Art Appreciation Lecture PDF

LECTURE 1 THE MEANING OF ART AND ART HISTORY INTRODUCTION "What is more important now is to recover our senses, we must learn to see more, to hear more, to feel more. The aim of all commentary on art should be to make works of art and by analogy, our own experience more, rather than less, real to u...

LECTURE 1 THE MEANING OF ART AND ART HISTORY INTRODUCTION "What is more important now is to recover our senses, we must learn to see more, to hear more, to feel more. The aim of all commentary on art should be to make works of art and by analogy, our own experience more, rather than less, real to us. The function of criticism should be to show, how it is what it is, rather then to show what it means."/ SUSAN SONTAG (1966) HUMANITIES The study of Humanities includes The appreciation of the arts which can strengthen our values about life and reality From the Latin word "HUMAN US means human It also based on the philosophical view of the Sophist's dictum of the Greek Protagoras, who said that "man is the measure of all As the artist conveys his thoughts, beliefs, values, and feelings through his art work, whether it is Wisual, literary or the performing arts, we begin to aesthetically open and educate our senses DISCUSSIONS WHAT IS ART? The word ART comes from Latin word ARS which means craftmanship, skill, mastery of form and inventiveness Works of arts can be classified as verbal or non-verbal Art is most often used to describe the fine arts, which consists of painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance, music, and film Mixed arts are combination of two or more basic arts like dance, drama, and film, Arts are the basic form of human communication Arts is present in almost human activities. Universality and Importance of Art TIMELESSNESS OF ART - Works of art have been preserved because they meet the needs of people and because they are appreciated and enjoyed. ART IMITATES LIFE AND REALITY-- Art is born in experience it is the footprint of the artist's experience of a reality. ART HAS INTRINSIC WORTH: THE VALUE IS IN ITSELF- Every creative work of art has a life enhancing value. Although art can be used like spiritual values, it cannot be used up or exhausted. A GREAT MASTERPIECE OF ART IS NEVER OUT OF DATE, AND THEY TEND TO MAGNIFY THEIR VALUE THROUGH THE AGES, AND AGES TO COME VALUE OF ART 1. AESTHETIC VALUE - or the art for Art sake. 2. DIDACTIC VALUE - art can be effective means to show what is moral that art can improve the moral fiber of society. 3. RELIGIOUS VALUE - art is supposed to increase awareness of man's relationship with God and to promote better and stronger bonds between God and man. 4. HISTORICAL VALUE - is present if art tell us some significant aspect about the past. 5. SOCIO POLITICAL VALUE - clarify some problems of society and government. 6. SCIENTIFIC VALUE - is in art if it informs us about the earth, outer space psychology, numbers, etc. 7. COMMERCIAL VALUE - exists if the art work can sell for a fortune 8. PRAGMATIC VALUE - of art considers not only aesthetics but the practical value of an art work for instance, a porcelain figure is used as a paper weight, or a painting covers a crack in the wall, or a carved copper cup is used to hold your dentures at night. 9. THERAPEUTIC VALUE - art has been explored by medical sciences. 10. PERSONAL VALUE IS FLEXIBLE - the arts can lead to self- discovery, greater self-awareness, self-development, self- expression which, at the same time, is a form, of communication, and ideally, self-fulfillment. 11. POLITICAL VALUE - Culture and Governance documented the Importance of art not merely as a form of entertainment but as a powerful means for realizing national and local development objectives, promoting human rights, establishing a truly participatory democracy and forging social indusion and equity among nation's communities and populace. LECTURE 2 ART APPRECIATION Can art appreciation be taught? This module does_not pretend to teach appreciation to student, according to Dudley "appreciation comes from experience and experience can only be lived. Thus, presented here are the bases art appreciation, their qualities and the basic principles why such works of art are enjoyed. Braque (1976) aptly commented that: Commented by Braque (1976)-The only valid thing in art is the one thing that cannot be explained. To explain away the mystery of a great painting would do irreparable harm, for whenever you explain or define something you substitute the explanation or the definition of the real thing. DISCUSSIONS ART APPRECIATION Appreciation of the visual arts goes beyond staring at a painting hanging on the wall of a museum-art is in everything and everywhere you look. Opening your eyes to the world of art is essential in understanding the world around you. Art is more than pretentious museums; only a few enter and comprehend. Instead, art appreciation is: - Gaining the knowledge to understand the art. - Acquire the art methods and materials to discuss art verbally or by the written word. - Ability to identify the movements from ancient cultures to today's contemporary art. Learning how to appreciate art is a necessary cultural foundation enabling people to critically analyze art, art forms, and how cultures used art. All it takes to understand the art is just to look. Art appreciation centers on the ability to view art throughout history, focusing on the cultures and the people, and how art developed in the specific periods. It is difficult to understand art without understanding the culture, their use of materials, and a sense of beauty. Art is conveyed by the simple act of creating art for art's sake. Every person is born with the innate desire to create art, and like other professions, training is essential in honing skills to produce art. Art education broadens a person's comprehension, development, and visions of art. Art brings an understanding of diversity, how people lived in the past, and connects the issues concerning contemporary life and art today. The history of the world is similarly the history of art? continually intertwined. For millions of years, as humans roamed the earth, evolution, and environment shaped many different cultures depending on location, weather, natural resources, and food. These cultures formed the foundation of all art oday, Art appreciation analyzes art using the methods and materials, allowing people to make connections to the context of art and the interactions of societies. It is difficult to understand the art without understanding the culture and food. These cultures formed the foundation of all art today. Art appreciation analyzes art using the methods and materials, allowing people to make connections to the context of art and the interactions of societies. It is difficult to understand the art without understanding the culture. ART CREATIVITY, Creative arts are a form of expression not bound by language.) They involve skill, Imagination, and inspiration. The creative arts have been around for centuries. They are often associated with the human mind and ereativity. The creative arts can be found in many forms such as literature, painting, photography, music, dance, theater, and cinema among others... Creativity has a broad definition and so do the creative arts. In this article, we'll explore what the creative arts are and why they are important. WHAT MAKES AN ARTWORK CREATIVE ? Generally, creative work refers to work or objects which are aesthetically pleasing and have a unique message. Creativity is not solely limited to the arts but can be found in many fields such as writing, music, and design. The label creative arts is usually associated with the creation of aesthetic objects or entertainment, but creative thinking can also be observed in corporate strategy, fine dining, teaching, and other areas of life. In these situations, it may be considered "problem-solving," "out of the box thinking" or "creative strategy." Creative artists use their creativity to convey an idea or emotion through a medium such as paint, film, theater, photography, or sculpture. Creative work must have: (1. A unique message; 2. Aesthetic appeal; 3. A powerful impact) Creative artists use their creativity to convey an idea or emotion through a medium such as paint, film, theater, photography, or sculpture. Creative work must have: (1. A unique message; 2. Aesthetic appeal; 3. A powerful impact) WHAT MAKES AN ARTWORK CREATIVE? -Creative arts are not just for creative people. They can be for anyone who is looking to express themselves and make a change in the world. Creative arts can be seen as a way of self-expression. They allow people to connect with their emotions and feelings, which is what makes them so powerful, and why they have continued to stay relevant for centuries. WHAT ARE CREATIVE ARTS IN EDUCATION The creative arts can encourage students to express themselves and have fun while learning which is important for mental and intellectual growth. It can also help teachers and students work together to make learning more effective, interesting, and interactive. When teachers use their creativity to find new ways of teaching, students often have better opportunities