words, it is the power of attraction of some factors like size, position, form, color, etc. there are three kinds of balance, the formal or symmetrical balance, the informal or asymmetrical balance and the radial balance. “Geometric Symmetry” by Jason Galles a. Formal or Symmetrical Balance - There are two equal parts of the pictorial plane of an artwork that stand like mirror images of each other. b. Informal or Asymmetrical Balance - It is obtained when the visual units on either side of the axis are not identical but are so equated as to produce a “felt” equilibrium. 49  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts c. Radial Balance - The parts or patterns of the design seem to move outward from the center. 2. Rhythm is a flow or a feeling of movement achieved by the repetition of regular visual units. It is classified into simple and composite Simple Rhythm – there is only one motif being repeated. Composite Rhythm – there are two or more motifs being repeated. 50  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 3. Proportion is the art principle which shows the ratio of one part to another and of the parts to the whole. It is the proper and pleasing relationship of one object with the others in a design. “Pieta” by Michelangelo “Vitruvian Man” by Leonardo da Vinci 4. Emphasis is the manner of creating one element in an artwork as the most important part. It is achieved through size, shape, color, brushstrokes or combinations of these. 5. Harmony refers to the adaptation of the visual elements to each other, the agreement between the parts of a composition which result in unity. It is the quality which unifies every part of an arrangement. 51  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 6. Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure into the composition. As in one object appears darker and the other appears lighter. 7. Variation is very essential to prevent monotony because of the repetition or sameness. This principle aims to retain the interest by allowing areas that excite and allow the eye to rest. RULE OF THIRDS The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs. The visual image should be imagined as divided into 9 equal parts having 2 equally spaced horizontal lines and 2 equally spaced vertical lines. The important elements in the design must be placed along these lines or intersections. Discouraging the placement of the subject at the center and preventing a horizon to divide the picture in half is the reason for applying the rule of thirds. These create more energy and interest in the work rather than simply centering the subject. The photograph shows the application of the rule of thirds. The horizon sits at the lower third of the horizontal line. The tree is on the intersection of two lines, called power point or crash point. The point of interest here do not have to actually touch one of the lines to take advantage of the rule of thirds. Example is the brightest part of the sky near the horizon where the sun set; it does not fall directly on the line, but falls near the intersection. 52  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts ACTIVITY 2: WRITE AND DRAW Let’s put your knowledge into practice! Answer the following questions through written statements and drawn examples. Principles of Design Written Statement Drawn Example How are you going to establish formal balance? How is emphasis shown in an art? How will you establish composite rhythm? How will you establish contrast? How will you achieve harmony in an art? ACTIVITY 3: CRITIQUING PRODUCT DESIGNS Think of a product label or design. It could be any product like shampoo, milk, fast food, medicine, etc. If you already chose one, evaluate its presentation and design. In evaluating your chosen product label/design, you can use the following questions as guide: 53  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts 1. Was the subject clearly presented? How? 2. What are the different elements applied in the product design? 3. Were all the principles of design achieved in the product label? If yes, explain your answer. If no, state the principles present in the art and give your explanation SUMMATIVE TESTS Create a coffee art and be able to apply the different elements of art and the various principles of design learned. Rubrics: Aesthetic value – 20% Learning areas achieved – 70% Cleanliness – 10% 100% 2. Group work evaluation. Select 5 – 6 artworks of some renowned Filipino artists (painting, sculpture and architecture). Prepare an art talk for each art, mentioning the artist, the mediums used, the subject, and the elements and principles of design seen in the different arts. This will be presented through a video call. Rubrics: Visual presentation 30% Oral presentation 40% Resources 30% 100% 54  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Reference Caslib, Jr., B.N., et al (2018), Art Appreciation, Rex Bookstore, Textbook Manila, Philippines Other References Ariola, M.M., (2014), Introduction to Art Appreciation A Textbook in Humanities, 2nd Ed., C & E Publishing Inc. Boquiren, L. C. (2016). Elements & Principles of Organization in the Arts. Vibal Group, Inc. Datuin, F.M. et al, (2016), Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions, Rex Bookstore Ortiz, M.A, et al (1976), Art: Perception and Appreciation, University of the East Zulueta, F.M., (2003), The Humanities Revised Ed., National Bookstore Internet Resource Wikipedia Contributors. (n.d.). Rule of Thirds. