Art History Review PDF

MEDEIVAL- 4 major periods and styles: EARLY were set at the center to achieve single POV. CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE, ROMANESQUE, Renaissance architecture palazzos (aristocratic GOTHIC. residences) and churches and mon...

MEDEIVAL- 4 major periods and styles: EARLY were set at the center to achieve single POV. CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE, ROMANESQUE, Renaissance architecture palazzos (aristocratic GOTHIC. residences) and churches and monasteries observed the ideals of BALANCE, SYMMETRY and The art of the Early Christians emphasized the PROPORTION. spiritual and religious. Famous artists during this period were Giotto, Byzantine art is a combination of Classical and Massaccio, and the three Great Masters Leonardo Asian traditions. Byzantine aimed to create a da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael reflection of heaven. Make icons portraying Christ, Sanzio. the crucifixion, Mary and other religious works. Examples of art produced in this period are mosaic, _________________________________________ illuminated manuscripts, fresco wall paintings, Mannerism- AKA Late Reneissance || comes from and panel painting. Islamic architecture was also built. Italian word MANIERA- STYLE/STYLISHNESS. Originated in Florence, Italy- STYLIZED, Romanesque means the manner of the Romans. EXAGGERATED in paintings. ELONGATED This started later part of 11th to 12th century. Fresco LIMBS, STYLIZED FACIAL FEATURES. The wall paintings and architectural wall paintings paintings are in FLAT PERSPECTIVE. Subjects were common. (Frescoes are paintings on walls and were portrayed artificial and less naturalistic || turned ceilings while the plaster wall is still wet, when the against traditional conventions—breaking the “elitist” plaster dries the painting sets into the wall) form of art. Contortion/twisting of the body is called Architectural sculpture is one of the most Figura serpentinata / serpentine figure important art forms to emerge in this period. These _________________________________________ are sculptures used to decorate the churches. Baroque- comes from PORTUGUESE word: Round arches combined with heavy walls and columns. BAROCCO mean “irregular pearl or stone”. The theme is religious/ catholic dogma and mythological Gothic links Romanesque art with Renaissance. themes. Is used by CATHOLIC churches to counter Architecture the main form of expression. A information against PROESTANT CHRISTIANS. distinctive characteristic of a Gothic cathedral is it Has characterized by: drama, movement, energy, has high, pointed spikes pointing upwards which and restlessness. Found in wall paintings and huge symbolizes an expression of faith. Pointed arches FRESCOES. CHIAROSCURO developed on this also replaced the rounded arches of the period. Romanesque architecture style. Stained glass and Paintings are open composition making the image tapestries also decorate the interior of buildings. look dynamic. Architecture are highly ornamented creates spectacle and illusion. Domes and roofs _________________________________________ are enlarged. Music is richest and diverse- cantata, RENAISSANCE- French word- meaning REBIRTH. concerto, sonata, oratorio, and opera from Italy. In this period there were discoveries in ART and _________________________________________ SCIENCES. Religious images depicted in ROCOCO- FRENCH ART STYLE | continuation of paintings & sculptures w/ PRECISE ANATOMICAL Baroque but lighter, more graceful tone, also more FEATURES (based on earliest studies of science). decorative. Comes from the word ROCAILLE During this period that easel paintings became meaning “shell.” Artists mix seashells, pebbles and popular. Renaissance artists portray subjects as other organic elements to create a naturalistic NATURAL AS POSSIBLE, seeking to capture inspired work. beauty and mystery of the natural world. Modeling, shading and geometrical/linear Paintings are detail oriented in pastel colors. Jean perspective were also used in their paintings to Antoine Watteau considered father of Rococo art. achieve a three-dimensional effect. They employ Subjects are aristocrats. Architecture- no particular PERSPECTIVE, SHOW VOLUME, stressed meaning, color scheme- gold, white, pink, blue, SIMPLE FORMS. Landscape art become common. green to generate sunny, light hearted feeling. Pictorial plane divided into FOREGROUND, Salon, room for entertaining guests. Secular and MIDDLE GROUND, and BACKGROUND. Figures Asymmetrical. ART NOUVEAU- translation- NEW ART, its style _________________________________________ was already in circulation a decade before it gained a specific recognition when in the mid-1890’s by ROMANTICISM- originated in Europe in 18th || Siegfred Bing-German-born art dealer, critic and stressed the individuality and creativity of the entrepreneur creates the showroom called La artist. The artists are free to express his/her view of Maison del- House of New Art || Very prominent in the world in whatever medium or technique s/he is architecture, pervaded all arts. Includes great variety comfortable with. Romantics valued originality, of fine and decorative arts, like painting, graphic inspiration, and imagination to promote a variety art, interior design, jewelry and furniture, textiles, of style in their artworks—this view on art is still ceramics, glass art and metal work. Art Nouveau is applied right now. Romantic artists emphasized that an intricately-designed art. The artist would take a sense and emotion, as well as reason, were lot of time to perfect very minute details to impress equally important in understanding the world. the audience with its precise details. renewed interest in Medieval stories of HEROISM Although Art Nouveau suggests it is entirely new and and EMOTION. The inner world of