to explore their creative talents and capabilities. Typically, creativity appears in education via visual art, music, theater, or dance. IMAGINATION AND EXPRESSION Creativity, this is a manner in which you could create things based on how you like it with a combination of different things. In a summary of scientific research into creativity, Michael Mumford suggested: "Over the course of the last decade, however, we seem to have reached a general agreement that creativity involves the production of novel, useful products" (Mumford, 2003, p. 110), or, in Robert Sternberg's words, the production of "something original and worthwhile". Authors have diverged dramatically in their precise definitions beyond these general commonalities: Peter Meusburger reckons that over a hundred different analyses can be found in the literature. Creativity in general is usually distinguished-from innovation, where the stress is on implementation. For example, Teresa Amabile and Pratt (2016) defines creativity as production of novel and useful ideas and innovation as implementation of creative ideas, while the OECD and Eurostat state that "Innovation is more than a new idea or an invention. An innovation requires implementation, either by being put into active use or by being made available for use by other parties, firms, individuals or organizations." There is also an emotional creativity which is described as a pattern of cognitive abilities and personality traits related to originality and appropriateness in emotional experience. Imagination can be applied in everything whether in an artistic way that you want to make something impossible to possible by Constructing and visualizing things in mind and applying it in a realistic view. Imagination is a cognitive process used in mental functioning and sometimes used in conjunction with psychological imagery. It is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. The cognate term of mental imagery may be used in psychology for denoting the process of reviving in the mind recollections of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Constructive imagination is further divided into voluntary imagination driven by the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and involuntary imagination (LPFC-independent), such as REM-sleep dreaming, daydreaming, hallucinations, and spontaneous insight. The voluntary types of imagination include integration of modifiers, and mental rotation. Imagined images, both novel and recalled, are seen with the "mind's eye". Imagination, however, is not considered to be exclusively a cognitive activity because it is also linked to the body and place.. particularly that it also involves setting up relationships with materials and people, precluding the sense that imagination is locked away in the head. Imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies. Children often use such narratives and pretend to play in order to exercise their imaginations. When children develop fantasy, they play at two levels: first, they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination, and at the second level they play again with their make-believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality. Expression can be applied in many things, you can express it in what you do, do, you can express yourself through artworks, hobbies, crafts and many more? You can present it lively and you carr impress it in a detailed way that depends on your desires and emotion. ASSUMPTION IN ART Basic Principles, Purposes, and Nature of Art. Art is an expression given apparent through a form. The form's expression aims to convey the unidentified and the unknowable. The quest for meaning making is fundamental to who we are as people, and art is a means by which this process can take place. Meaning-making entails learning our environment and creating our experiences. At its core, art is an expression, and the creator of the expression is the artist, who interprets to communicate ideas. Art is an expression, a manifestation of emotion, conviction, and personality. Art expresses and translates, acknowledges and reveals, transfers, and engages. That statement's superficial neatness and deceiving simplicity conceal its significant effects. Art reflects feelings, opinions, and characteristics, albeit they are frequently difficult to sum up. Basic Assertion of Arts Assumption is an element that is accepted as accurate or as certain to occur, without evidence. Our visions and experiences, feelings, beliefs, and character traits are simply a reflection of these complexities. Our lives as humans are full of complications and complexities. ART IS UNIVERSAL The human condition and its social situation are reflected in art. Additionally. it bridges gaps and increases awareness. Programs for cultural exchange through the arts are developed by nations all over the world to increase awareness between various cultures,nations, and people. It shouldn't be classified in distinct categories, such as high or low, for this purpose. ART IS CULTURAL As art is universally accessible to all socioeconomic classes and languages, it can transcend cultural barriers. A statement or idea that would be complicated to comprehend in other ways can be conveyed through music, poetry, images, literature, and other forms of art. ART IS NOT NATURE The fact that art is a creation of the artist's mind is the first indication that it is hot natural. Before the artist creates something, it doesn't exist. In comparison, nature has always existed and will do so far after we are gone. ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE Emotions and experiences are catalyzed by art. Consequently, art becomes a place for individuals to express their experiences. The idea of art is composed primarily of the art object, the resonant feeling of the artist who created it, and the evoked emotion or experience of the viewer. The question of whether the artwork produced by the artist is art at all arises if the audience is not present to appreciate it. ART AS EXPRESSION The idea that art is expression eventually features prominently. Art is thought to express the artist's Inner state rather than the conditions of the outside world. This, at least, appears to be implied in the expression's fundamental meaning: the external presentation of an internal state. ART AS A FORM OF CREATION The fact that it allow's us to encounter God gives the creation significant value. It allows us to reflect God, get to know Him better, and exalt Him through our relationships with it. When we connect with a work of art, we should expect it to convey something about the artist's thought process. It is not a neutral or purposeless substance. It is the manifestation of God's love and creation. LECTURE 3 - VISUAL ART INTRODUCTION Increasing wealth in the second half of the twentieth century resulted in significant more investment in what has become a large visual arts business. Tertiary level art colleges today educate a wide range of disciplines to hundreds of thousands of art students in several European nations. Whole government departments with multi-million-dollar budgets are now committed to the promotion of visual arts, and even local government authorities have full-time "arts officers" to manage local activities. This framework is frequently supplemented by state-run institutions (for example, Arts Councils), whose function it is to provide the growing number of grants, bursaries, residencies, special stipends, and other sorts of financial support for visual artists. Furthermore, governments are becoming important art sponsors by purchasing large quantities of artwork VISUAL ARTS Visual Arts are works of art that can only be fully or partially understood visually. That covers a variety of media, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, graphic design, fashion design, and more. The categories or varieties of visual arts include: Figurative or representational art: such as realism. Abstract art: Like impressionism, tries to depict genuine topics in a way that differs from reality. Non-objective or non-representational art: It is sometimes confused with abstract art since it does not show anything from reality. Visual art is about producing visual experiences, whether they are for a physical space like a gallery, as in fine art, or for an object, as in graphic design, an applied art. ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS 1. LINE A continuous mark between the two places is the line. Henn Matisse used strong lines to delineate the bathers in Les trois baigneuses (1907), separating them from the backdrop. Matisse uses these strong lines to draw attention to the bathers' delicate characteristics, such as their rounded shoulders. It might be simple to overlook lines in visual art, even though they are the foundation of all other elements. 2. SHAPE Lines are used to enclose spaces to form shapes. Think back to the basic shapes you learned in kindergarten: the square, circle, triangle, etc. However, forms can naturally become considerably more intricate. Think about the bathers from the previous scenario. Their silhouetted bodies have shapes. All shapes are two- dimensional. But an artist may make them look three-dimensional by using the correct color or texture. What happens, though, if you're engaged in three-dimensional visual art? You then begin working with forms. 