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds 55  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Unit 3 The Advancement of Art: The Development of Art and Art Styles Across Time TOPICS 1. Art History 3. Caught in Between Modern 1.1. Reading the Image and Contemporary Art  Semiotic plane  Impressionism (Post-  Iconic plane Impressionism and Neo-  Contextual plane Impressionism) 1.2. Art in Early Civilization  Symbolism, Art Nouveau  Pre-historic Art  Fauvism, Expressionism  Early Egyptian Art  Cubism, Futurism  Dadaism, Surrealism 2. Art in Emerging Europe  Abstract Expressionism  Early Greek Art  Optical Art, Pop Art  Early Roman Art  Minimalism, Conceptual Art  Medieval Art  Photorealism  Renaissance and  Installation Art Mannerisms  Baroque and Rococo Art 4. Soulmaking, Appropriation  Fine Arts (Neo- and Improvisation classicism, Romanticism and Realism) Introduction This unit talks about the history and development of Western arts, from Prehistoric times to the Modern period. This unit explores the features of the art styles in each period and deals with the emergence of the different art movements and their transition and the characteristics of each style. 56  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK INTENDED LEARNING IN THIS UNIT: OUTCOMES:  Identify the underlying history,  Why are the cave paintings philosophy of the era or important in the history of art? movement  In what way were art and religion  Discuss how art was used by interconnected during the early prehistoric people to depict Egyptian civilization? everyday lives  How were the arts from the  Why is art so significant in the different periods differ in their early years of human societies and civilizations? use / role?  Classify the various art  At to what great extent is art movements by citing their important in the development of important characteristics such Western culture? as historical background,  What was the reason for the influential person, socio-political existence of these different art issues, prevalent artists, art movements? forms and media  Discuss the importance of arts  What do you think are the most to the development of Western important contributions of culture contemporary art as a period  Compare and contrast the and the numerous movements artworks from the different under it in the lives of men movements under today? contemporary arts  Discuss how improvisation can  How can improvisation make an artwork distinctive. contribute to the distinctive  Identify the issues and problems quality of the artwork? that can arise because of  Why do artists appropriate art? appropriation of art Let’s see what you know! Before we proceed to the lessons, let’s see what you know so far by answering the question that we will present to you on the next page. As you go on with the lessons, try to remember your answers in this exercise and see if they go in line with those. Remember: Try to answer those questions without peeking on your notes or the previous lessons. 57  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts DIAGNOSTIC TEST A. Based from previous learning, write a brief description of the following: 1. Abstract art - _________________________________________________ 2. Cubism - ____________________________________________________ 3. Realism - ___________________________________________________ 4. Pop art - ____________________________________________________ 5. Surrealism - _________________________________________________ B. What are some of the notable contribution to civilization of the following periods in terms of arts? Early Greeks Early Romans Gothic Period Byzantine Period Renaissance Period 58  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts READING THE IMAGE We begin with the basic premise that there are two interrelated aspects in the study of art.  Art has its specificity that is, its particular language has to do with the mediums, techniques, and visual elements of art. This is what constitutes art as a particular human activity different from the others.  Art is historically situated and shaped by social, economic, and political forces. Both these aspects need to be taken into account so as to be able to fully understand and appreciate art. A. THE BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE  Semiotics is the study of "signs“.  A sign consists of a "signifier" or its material/physical aspect and its "signified" or non-material aspect as concept and value. It includes: 1. The visual elements and how they are used: line value, color, texture, shape, composition in space, movement. 2. The choice of medium and technique. 3. The format of the work. B. THE ICONIC PLANE OR THE IMAGE ITSELF  This has to do with the particular features, aspects, and qualities of the image which are the signifiers.  The image is regarded as an "iconic sign”. It includes: 1. The choice of the subject which may bear social and political implications. 2. The positioning of the figure or figures. 3. The gaze of the subject. 4. Cropping of the figure or figures. 5. The relationship of the figures to one another. C. THE CONTEXTUAL PLANE  Here one proceeds from the basic semiotic and iconic planes and the knowledge and insights one has gained from these into the social and historical context of the work of art. 59  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  The experience of a work cannot be reduced to a statement, such as a moral lesson or message, but is a total experience involving the faculties of the whole person--not just his eyes or his senses, but his mind and emotions as well.  