man is a favorite unprecedented, the style has several sources. subject || century as a rebellion against the First, its early proponents found were inspired by intellectualization brought about by Neo-classicism natural forms for their complexity and irregularity, - established its style and restrictions for art; thus, particularly curved lines of plants and flowers. independent artists reacted and created the Second source was Rococo, similarly inspired by Movement. forms of nature. Third source to Japanese prints. Romantic architecture inspired and influenced by Art Nouveau’s architecture is entirely free, Greek, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. asymmetrical, jagged planes with fiercely _________________________________________ extravagant and arbitrary forms, no straight IMPRESSIONISM- || France in the 19th century|| walls and no right angles. Art nouveau is also inspired by Monet’s painting “IMPRESSION influenced by Non-western art imported to Europe. SUNRISE”.!! Artist paint more outdoor scenes to _________________________________________ capture the natural color and light.!! Artists tend to work quickly to capture what they see in the CONSTRUCTIVISM-! ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHY! moment// Prefers ON THE SPOT painting rather Started in Russia in 1913 by VLADIMIR TATLIN, than in studio. Rebellion against conventional and who rejected the idea of AUTONOMOUS ART. He academic standards. Characterized by the use of wanted to construct ‘art’ by advocating the vibrant and fresh colors, favors spontaneity. philosophy that- it is a practice for SOCIAL Concerned w/ effect of light on objects, sees light in PURPOSES. Constructivism greatly influenced IMPORTANT element. How it is captured is the key. modern art movements of the 20th century, as FOCUSES ON ARTIST’S PERCEPTION of the manifested in major trends such as the Bauhaus and subject, rather than the subject itself, hence painting De Stijl. Its influence was widespread, with major with less detail but BOLD colors. Subjects are impacts on architecture, sculpture, graphic outdoor scenes and contemporary everyday life. design, industrial design, theatre, film, dance, Pioneering impressionist artists include Claude fashion, and to some extent, music. Monet (father of Impressionism), Eduardo Manet, August Renoir, and Edgar Degas. Tatlin’s design is a symbol of REVOLUTIONARY MODERNISM, and of constructivists spirit of Post-impressionism is an extension and rejection UTILITARIAN SIMPLICITY, RESPECT for the of Impressionists’ limitations. Post-impressionists LOGIC OF MATERIALS. The Ideology was largely portray more realistic subjects but gave more anti-aesthetic, reflecting Marx’s contention that the importance to geometrical forms to express inner mode of production of material life determines vision. Pointillism, which makes use of tiny dots of social, utilitarian and materialists. The artist’s color, was developed, this is pioneered by George mission was to express aspirations of the Seurat. Other impressionist artists include Paul revolutionary working class, and enhance the Cezanne, Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh. physical and intellectual condition of society as a _________________________________________ whole. Acceptance of MACHINE PRODUCTION, ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURED MATERIALS, PHOTOGRAPHY in the US in the 1960s, origins are to be traced from and many more modern means of mass England in the 1950s. Its imagery was derived from communication. Most influential aside from commercial sources, mass, and everyday life. The ARCHITECTURE is TYPOGRAPHY, PUBLICITY objective is to use images of popular culture in art, AND EXHIBITION DESIGNS. However, emphasizing the common elements of any culture constructivism is short-lived. through sarcasm or irony. Uses unrelated materials visually removed from its known context, DE STIJL (The Style)- may refer to the body of isolated, or combined with materials to create its artworks from 1917-1931 from the Netherlands. intended message Dutch group is considered as the most idealistic of the abstract movement, founded in Amsterdam in Among the notable Pop Artists were Robert 1917 by painters Piet Mondrian and Theo van Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Doesburg, and the architect Jacobus Johannes Tom Wesselman, Wayne Thiebaud, George Segal Pieter Oud. and Claes Oldenburg. Having passed through Impressionism and MINIMALISM- Any sense of the artist’s role in the Symbolism, and was familiar with Cubists in Europe, work is kept to an apparent minimum, to give it a particularly those in France. Mondrain claimed the “completely literal presence.” This results in an reason for starting the movement was the inability extremely simple and pure form, reducing the art to of cubism to develop its ultimate goal. Theo van a state intrinsic to its medium with a deliberate lack Doesburg claimed that referred to as of expressive content. The point is to emphasize Neoplasticism was a reaction to the Modern that it is not the artist’s expression, but the Baroque of the Amsterdam School movement. medium and materials if the work are its reality. In Mondrian wrote that reality is obscured when other words, a work of art should not refer to particular forms and natural colors cause anything other than itself. Frank Stella once stated, subjective feelings. Natural forms must be “All I want anyone to get out of my paintings is the reduced to constant elements of form and natural fact that you can see the whole idea without any colors to primary color to plastically produced confusion. What you see is what you see.” Minimalist reality. Thus, Stijl artists are inspired by high- opposed the idea that art should reflect the personal minded ideals of purity, harmony and sobriety. expression