3. FORM- An element with three dimensions is a form, Height, length, and depth will be present. Forms include things like a sphere, cube, pyramid, much as a tree's body is a shape (if it is 3D). Forms may be organized in incredibly intricate ways. Master of the form was Antoni Gaud. His architecture investigates organic forms in constructed settings. You can see how Gaud combined shapes from the natural world, like tortoise shells along the curving roof of Casa Batlló, in the detail of the roof from above. 4. COLOR-The components of color include colors (such as red, yellow, and green) that may be combined with black to create a shade, white To create a tint, or grey to create a color (creating a tone). You may create pure neutral hues by blending black, white, and/or gray. Color may be used to both add detail and give a piece of art more "life" A shape can be given the appearance of three dimensions by painting one portion in a bright color and another in a shade to produce shadows. 5. VALUE (OR LIGHT)- Value is used to describe a hue or an area's relative brightness or darkness. This is closely connected to color, yet it is frequently treated as a separate aspect. Take a black-and-white snapshot of a piece of art with your smartphone to get a feel of its values. You will see a value map of the piece that demonstrates how the artist employs the contrast between values to produce emphasis, realism, or other effects. 6. SPACE AND PERSPECTIVE- Everything pertaining to area in a piece of visual art.is referred to as space. Perspective: describes how objects seem to a spectator from a distance. 7. PROPORTION- the relationship between items' sizes (i.e., smaller or larger) Space may also refer to how an area is used: Positive space: a subject-filled section in a piece of art Negative space: is unoccupied space. Space and perspective are utilized by Raphael in The School of Athens (1511) to amazingly convey depth. He does this by placing the people in staggered rows and applying a single-point perspective to the imposing edifice above so that it becomes smaller and smaller as it gets farther away from the observer. 8. TEXTURE- In many types of visual art, the artist uses some sort of marking to produce an image. This gives the work a visual texture. He might have an extremely tactile, or lifelike, texture. The Starry Night, a masterwork by Vincent Van Gogh, was painted in layers of thick paint. This resulted in a genuine texture. In fact, if you went to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, you could reach out and touch the piece to feel its dynamic texture, although the security officers don't like it when people do so. However, texture may also be inferred. That is, the employment of additional components like color and line may make the texture appear more prominent than it is. 9. COMPOSITION- Given that it directs the usage of all the other components, this level of the elements is possibly the highest. Artists can draw attention to specific elements of their work by positioning what is portrayed in a particular way. 2D ARTS VS 3D ARTS Between two-dimensional and three-dimensional works, there is a significant distinction in visual art. Though many artists work in both, it should be noted. There are many well-known painters and sculptors throughout the history of art. Salvador Dali, for instance, is most known for his paintings, but he also produced surrealist sculpture, such as a telephone with a crab perched on top. Most artists will try various things out. The expectations placed on the artist by these two branches of visual art are, however, extremely unlike. Let's examine both viewpoints. 2D ARTS 2D Arts - Images that are at (or almost flat) are created via two- dimensional art. Typically, a 2D abstract artwork on a wall comes to mind. There are countless methods for artists to do this, even though this may appear highly restrictive. In the sections that follow, we'll go through some of the most significant 2D art approaches and mediums. Dry and Liquid Media - There are two different types of material (media) that may be used to create a 2D image: Dry: Any instrument that leaves dry material left on the surface when drawing a line might be rubbed and smeared (e.g., charcoal, graphite pencils, pastels). Wet: Any instrument that draws a line using liquid pigment is considered wet (e.g., acrylic painting, oil painting, watercolor). Drawing. - The basis for 2D art is drawing. By making markings on a surface, art is produced in this way. Your every doodling was a drawing. There are several purposes for drawing, including: Make the framework or plan for a new piece of art (like a painting), Make a finished piece of art. There are artists in every field who regularly do sketches as a habit. This is frequently seen as a fúndamental technique that supports an artist in anything they do. However, sketching may also stand on its own as a masterpiece and has inspired whole genres. For instance, line art consists of pieces that are created using separate lines and typically lacks color and backdrops. Drawing is a prevalent method in a wide range of media, including Graphite: is used in most drawing pencils. Charcoal: is organic materials that has been bonded together to create sticks with rich, black patterns. Pastel: is a type of drawing medium that consists of sticks of pigment kept together by a binder. Painting Media - The most well-known of the 2D arts is painting, which is probably what comes to mind when you hear the word "art." Because painting is such a well-known activity, individuals have created a wide variety of techniques and materials. The following are some of the most common painting media: Oil Painting. - It produces a very slow drying paint that may be diluted with solvents like turpentine and glossed over to add shine by suspending the pigments in an oil, often linseed oil. Acrylic Painting - The pigments are suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion, which includes severál additives to make it easier to use. The tinal paint has vibrant colors and dries rapidly. Painting Media - The most well-known of the 2D arts is painting, which is probably what comes to mind when you hear the word "art." Because painting is such a well-known activity, individuals have created a wide variety of techniques and materials. The following are some of the most common painting media: Oil Painting - It produces a very slow drying paint that may be diluted with solvents like turpentine and glossed over to add shine by suspending the pigments in an oil, often linseed oil. Acrylic Painting - The pigments are suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion, which includes several additives to make it easier to use. The final paint has vibrant colors and dries rapidly. 3D ARTS Arts and Crafts -The fine art movement promoting the acknowledgment of practical things made with exceptional creativity is known as the "arts and crafts" movement. A common division between the "fine arts" and "craft," which were labeled as male and feminine, respectively, resulted from the legacy of sexism in Western countries. Even while there is still work to be done, many craft artists today are finally getting the respect they deserve. Among the most popular crafts are: Ceramics Wood Metal Fiber Glass The materials listed above can also be used to create conventional fine art, such as sculpture. Sculpture - Any three-dimensional art that is present in the physical world is referred to as sculpture. It may be built from a variety of materials, including marble, limestone, bronze, ice, sand, and more. Freestanding Sculpture - Is art that stands alone without being attached to a wall, another object, or any other surface. 