The work of art has its horizon of meaning which is narrower or larger depending on the degree of cultural literacy, art exposure and training, and intellectual and emotional maturity of the viewer. ART HISTORY  The Prehistoric Period A. Introduction During the pre-historic times, the early humans had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to that of a more permanent one, which led to early civilization. Art appeared as one of the earliest activities of man. Man could draw long before he could write. The primitive man was primarily a hunter and a food finder, so that a great deal of cave painting was about animals and hunting. His success as a hunter depended upon his skills and weapons. Though pre-historic humans would not necessarily possess the complex rational capabilities to tell their story through written records and accounts, some artifacts would serve as “story tellers”. B. Characteristics  Reflecting their attitudes and beliefs system on spiritual, social, political and economic matters  Used for survival and activities of everyday life C. Milestones  Prehistoric Painting Cave Paintings and the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux Cave, France 60  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Prehistoric Sculpture “Lepenski Vir” is an important “Venus of Laussell” “Venus of Willendorf” Mesolithic archaeological site  Prehistoric Architecture Cromlechs Menhirs – a tall, Dolmens – a prehistoric Cromlechs – a group of upright stone erected structure dominantly found menhirs and dolmens that during prehistoric in Europe which consists of are placed in a spiral times which are mostly a massive stone (flat or formation; speculated to be found in Europe semi-flat) on top of two used in rituals and as tombs pillar-like stones during the prehistoric times 61  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Early Egyptian Period A. Introduction Egypt for a long period was under the centralized rule of a Pharaoh, the dynasties of which mark the periods of Egyptian history. The art of ancient Egypt was closely knit with religion since the people there believed in life after death. It was in accordance with this belief that the Egyptians devoted more time and effort into the building of tombs than into the construction of dwellings. B. Characteristics  Strong sense of order  All figures must stand on horizontal lines  Eyes, shoulders, and torso are seen from front  Higher ranking officials were depicted within the rules more strictly seemingly more rigid. C. Milestones  Old Kingdom Narmer Palette (Left) is an important archaeological figure used to decode the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. It tells the history of the gods blessing to the Pharaohs and the unification of Egypt. The stone carvings and drawings (Right) shows the ancient art styles of the old kingdom of Egypt. The Pyramid of King Djoser (Left) is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt. It is known for its step-like architecture, gaining the title “Step Pyramid”. The Great Sphinx of Giza (Right) is a stone structure made from limestone which forms the figure of a hybrid: half-human and half- lion. It is also one of the ancient wonders of the world. 62  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Middle Kingdom Temple of Karnak and Thebes © W. McKelvie (2005)  The New Kingdom The Bust of Nefertiti Death Mask of Tutankhamun What do you think? It’s a challenge! Using your own words and the things you have observed, can you give an answer or explain the following concepts below? Share us what you think! Why is art important during the early What are the themes of ancient human societies and civilizations? Egyptian art? What developments in art have you observed from the artworks of prehistoric times to the ancient Egyptian art? 63  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  ART IN EMERGING EUROPE Early Greek Period A. Introduction Ancient Greek art proper emerged during the 8th century BCE (700-800). The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society such as poetry, drama, philosophy and the arts. For this civilization, man was at the center of society and the humanist ideals of the Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government. The Greeks were passionate about natural phenomenon and believed that nature should be in perfect order. And because of being idealistic, their principles, belief systems and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture. B. Characteristics  Often represented the mythological gods.  Sought to capture the perfect physical form of their objects in artwork.  Art – expression of perfection and the classical ideals.  Exploring the aesthetics and philosophical ideals. 1. Archaic Period  Follow Geometric standards, although the angular elements are more rounded, the sizes are closer to reality.  Place importance on human figures showing the influence of Egyptian sculpture in its frontality and rigidity. 2. Classical Age  Golden Age or Age of Pericles.  The peak of cultural achievements  Many statues depicted young victors of Greek Games.  The human body was the emphasis of art.  Rebuilding of temples and focusing on creative artworks. 3. Hellenistic  The ideals of classicism went into eclipse, and gave rise to a new set of aesthetic ideals.  Emotion replaced classical restraint and serenity.  Art became imbued with dynamism and movement. 64  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts C. Milestones A. Archaic Period Archaic Pottery Kouros and Kore Temple of Hephaistos B. Classical Age Classical Greek Painting (Left) made by using fresco paint and the famous Parthenon (Right) in Athens, Greece, which was built in honor of their patron goddess, Athena. The Discobolus / Discuss- Thrower of Myron (Left) shows a youthful figure which had been the ideal body for the participants of the Olympics in Classical Greece. The Doryphoros / Lance-Bearer (Right) was sculpted by Polykleitos to show off the ideal body of the ancient Greeks. 65  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Three Orders of Greek Colums Doric Ionic Corinthian  With a plain abacus  Taller and slender  The most beautiful capital than the Doric order  Tallest and most  Shortest, most  Has either a pair of slender order massive and has no spirals or volutes  Has a capital base capital and a base featuring acanthus leaves, and has a base C. Hellenistic The sculpture of Hermes and the Infant Dionysus (Left) depicts the myth wherein Hermes was ordered by Zeus to rescue the newborn Dionysus and deliver him to the nymphs before Hera catches him. The Theater of Dionysus (Center) pays homage to the theatrical dramas and comedies—a vital part of ancient greek art. The Great Painting of Zeuxis (Right) shows a realistic painting of grapes which was believed to be so realistic that a bird pecked on it, thinking that it was a real fruit. 