of its creator. From 1960s as a reaction Hence, according to Honour (2009) Stijl artists to Abstract Expressionism which minimalist find to advocated pure abstraction and universality by a be too personal, pretentious and insubstantial, reduction to the essentials of form and color; rather, they advanced the principle of eliminating all they simplified visual compositions to vertical and sense of the artist’s role in the work, leaving only the horizontal, using black, white and primary colors. medium for viewers to contemplate in its absence of narrative and content beyond the medium itself. OPTICAL ART- flourished during 1960’s, practiced more overt exploitation of the physiology of seeing. CONCEPTUALISM- The idea or concept is the The recognizable object is eliminated in favor or most important aspect of the work. When an artist geometric abstraction and the experience is uses a conceptual form or art, it means that all of the primarily visual. Optical artists produce moving or planning and decisions are made beforehand and motion effect by using an arrangement of the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea elements like color, lines, shapes or becomes a machine that makes the art. It emerges combinations of these elements. When an artist out of the growing investigation into Western art and makes creative use of elements, optical arts may be the political and economic institutions that support it. utilized to make metaphors of human emotions and It was an attack on the visual formalism of the 1950s experiences. and 1960s. It advances the notion that the concepts or ideas involved in the work take precedence over POPULAR ART- The main reaction provoked by traditional aesthetic, technical and material abstract expressionism in the late 50s and 60s. concerns. Conceptualism downplays the contrasting to nonfigurative & seemingly subjective dependence upon the craft skill of the artist || but character of Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art took emphasizes the character of the relationship the form of a return to the object. Became popular between the artist’s ideas and the material facts of the world. Marcel Duchamp is considered as a utilized it pioneer of conceptualism. Photography: a technique crafted to draw our own stories through vibrant images. INSTALLATION- New genre of contemporary art involves configuration or “installation” of objects in a Improvisation, Installation and Transcreation are space, such as a room/warehouse. The setup of topics closely related to bringing out art forms to materials and space comprises with artworks which another level. This means to say that their allows viewers to roam around and interact with execution is put to another place or existence. some of its elements, offering the viewer a very Improvisation in performing arts is very different experience from traditional painting or spontaneous performance without specific or sculpture, that only provides a single reference scripted preparation. point. Installation may engage the viewer’s senses Transcreation describes what artists usually do including touch, sound, smell and vision. It differs when they borrow expressions. They take from from traditional art because it is a complete original sources and recreate these for another unified experience, rather than a display of purpose in another form: the stage or the streets. separate, individual artworks. It focuses to provide As a consequence, it is not authentic. However, viewers with an intense experience which is a there is nothing wrong with not being authentic as dominant theme. Installation is a form of long as you know and acknowledge this fact. CONCEPTUAL art, where ideas and impact are regarded as being more important than the quality of Appreciation is shared values, and sharing is a finished product or work of art. More concerned nurtured by the community(audience)interacting with the presentation of their message than the with arts. materials used. Ethics in Borrowing- When we borrow, like all other SOULMAKING (Soul, Sound and Structure)- this things, we take care of these. To borrow means pertains to an alternative venue for knowing that the “thing” we have is not ours. Hence, respect oneself and looking into the depths and essence is always expected in preserving one’s identityand with what we are doing in our everyday life. In most culture. cases, this activity calls for an inner retrospection Local arts- Art does not exist in the museums only. of oneself with examining our very core. More As presented in our first module, artis everywhere. often than not this is done by reflecting on our Your own neighborhood there is already a rich artistic sense and in determining our artistic self. resource of art. The aim of Soulmaking is to be empty and find peace while creating artwork. In the Philippines, each place has its own unique festivity or celebration. Cebu has Sinulog as Aklan How does it work? Narciso (2016) himself has been has Ati-Atihan while Bukidnon has Kaamulan. We an art enthusiast seeing that one could immerse are a thriving nation not only of pathos of beliefs but oneself to find a way to make an activity relevant of ethnic and festive embed colorful gathering of (i.e., looking at the purpose of an activity just like tribes and rituals. creating a piece of art). Accordingly, if the SOUL (talent) and BODY (matter) find or complement each other, the person becomes a soul maker. These are common soul making images that one can produce: Personal story: essays, reflections, etc. Poetry: spoken poetry, poetic musings of the heart Metaphors: story created translating nature’s stature into human consciousness Art forms: drawing, sketching, caricature, painting, etc. Communication: speaking, talking, giving inspirational messages Space studies: how space matters and how artist