2D ARTS VS 3D ARTS Relief Sculpture- The themes of a relief sculpture are raised out of a flat surface once it has been carved in relief. It is possible for sculpture to be made through: Additive - When materials are added and constructed into an item, such as using clay. Subtractive. When making an item, material is subtracted, such as when chiseling limestone, Architecture - Designing a constructed structure, often a building for an occupation, is called architecture. In addition to using visual art aspects, architecture also needs to consider engineering principles, construction-related facts, and pertinent legal norms. PERFORMING ARTS Performing Arts: Performance art is a type of artistic expression in which a person or people carry out an action or actions for an audience in a certain venue or location and at a specific time. Central to the process and execution of Performance Art is the live presence of the artist and the real actions of his/her body, to create and present an ephemeral art experience to an audience. A defining characteristic of Performance Art is the body, considered the primary Medium and conceptual material on which Performance Art is based. Other key components, are time, space and the relationship between performer and audience. Involves an artist undertaking an action or actions where the artist's body is the medium. Performance art evolved in the late 1950s and is closely associated with Video Art as this was the primary means of recording this ephemeral art form. DANCE DANCE is a bodily expression high, rhythmic movement"*) of an intensified feeling of life; an expressive body movement usually coordinated into a pattern and adapted to musical accompaniment. It is the oldest form of the arts which mirrored msn's age-old need to communicate his joy or grief by using the most immediate instrument at his disposal, his body. Dancing is a way of moving the body in time to music. Arnold L. Haskell's idea of dancing is "expressing one's emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm." Human dancing is as old as the first man who expressed his feelings of joy or fear by a leap of joy or leap of fear. Its instrument is the dancer's body. Whether in the simple leap of savage or the pirouette of the ballet dancer, rhythm flow through the arts and in all the ways of life. Early people danced to please their gods. PURPOSE OF DANCE 1. The dance employs no other instrument but the human body itself, which is ever available as the most eloquent and responsive of all instruments at his disposal. Thus, the dance is the most personal of all the media of art. 2. The dance is dependent on the human body, its possibilities, limitations and malformations. The human body has technical attributes. Even when lying down, sitting, and standing, jumping, and twisting on air, all the while with support from the spine. The human body has five axes. First there is the horizontal axis running down the center of the body From head to feet. Then there are three more axes running vertical and parallel through the body. So, when one turns on his axis, he feels high, glorified, and exalted. Thus, man can reach exaltation in movement. Balance can bring man dose to Godliness. KINDS OF DANCE COMMUNAL DANCE- Members of primitive tribal societies made use of the dance as a form of magic, or a method for in their struggle for existence against the elements of nature RITUAL DANCE - unlike the primitive dance is an organized dance, with a definite design, purpose and meaning used to celebrate nature and mythology. FOLK DANCE - it evolved from the regional memories of older motifs in communal dance. Folk dances reflected a people's "unconscious paganism" in events such as the celebration of the harvest and in some ordinary events. SOCIAL DANCE - This dance has a gay a lively character. Its nature reflected related elements of - the respective time periods the elaborate and colorful designs in clothes, the spacious floor areas of court and places, and the elegance of the successive periods. Choreography or "dance composition" fills the stage with a progressive series of pictures, using both the solo and dancers. A dancer must become familiar with the interaction of the various components of each of these elements of movements. This is accompanied.by exploring how the body moves in and through space, how time factors affect motion of stillness, and how he experiences the influences of the effects of energy in a muscular exertion. SPACE- It is the area that surrounds the dancer, It is the place where one can have such movements that create patterns and designs. TIME- dance utilizes time in ways that determine the rhythm, tempo, and duration of movements. DURATION - Refers to the length of time expanded by a movement. It can be measured and regulated by drum beat or musical accompaniment. ELEMENTS OF DANCE 1. THEME refers to the message conveyed by the dance. What does it want to communicate? DESIGN refers to the plan or organization of movement in time? And space, it immediately distinguishes one dance from another. 3. MOVEMENT- It is the action or moves of dancers and how they use their bodies to create or organize a pattern. 4. TECHNIQUE - It refers to skill in executing movements; a technically proficient dancer has complete control over the muscles of his body. 5. MUSIC - It motivates and synchronizes the movement of the dancers, the rhythm, melody, and harmony are used as accompaniment in dance. 1. COSTUME AND PROPS - These enhance the visual effects of the dance. 2. CHOREOGRAPHY It refers to the forms, arrangements, and organization of dance steps and movements. 3. SCENERY- It refers to the setting of background, the place of action and other props to make the dance more artistic and beautiful. THEATER A building specifically designed for the purpose of presenting dramatic performances before an audience. However, there are open air theaters that do not necessarily make use of definite buildings. ELEMENTS OF THEATER 1. PERFORMERS - The first element essential to theatre is performance because acting is a heart of all theatre. Acting is a very demanding profession; in addition to innate talent- the actor must have the poise and authority to appear on stage before an audience, and the ability to portray a character convincingly 2. AUDIENCE - The essence of theatre is interaction between the performers and the audience. Without the desired interaction between the actors and the spectators, the theatre would be a flop. 3. DIRECTOR - The director, the pivotal element of theatre rehearses the actors and coordinates their performances to make certain that they interpret the text/script appropriately, and excitingly. 4. THEATRE SPACE - another necessary element of a theatre is the space which the performers and audience come together. 5. TEXT/ SCRIPT - the final element essential to a theatre is the next that is performed. There are good and bad scripts; they can make or unmake performances in theatre production. PRINCIPLES OF THEATRICAL BALANCE Directors give their actors the entire business - teaching them on how to act every part of their roles, including the proper gestures and voice tones - and closely regulating the entire production. Directors who let their actors alone. - This allows the actors free rein in the interpretation of their roles. AVENUES OF THEATRE Avenue of the ear (auditory) - sounds, words., Avenue of the eye (visual) - actions, facial expression has one characteristic peculiar to itself - it is written primarily to be performed not to be read. It is a presentation or action a. through actors (the impact is direct and immediate), b. on a stage (a captive audience)/ and c. before an audience (suggesting a communal experience) Elements Of Drama 1.PLOT the sequence of events or incidents of which the story is composed. Conflict is a clash of actions, desires or wills. Protagonist and antagonist-protagonist is the central character, who can be sympathetic or unsympathetic. The forces working against her/him whether, persons, things, conventions of society, or traits of their own character, are the antagonist. Artistic Unity- Essentials to a good plot; nothing irrelevant; good arrangement. Plot Manipulated - A good plot should not have any unjustified or unexpected turns or twist; no false leads; no deliberate and misleading information. 2. CHARACTER] Direct Presentation- author tell us straight out, by exposition or analysis, or through another person. Indirect Presentation- author shows us character in action; the reader infers what a character is like from what she/he thinks, or says, or does. These are also called  dramatics and they generally consistent (in behavior), motivated (convincing), and plausible (lifelike). Character Types-A flat character is known by one or two traits a round character is complex and many sided; a stock character is a stereotyped character; a Static character remains the same from the beginning of the plot to the end; and a dynamic (developing) character undergoes permanent change. This change must be a.) within the possibilities of the b.) sufficiently motivated:. and c.) allowed sufficient time for change 3.THEME The controlling idea or central revelation of human character; theme is not the "moral" of the story 4. POINTS OF VIEW A. Omniscient - A story told by the author, using the third person; her/his knowledge, control, and prerogatives are unlimited; authorial subjectivity. B. Limited Omniscient- a story which the author associates with a major or minor character, this. character serves as the author's spokesperson or mouthpiece. C. First person the author identifies with or disappears. D. Objective or Dramatic- the opposite of the omniscient; displays authorial objectivity; compared a roving sound camera. Cery little of the past or future is given; the story is set in the present. 