66  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Early Roman Period A. Introduction The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE, and came of age during the Hellenistic Period. This civilization transformed into one of Western Europe’s mightiest inspires. The Romans admired the Greeks and their achievements in the arts hence, the fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. B. Characteristics  Practical and utilitarian  Interest in public works and engineering  Emphasis on grand monuments and architectural infrastructures  Technical advancement  Colossal to show power C. Milestones Two Roman Orders Tuscan Composite  very plain design, with a plain  mixed order, combining the volutes shaft, and a simple capital, base, of the Ionic with the leaves of the and frieze Corinthian order  simplified adaptation of the Doric order 67  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Pantheon Bust Portrait Triumphal Painting Medieval Period A. Introduction Art during the Middle Ages saw many changes up to the emergence of the early Renaissance period because of the four artistic styles that flourished. These are the Early Christian art, the Byzantine art, the Romanesque art and the Gothic art. Because this age reflected the height of the power of the church, early art subjects were initially restricted to the production of religious art or Christian art, since the church was the central figure and authority of the period. Most of the previous themes of the art styles of the Greeks and the Romans like the flaunting of the naked human body and the depictions of the pagan gods and goddesses were censored, resulting to the evident changes in the development of art. B. Characteristics  Art was created for the church to glorify God more than appeal to aesthetic sensibilities.  Fully clothed, draped in deeply carved, stiff looking clothes.  Faces are solemn with little emotions 68  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts C. Milestones  Early Christian Art Jesus Healing the Detail from marble Christ and the Apostles in the Bleeding Woman depicted sarcophagus of Junius Heavenly Jerusalem, Rome in the Catacombs of Bassus Marcellinus and Peter The Barberini Ivory – Louvre, Paris  Byzantine Art Mother of Perpetual Help The Barberini Ivory (Left) in Louvre, Paris is an example of a medieval diptych which shows the conqueror trampling on the conquered but putting Christ and heaven above all. The Mother or Lady of Perpetual Help (Right) is a classic Byzantine icon that depicts the Virgin Mary as the mother of god by dressing her in a dark red robe which was the color of the empress’ robes during the Byzantine period. The Church of San Clemente (Left) in Rome, Italy is a minor basilica that was built in honor of Pope Clement I. The Hagia Sophia (Right) in Constantinople, Turkey is an important site for Christian worship during Medieval period before it was conquered and converted to a mosque of Muslim faith in 1453. 69  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Romanesque Art Portico da Gloria, Metalwork Adornment Illuminated Manuscripts by Santiago Cathedral St.Thomas Aquinas Lady with the Unicorn Pisa Cathedral Tapestries  Gothic Art The Western (Royal) Maestà del Duomo di Siena Chartres Cathedral – Portal at Chartres (Tempera and Gold on Wood) France Cathedral 70  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts Renaissance Period A. Introduction The Renaissance began in Italy where the culture was surrounded by the remnants of a once glorious empire. This was a period of rebirth, for it ushered in a new outlook on man and the world. There was a revival of classical learning in the study of the ancient Greeks and Roman texts. Humanistic education based on rhetoric, ethics and the liberal arts was pushed as a way to create well-rounded citizens who could actively participate in the political process. B. Characteristics  More visually accurate and secular  Human emotions were depicted literally  Revival of classical learning and the ideals of classicism became the artistic standard. C. Milestones  Painting Flight into Egypt by Mona Lisa by School of Athens by Raphael Giotto Di Bondone Leonardo da Vinci 71  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts  Sculpture Young David by Pieta by Michelangelo David by Donatello Di Nicolo Michelangelo Bardi  Architecture Palazzo Rucellai - Medici-Riccardi Palace - Basilica of Saint Lawrence Florence Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi Baroque Period A. Introduction The Baroque style is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. Baroque iconography was direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to appeal above all to the senses and the emotions. The use of the chiaroscuro technique is a well-known trait of Baroque art. This technique refers to the interplay between light and dark and is often used in paintings of dimly lit scenes to produce a very high-contrast, dramatic atmosphere. 72  A Module in GE 6: Art Appreciation, Nourishing the Mind and the Heart through the Arts B. Characteristics  Images are direct, obvious, and dramatic.  Tries to draw the viewer in to participate in the scene.  Depictions feel physically and psychologically real. Emotionally intense.  Extravagant settings and ornamentation.  Dramatic use of color.  Dramatic contrasts between light and dark, light and shadow.  Has continuous overlapping of figures and elements.  Common themes: grandiose visions, ecstasies and conversions, martyrdom and death, intense light, intense psychological moments. C. Milestones  Painting The Calling of Saint The Crucifixion by Matthew by Caravaggio Peter Paul Rubens ?