5.SYMBOLS- a literary symbols mean more than what it is. It has layers of meanings. Whereas an image has one meaning a symbol has many A. Names used as symbols B. Use of objects as symbols C. Use of actions as symbols D. A symbols has it cluster meaning 6.IRONY- a term with a range of meaning, all of them involving some sort of discrepancy or incongruity. It should not be confused with sarcasm which is simply a language designed to cause pain. a. Verbal Irony- the opposite is said from what is intended. b. Dramatic Irony- the contrast between what the character says and what the reader knows to be true. c. Irony of Situation- discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between what is and what would seem appropriate. KINDS OF DRAMA A. TRAGEDY- is the imitation in dramatic form of an action that is serious and complete, with incidents arousing pity and fear where it affects a catharsis of such emotions. B. MELODRAMA- arouse pity and fear through cruder means, good and evil are clearly depicted in white and black motifs. Plot is emphasized over character development. C. FARCE- aimed at arousing explosive laughter sing crude means. Conflicts are violent, practical jokes are common and the wit is coarse. Psychologically, farce may boost the reader's spirit and purge hostility and aggression. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE THEATRE PHILIPPINE THEATRE Theater in the Philippines is as varied as the cultural traditions and the historical influences that shaped it through the centuries. The dramatic forms that flourished and continue to flourish among the different peoples of the archipelago include: the indigenous theater, mainly Malay in character, which is seen in rituals, mimetic dances, and mimetic customs; the plays with Spanish influence, among which are the komedya, the sinakuio, the playlets, the sarswela, and the drama; and the theater with Anglo-American influence, which encompasses bodabil and the plays in English, and the modern or original plays by Filipinos, which employ representational and presentational styles drawn from contemporary modern theater, or revitalize traditional forms from within or outside the country. INDIGENEOUS THEATRE The rituals, dances, and customs which are still performed with urgency and vitality by the different cultural communities that comprise about five percent of the country's population are held or performed, Together or separately, on. the occasions of a person's birth, baptism, circumcision, initial menstruation, courtship, wedding, sickness, and death: or for the celebration of tribal activities, like hunting, fishing, rice planting and harvesting, and going to war.In most rituals, a native priest/priestess, variously called mandadawak, catalonan, bayok, or babalyan, goes into a trance as the spirit he/she is calling upon possesses him/her. While entranced, the shaman partakes of the sacrificial offering, which may be a chicken, a pig, a carabao (depending on the gravity of the spirit's anger) or simpty rice uncooked or in cakes, rice wine, and betel nut. THE SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION In the three centuries of Spanish rule from 1565 to 1898 the Spanish colonizers, specifically the friars, showed a keen awareness of the power of theater both as a tool for the Christianization of the natives and as a magnet to attract the latter to the pueblo or town which constituted the foundation of Spain's empire in the archipelago. THE AMERICAN COLONIAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Short as it was, the American colonial regime from 1901 to 1946 had a profound effect on 20th century Philippine theater, first in form and later in philosophy. This influence is seen in the Philippine bodabil (vaudeville), the Western plays presented in English or in Filipino translation/adaptation, and the original modern plays written by contemporary playwrights. Introduced in the 1920s from the United States, bodabil is not a play per se, but a potpourri of songs, dances, and comedy skits which showcase what is popular in the United States. As may be expected, the Filipinos who perform in bodabil cannot help but imitate, and naturally end up as the "local versions" of the American "originals." FILM Is the art of moving picture photography is a relatively modern (20th century) form of art. It borrows from other arts, like music, drama and literature, and it is entirely dependent on technological development such as photography, sound system, lightning system and lately, computer imagery and digital techniques. ELEMENTS OF FILM 1. TIME - it is the most important element: the images and actions in the film movie in time. ASPECTS OF TIME A. PHYSICAL TIME B, PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME DRAMATIC TIME 2. SPACE - the with, breath, and the depth of the perceived reality in a moxie, which is made possible through the following: A. SCALE B. SHOOTING ANGLE D.LIGHTNING C. SOUND CINEMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 1. CUTTING - or sometimes called editing consists of joining the shot to another shot. It helps eliminate unwanted scenes, thereby lowering the cost of production. - TRANSITION DEVICES FOR CUTTING: - A. FADE - does not only indicate a change of time and place but also shows how a previous image fades out followed by a brief period of blankness/darkness which comes to the screen before the new scene gradually becomes visible. B, DISSOLVE involves the superimposition of the last part of the previous shot over the adjacent portion of the next shot to show two events/scenes happening at the same time. C. IRIS-IN, IRIS-OUT- a device in silent movies which involves fades from edges of the screen to the center of the screen. D. TURNOVER- shows the whole screen turning over and continuing to the other side. 2. CAMERA MOVEMENTS - camera movements help viewers experience the gradual growth of ideas or emotions. 3.FRAMING - it brings about balance and unity and can provide highly dramatic effects that can capture and hold the viewers' attention. THE FIRST TWO AESTHETIC FACTORS ARE EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO FILM: A. DENOMINATION OF SPAÇE - in viewing a film, space becomes dynamic, not static. Spatial distance between the viewer and the movie varies. B. SPECIALIZATION OF TIME - in viewing a movie, time is place in space. The passage of time (hour, day, season, year etc.) is recorded on films and thus, can be repeated  C. CLOSE UP - when the face of a performer is blown up, the attention of the viewers is automatically drawn to the face alone, Therefore, the feelings and thoughts of the actor are vividly "dramatized" the result of the visual effect of the close-up (also camera zooming) on his face. D.SIGNIFICANCE - motion picture films shape and influence the opinion of more than 60% of the world's population. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE FILM The youngest of the Philippine arts, film has evolved to become the most popular of all the art forms. Introduced only in. 1897, films have ranged from silent movies to talkies; black and white to color. Outpacing its predecessors by gaining public acceptance, from one end of the country to the other, its viewers come from all walks of life. Nationwide, there are more than 1000 movie theaters. Early in the 1980s, it was estimated in Metro Manila alone, there were around 2.5 million moviegoers. As an art form, it reflects the culture and the beliefs of the people it caters to and most times, is the one who shapes their consciousness. A. The 1930s and 1940s Philippine Films Filipinos started making movies in 1919, However, it would be important to know that the film industry in the Philippines began through the initiative of foreign entrepreneurs. Two Swiss entrepreneurs introduced film shows in Manila as early as 1897, regaling audiences with documentary films lips showing recent events and natural calamities in Europe. Not only that but the arrival of the silent films, along with American colonialism, in 1903 created a movie market. B. Wartime films and its effect on the Philippine Film In 1945. the film industry was already staggering to its feet. The entire nation had gone through hell and there were many stories to tell about heroic deeds and dastardly crimes during the 3 years of Japanese occupation. A Philippine version of the war movie had emerged as a -genre in which were recreated narratives of horror and heroism with soldiers and guerillas as protagonists...audiences still hungry for new movies and still fired up by the patriotism and hatred for foreign enemies did not seem to tire of recalling their experiences of war. Movies such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan. (The Country's Blood, 1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless, 1946), and Guerilyera (1946), told the people the stories they wanted to hear: the heroes and the villains of the war. The war, however, had left other traces that were less obvious than war movies that were distinctly Filipino. As Patronilo BN. Daroy said in his essay Main Currents in Filipino Cinema: "World War Il left its scars on the Filipino's imagination and heightened his sense of reality..." C. 1950's to 1970's The 1950s were considered a time of "rebuilding and growth". But remnants from the preceding decade of the 40s remained in the form of war-induced reality. This is seen is Lamberto Avellana's Anak Dalita (The Ruins, 1956), the stark tragedy of post-WWiI survival set in Intramuros. The decade saw frenetic activity in the film industry which yielded what might be regarded as the first harvest of distinguished films by Filipinos. Two studios before the war, namely Sampaguita Pictures and LVN, reestablished themselves. Bouncing back quickly, they churned out movie after movie to make up for the drought of films caused by the war. Another studio, Premiere Productions, was earning a reputation for "the vigor and the freshness" some. of its films. This was the period of the "Big Four" when the industry operated under the studio system. Each studio (Sampaguita, LVN, Premiere and Lebran) had its own set of stars, technicians and directors, all lined up for a sequence of movie after movie every year therefore maintaining a monopoly of the industry. The system assured moviegoers a variety of fare for a whole year and allowed stars and directors to improve their skills. Critics now clarify that the 50s may be considered one "Golden Age" for the Filipino film not because film content had improved but because cinematic techniques achieved an artistic breakthrough in that decade. This new consciousness was further developed by local and international awards that were established that decade. Awards were first instituted that decade. First, the Manila Times Publishing Co. set up the Maria Clara Awards. In 1952, the FAMAS (Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences) Awards were handed out. More so, Filipino films started garnering awards in international film festivals. One such honor was bestowed on Manuel Conde's immortal movie Genghis Khan (1952) when it was accepted for screening at the Venice Film Festival. Other honors include awards for movies like Gerardo de Leon's Ifugao (1954) and Lamberto Avellana's Anak Dalita. This established the Philippines as a major fimmaking center in Asia. These awards also had the effect of finally garnering for Filipino films their share of attention from fellow Filipinos. D. Films DURING MARTIAL LAW Martial Law declared in 1972 clamped down on bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration. But the audience's taste for sex and nudity had already been whetted. Producers cashed in on the new type of bomba, which showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their camison (chemise), or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look... One such movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth, 1974) starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. However, the less-than-encouraging environment of the 70s gave way to the ascendancy of young directors who entered the industry in the late years of the previous decade..." "Directors. such as Lino Brocka, best remembered for his Maynila, Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila, In the Claws of Neon Lights, 1975), Ishmael Bernal, director of the Nora Aunor film Himala (Miracle, 1982) and Celso Ad. Castillo, whose daring works portrayed revolt, labor unionism, social ostracism and class division, produced works that left no doubt about their talent in weaving a tale behind the camera. Another welcomed result that came from martial rule was the requirement of a script prior to filming. This was an innovation to a film industry that made a tradition out of improvising a screenplay E. Films after MARTIAL LAW In 1977 an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film called Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare). The film won the Intérnational Critic's Prize in the Bertin Film Festival that same year. Kidlat Tahimik's rise to fame defined the distance between mainstream cinema and what is now known as independent cinema. Beginning with Tahimik, independent cinema and films became an accomplished part of Philippine film. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers have joined Kidlat Tahimik in the production of movies that, by their refusal to kowtow to the traditions and conventions of mainstream filmmaking, signify faith in works that try to probe deeper into the human being and into society. Nick Deocampo's Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red's Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad SCULPTURE - in the round is a separate, detached object in its own right, leading the same kind of independent existence in space as a human body or a chair. A relief does not have this kind of independence. It projects from and is attached to or is an integral part of something else that serves either as a background against which it is set or a matrix from which is emerges. SCULPTURAL TECHNIQUES SUBTRACTIVE - The process of cutting away from a block of wood or stone and gradually revealing the desired shape. ADDITIVE - The method of clay modeler who adds lumps of clay to a core and works out the desired shape. STONE- Carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shape by the controlled removal of stone because of its permanence as material the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work. WOOD- Is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in hand, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. TERRA COTTA- The clay is shaped, glazed and baked. BRONZE- Is the most popular metal for cast metal for cast metal sculptures. Common bronze alloy has the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold. Their strength and lack of brittleness is an advantage when figures in action are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials. TYPES OF SCULPTURE PICTORIAL SCULPTURE In this type of sculpture, the artist, like a painter, is more concerned with details than anything else. SCULPTURESQUE Sculpture type of sculpture in which the artist is more concerned with the materials used, its strength and solidity, its surface quality, and its tactile value. BUILT-UP SCULPTURE In this type of sculpture, the artist is as much concerned with the materials used as well as with details. Examples "pieta" and "laocon" APPRECIATION OF SCULPTURE 1. The object presented must be shown as belonging to the whole body. In a bust sculpture, for example, as much chest should appear with the head, to avoid appearing decapitated. 2. The aesthetic of sculpture demands that every statue should be made of only one material. 3. When more than one individual is presented, the figure must be in contact with one another, to give the composition unity. Arms or draperies can be used. 4. When the primary purpose is beauty of the body, the pose should be one of grace and vigor. The figure should preferably be partly or wholly undraped. If drapery is used, it should show the body underneath. 5. The presentation of the inner life (i.e., mind or emotion) is subjected to the presentation of the physical beauty (i.e., human body). This is the reason for the inexpressive faces of statues during the Greek's classical Period. 6. As a general rule, the sculptor's choice is the young, and not the old and the crippled. APPLIED ARTS Applied arts is a broad subject area that combines aesthetics. design, consumer need, and finding practical solutions to problems. It is an area in which design and decoration come together to create objects and ideas that are both useful and beautiful. Specific areas of study include graphic design, fashion design, architecture, automotive design, advertising, and ceramic. ARCHITECTURE It is the art of designing structure. Architectural styles emerged from evolution of techniques and styles particular to a culture in a given time period. The term does not only include structural designs that have slowly evolved through the ages, but also those that originated from no particular designer. GREEK ARCHITECTURE The temple was the most common and best-known form of Greek public architecture. The temple did not serve the same function as a modern church, since the altar stood under the open sky in the TEMENSER sacred fane directly before the temple. Temples served as storage places for the treasury associated with the cult of God in question; as the location of the cult image and as a place for devotees of God to leave their votive offerings such as statues, helmets and weapons. Greek Architecture between the 16th and the 2nd century BC, as an art form, came into being. It has three periods: 1. CRETAN PERIOD- an example during this period is the non-defensive palace of King Mines at Knossos, Crete 2. MYCENAEAN PERIOD- this period (ca. 3000-1000 BC) saw palaces buttt in Mycenae surrounded by heavy fortresses for defensive purpose, the so called "cyclopean walls". 3. CLASSIC GREEK- architectural structures during this period are best seen on a hill, the "Acropolis" During this Greek period, three orders of columns evolved: 1. DORIC - no base, simple capital and grooved shaft. It was more formal and austere most surviving Greek buildings such as the PARTHENON and the TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS. 2. 10NIC - with base scrolled capital and grooved shaft is more relaxed and decorative. The ERECHTHEUM and small temple of ATHENA NIKEI on ACROPOLIS are iconic. 3. CORINTHIAN- with base, acanthus-leafed capital and fluted shaft; more ornate ROMAN ARCHITECTURE The romans were the first to use bricks and cement and were able jo develop a variety of architect are that can be seen in-their public Buildings: The Coliseum, basilicas (Pantheon), arches (the Arch of Titus), Aqueducts (Nimes), and amphitheaters. The romans widely employed, and further developed, the ARCH, VAULT, and DOME, all of which were little used, particularly in Europe. Their innovative use of Roman concrete facilitated the building of the many public buildings of often unprecedented size throughout the empire. These include ROMAN TEMPLES, ROMAN BATHS, ROMAN BRIDGES, ROMAN AQUEDUCTS, ROMAN HARBORS, TRIUMPHAL TEMPLES, ROMAN AMPHITHEATRES, ROMAN CIRCUSES PALACES< MAUSOLEA and in the late empire also churches. ROMAN DOMES permitted construction of vaulted ceilings and enabled huge covered public spaces such as the public baths. like BATHS OF DIOCLETIANS or the monumental PANTHEON in the city of Rome. The groined vault was their most important engineering invention; and the atrium was their contribution to domestic dwellings. Their two others of columns were:] TUSCAN- Done capital with base and plain sbaft. COMPOSITE- combined lonic Corinthian capital, with base and fluted shaft. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Byzantine Architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. The empire gradually emerged as a distinct artistic and cultural entity from what is today referred to as the Roman Empire after AD 330 when the Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire: This is an architectural style that originated circa 4th and 5t century Byzantium. The dome supported on pendentives was in widespread use, a typical feature found in practically all byzantine churches was the iconostasis; and the floor plan was based on the Greek cross. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE The word "ROMANSQUE" meaning descended from Roman was first used in English to designate what are now called ROMANCE LANGUAGES. The term was first applied in French by the Archaeologist CHARLES de GERVILLE or his associate ARCISSE de CAUMONT, in the early 1gth century, to describe Western European architecture from the 5th to the 13th centuries. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic Is a style of architecture developed in Western Europe between 12 -161 centuries, characterized by the used of ribbed vaylt, flying buttresses, pointed arches, steep roofs, etc. There is an emphasis on the vertical, with galleries and arcades replacing internal walls and extensive used of glass. It was developed in France, Gothic architecture is particularly seen in religious buitding, and at times it is referred to as Christian. Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque and succeeded by Renaissance architecture. It does not only imply the architecture of the historical Goths. It has much wider application. BASIC SHAPE OF GOTHIC ARCHES AND STYLISTIC CHARACTERS 1. LANCET ARCH- the simplest shape is the long opening with pointed arch known in England as LANCET. 1.1. SALISBURY CATHEDRAL is famous for the beauty and simplicity of its LANCET GOTHIC which is known as EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 1.2. YORK MINSTER has a group of Lancet windows each 50 feet high and with ancient glass which is called FIVE SISTERS as found in CHARTRES and LAON CATHEDRALS. 1. EQUILATERAL ARCH- gives a wide opening of satisfying proportion useful for doorways, decorative arcades and large windows. 2. FLAMBOYANT ARCH- is one drafted from four points, the upper part of each main are turning upwards into a smaller arch and meeting at a sharp, flame-like point. These arches create a rich and lively effect - when used for window tracery and surface decoration. 4. DEPRESSED ARCH- or sometimes called four- centered arch is much wider than its height and gives the visual effect of having been flattened under pressure. This type of arch when employed as a window opening lends itself to very wide spaces, provided it is adequately supported by many narrow vertical shafts. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE The Renaissance period (15" and 16* centuries) is characterized by the adaptation of classical order and design, particularly Roman; It has a harmonious repetition of details, the use of horizontal lines and delicate carvings. The mood is worldly with aristocratic balance. 19th Century Architecture Usage of new construction materials Hydraulic and steel cable elevators made higher structures possible. Concentration of business in urban areas resulted in higher lad costs. PLANNING is an important phase in architecture. There are general principles to táke into account when planning for a construction. These are: 1. ORIENTATION this means the control of the effects of sun, wind Cand rainfall. 2.DESIGN- the modification of the effects of the natural forces. For example, porches, eaves, roofs, etc. 3.FENESTRATION: control and distribution of windows for light, ventilation and heating. 4.WALLS- insulation and heating control. 5.COLOR? should be chosen for the practical and expressive qualities; reflection and absorption of light. 6.MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES - depend on the nature of the material used and the intention for them. POETRY Poetry is literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene, or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can be structured, with rhyming lines and meters-the rhythm and emphasis of a line based on syllable beats-or they can be freeform, with no formal structure. The basic building block of a poem is a verse known as a stanza, which is a grouping of lines related to the same thought or topic. A stanza, is a group of lines that are all about the same idea or subject, like a paragraph in prose. A stanza can be subdivided based on the number of lines it contains. Meter - There are many things that can give a poem structure. Rhyme is one of these elements that you can find in a lot of poems, from limericks to epic poems to pop song lyrics. But meter is just as important because it tells how long and important a line of poetry should be. The basic rhythmic structure of a line in a poem is called the meter. The meter is made up of two parts: 1. The number of syllables. 2. A pattern of emphasis on those syllables A line of poetry can be broken up into "feet," which are small pieces that make up the whole line. A line of poetry has a certain number of syllables and a certain way of putting the emphasis on those syllables. Common Types of Feet in Poetry The most common types of metrical feet in English poetry have two or three syllables. They have a certain mix of stressed and unstressed syllables that makes them stand out. Trochee - Pronounced DUH-duh, as in "ladder." lamb - Pronounced duh-DUH, as in "indeed." Spondee - Pronounced DUH-DUH, as in "TV." Dactyl - Pronounced DUH-duh-duh, as in "certainly." Anapest - Pronounced duh-duh-DUH, as in "what the heck!" (Anapestic poetry typically divides its stressed syllables across multiple words.) COMMON TYPES OF METERS IN POETRY Metrical feet are repeated over the course of a line of poetry to create a poetic meter. We describe the length of a poetic meter by using Greek suffixes: one foot = manometer two feet = diameter three feet = trimester Tour feet = tetrameter five feet = pentameter six feet = hexameter seven feet = heptameter eight feet = octamete STANZA - In poetry, a "stanza" is the main unit that makes up a poem. it is a group of lines that are all about the same idea or subject. It is like a paragraph in prose or a verse in a song. Every stanza in a poem has its own idea and is meant to do something different. A stanza can be put together based on how it rhymes and how fast or slow it moves. It can also be a free verse that doesn't follow any rules. PURPOSE - The word "stanza" in Italian means "room.". Then, stanzas work in a poem like rooms work in a house. Billy Collins, a well-known poet and the former US Poet Laureate, says: "You're taking the reader on a tour of the poem, room by room, like taking someone through your house and describing it. The structure of a poem's stanzas - just as the rooms in a house say a lot about the house - is crucial to understanding how poems are written. The following things about a poem can be seen in its stanzas: Structure A poem always has a set of rules for how it is put together. Stanzas are a part of how a poem is built. Pattern - Formal verse poetry has a set rhyme scheme and meter, and the first stanza sets the pattern for the rest of the poem. The second stanza will have the same rhyme and rhythm, and so on. Organization - Most of the time, a stanza's lines explore a single idea. When the poet moves on to the next idea, they may start a new stanza. Set the tone - When there is a break between stanzas, it may mean that the mood or tone of the poem has changed. Shape - The shape of a poem is made up of the space around and between stanzas (or the lack of space) and the pattern they make on the page DIFFERENT TYPES OF STANZAS Like poems, there are many kinds of stanzas. There are a löt of different kinds, and they are often put into groups based on their meter, rhyme scheme, or number of groups of lines. Here are some examples of different stanzas: Monostich - A one-line stanza. Monostich can also be an entire poem. Couplet - A stanza with two lines that rhyme. Tercet - A stanza with three lines that either all rhyme or the first and the third line rhyme-which is called an ABA rhyming pattern. A poem made up of tercets and concludes with a couplet is called a "terza rima." Quatrain - A stanza with four lines with the second and fourth lines rhyming. Quintain - A stanza with five lines. Sestet - A stanza with six lines. Septet - A stanza with seven lines. This is sometimes called a "rhyme royal." Octave - A stanza with eight lines, and ten beats per line, or iambic pentameter. The more lines a stanza has, the more different ways it can rhyme and move. For example, "ottava rima" is an eight-line stanza with a specific rhyme scheme in which the first six lines rhyme with each other and the last two lines rhyme as a pair. Isometric stanza - Every line in an isometric stanza has the same number of syllabic beats, or meter. Heterometric stanza - A poem with lines that are all different lengths. Spenserian stanza - The name comes from the way the lines in Edward Spenser's poem "The Faerie Queene" are put together. A Spenserian stanza has nine lines, Eight of the lines are in iambic pentameter, which has ten syllables with the emphasis on the second beat of each syllable. The last line is in iambic hexameter, which has twelve syllable beats. Ballad stanza - A ballad stanza is a rhyming quatrain with four stressed beats (eight syllables) in the first and third lines and three stressed beats (six syllables) in the second and fourth lines. They are often used in folk songs. STANZA AND RYHMES IN POETRY FREE VERSE AND FORMAL VERSE IN POETRY. Poets can use stanzas to tell a story in a lot of different ways Formal verse and free verse are the two main ways. Formal verse - is poetry with a strict, repeating pattern; like sonnets or limericks. In formal verse, each stanza will have the same rhythm and rhyme scheme. Robert Frost thought that poetry should have a structure. He once said that writing poetry without a structure was like playing tennis without a net. William Shakespeare's sonnets are a great example of formal verse with stanzas. Frée Verse- poetry does not have to rhyme or have a certain rhythm. Different kinds of stanzas can be used in a poem. Walt Whitman was the first poet to write in free verse, which has stanzas with lines of different lengths. EXAMPLE OF FORMAL VERSE Call for Justice and Liberty in Congress Joseph T. Moraca 45 TYPES OF POETIC FORMS. 1. Blank Verse - Blank verse is poetry that follows a strict meter, usually iambic pentameter, but does not rhyme. 2. Rhymed Poetry - Unlike blank verse, rhymed poems must rhyme, but the way they do it can vary. Find out more about poetry with rhymes here. 3. Free Verse - Poetry that doesn't have a consistent rhyme scheme, meter, or musical form is called "free verse poetry." 4. Epics -An epic poem is a long poem that tells a story. Most of the time, these long poems tell about the amazing deeds and adventures of people from a long time ago. 5. Poetry with A Story - A narrative poem tells a story, just like an epic. This style is shown in "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 6. Haiku - A haiku is a type of three-line poem that comes from Japan. The first line has five syllables, the second line has seven syllables, and the third line also has five syllables. 7. Poetry about nature - A pastoral poem is one that is about nature, life in the country, or landscapes. From Ancient Greece (in the poetry of Hesiod) to Ancient Rome (in the poetry of Virgil) to the present day, these poems have lived on (Gary Snyder). 8. Sonnet A sonnet is a poem with 14 lines that is usually (but not always) about love. Sonnets have 14 lines, and the rhyme scheme in each line depends on the style of the sonnet. Find out about the sonnets of Petrarch here.  9. Elegies - A poem that talks about death or loss is called an elegy. Usually, it has themes of loss, mourning, and thinking. But it can also be used to talk about redemption and comfort. 10. Ode - An ode is a tribute to its subject, like an elegy, but the subject doesn't have to be dead or even alive, like in John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn." 11. Limerick - A limerick is a five-line poem with a single stanza and the rhyme scheme AABBA. It tells a short story or describes something in a few words. 12. Lyric Poetry - Lyric poetry is a broad term for any kind of poetry that talks about feelings and emotions. This makes it different from the epic and dramatic types of poetry. 13. Ballad - A ballad, also called a ballade, is a story told in verse that can be either musical or poetic. It usually has a patter of tour lines that rhyme. From John Keats to Samuel Taylor Coleridge to Bob Dylan, it has been a beautiful way to tell a story. 14. Soliloquy - A soliloquy is a monologue in which a character talks to himself or herself and says things about himself or herself that the audience might not know. Soliloquies are not always poems, but they often are, especially in William Shakespeare's plays. 15. Villanelle - A nineteen-line poem made up of five tercets and one quatrain, with an internal rhyme scheme that is very specific. The villanelle used to be a variation on a pastoral, but now it's used to talk about obsessions and other intense topics. Dylan Thomas, who wrote poems like "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night," is a good example. Imagery in Poetry - In-poetry and writing, imagery is the use of metaphorical language to make the reader feel something. When a poet uses descriptive language well, they play to the reader's senses, giving them sights, sounds, tastes, smells, feelings from the inside and outside, and even feelings from the inside. Mimesis in Poetry - Copying is something that most writers try to stay away from. But the literary theory of mimesis says that artists must copy all the time because they have to. Is their art bad-because of this? Since Plato and Aristotle, many thinkers have tried to answer this question by arguing about what mimesis is. Onomatopoeia in Poetry - Most of the time, how words sound has nothing to do with what they mean. That's not true when words sound like what they are. This is called onomatopoeia. There are a lot of words in English that sound like other words, like "meowing cat" and "babbling brook." The onomatopoeic effect is something that poets and writers can use to make vivid images without using a lot of words. Enjambment in Poetry - Poetry is a form of writing that is set up with patterns and rhythms that control how the verses flow. Lineation in poetry is how lines are broken up and where they end in relation to a clause or thought. In poetry, it is normal and expected for a line break to come at the end of a phrase or complete thought. Poets get around this by using a method called "enjambment." Dissonance in Poetry - The human brain is hard-wired to look for balance. When it is denied harmony, it can create a powerful moment, whether the goal is to make tension, show inner turmoil, or make people laugh. Dissonance makes, text uncomfortable by using sounds and rhythms that don't go together memorable and musical. Consonance gives poets the chance to play with the same consonant sounds repeatedly. Assonance in Poetry - From William Wordsworth to Kendrick Lamar, generations of poets have used assonance as a looser alternative to strict rhymes. Assonance*is when vowel sounds are repeated, while consonance is when consonant sounds are repeated over and over again. It is a powerful poetic device that writers can use to make their words stand out, just like rhyme and alliteration. Alliteration in Poetry - Alliteration is a type of poetry that is used all the time. It is sometimes called "head rhyme" or "initial rhyme." Poets, ads, and headlines often use this technique of repeating the sounds of the first letters to get people's attention. It*also helps bring focus, harmony, and rhythm to poetry. Writings are classified as literature when they are regarded as having artistic or intellectual merit. Although it was entwined with the Roman concept of cutture: learning or culture, its Latin root literatura/litteratura-which itself was derived from littera, letter or handwriting—was used to refer to all written accounts, Language is frequently used in literature in a unique way from everyday language. Poetry Poetry is a form of literary art that uses the aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to or in place of the ostensible prosaic meaning. Prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines, and poetry's syntax is held across the poem's meter or its visual elements. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by being written in verse. Prose - Prose is a type of language that differs from poetry in that it is measured in sentences rather than lines, and uses common syntax and regular speech instead of rhythmic structure. Drama Dramatic literature is written with performance in mind. Opera and musical theater are two examples of the form's frequent fusion with music and dance. The written dramatic work of a playwright that is meant for performance in a theater is known as a play. It mostly consists of character conversation and typically aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than reading. Contrarily, a closet drama is a play written for reading rather than performance; as a result, it is hoped that the content of such a work can be completely appreciated on the page.