INTRODUCTION to LA ART slide PDF

ALA 1141 APPRECIATION OF ARTS  INTRODUCTION Art was born 25,000 years ago Cro-Magnon Man Greater intelligence came imagination and the ability to create images in both painting and sculpture. Architecture came into being with the construction of ritual monuments. Ea...

ALA 1141 APPRECIATION OF ARTS  INTRODUCTION Art was born 25,000 years ago Cro-Magnon Man Greater intelligence came imagination and the ability to create images in both painting and sculpture. Architecture came into being with the construction of ritual monuments. Early artist was anonymous Cave Painting 1st painting , Horse approximately 15,000 – Cave painting at Lascaux, years ago. France, C. 15,000 – 13,000b.c Pictures of animals – – Cave artist used charcoal bison, deer, cattle & etc. to outline, 2-D, animals Archeologist speculate figure. artist created the – Float, without animal images to background. guarantee successful hunt. Pierced with arrows.  Architecture Glaciers receded, climate 5000b.c, colossal grew more temperate, and architecture of massive, the Paleolithic (old stone), upright stones appeared. replaced by the Neolithic 3 basic forms: (new stone) age. – The dolmen Early human beings – The menhir emerged from caves to – A cromlech become herdsmen and farmers. – Secure food supply.  Stonehenge, Salisbury, UK It seem to be an accurate astronomical calendar. The outer ring consists of trilithons. A smaller ring upright stone like a cemetery gravemarkers. Then a horseshoe of 13’6” high trilithon. Isolated from these circles is a heel stone, marking the sun rises in the East at the summer Soltice. OCCIDENTAL PERCEPTION OF ARTS Western perception of arts. The Westerner believes that; – The only culture in the history of mankind to develop realistic, faithful depictions of beings and matter in paintings and sculptures, rather than merely stylized depictions. – The only culture to invent a way to depict three- dimensional subjects in a two-dimensional format.  ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES OF ARTISTIC CREATIONS The art of Islam is essentially a contemplative art, which aims to express above all, an encounter with the Divine Presence. From the Islamic point of view, the main scope of art is not the imitation or description of nature - the work of man will never equal the art of God - but the shaping of the human ambience. Art has to endow all the objects with which man naturally surrounds himself - a house, a fountain, a drinking vessel, a garment, a carpet - with the perfection each object can posses according to its own nature. Islamic art does not add something alien to the objects that it shapes; it merely brings out their essential qualities. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES OF ARTISTIC CREATIONS Islamic patterns & geometry – Geometrical pattern are very synonyms to portray the Islamic art. Its can be related to the knowledge of mathematics, astronomy. Passion to turn it into decorative pattern. – Discourage of images  VOCABULARY AND PRINCIPLES OF ARTS Visual arts Programme Form Exterior Space Interior Area Architecture Plane Sculpture Mass Plating Volume Glaze Line Painting Silhouette Metalwork Axis / Axes Medium Perspectives Composition Proportion Symbol Scale Image Light Iconography Value Connoisseur Hue Style Texture Morphologist  Form A total organic structure A synthesis of all elements of the structure & of the manner in which these elements are related & united to create its distinctive character. Formal analysis – To identify properties & qualities of the form  Space, Area & Plane AREA – Can be level – To describe a flat space which is enclosed or bounded by something. – It also can be undulated or curved. Pyramid Vatican City  Mass & Volume Limitation of forms or defining space. It descripe the form (space) in 3 dimensional. Mass – To describe solid geometry: cube, pyramid, sphere – Architecture & sculpture – Examples: Pyramid – essential solid, Hagia Sophia – enclose vast space.  Mass & Volume Volume – 3 dimensional space – The way space is organize by mass. – Enclosed space of the interior of a building. Mass & Volume – Useful to be able to distinguish between EXTERIOR and INTERIOR forms of a work of art Closed Form – a mass limited by space Open Form – allow space to penetrate its mass Mass & Volume  Line Identifiable path of a point moving in space is explicit and easily understood by both scientist and artist.  Silhouette – Lines that define space – Simple tracing of the outline of an object  Axis – Organization of the component parts of a building or of any work of art – Interrelated group of works, along a given LINE or LINES.  Perspectives – Method of organizing forms in space.  Proportion – Mathematical relationship in size of 1 part of a work of art to others within it.  Scale – Mathematical relation of the parts or totally of a building or of an object. – The ratio is to their use, or function, or to the size of original form. – Examples: Plan of buildings may have a scale of 1:100 Statue may be 1/3 of life size.  Light – The function of light as illumination in the world of nature is often taken for granted. – Lights effect creates form. – Examples : Monet painted the reflection of water lily pond according to their seasonal variations.  Value – Presence or absence of light.  Hue – The name of colours. – Different hues depends on tonality, intensity or chroma.  Texture – The sensuous feeling of such a surface – In painting different media and different techniques create variety of texture.  Sculpture It is a three dimensional art works There are several type of sculpture – Free standing sculpture – Light sculpture – Jewelry – Relief – Site specific art – Kinetic sculpture – Statue – Stacked art – Architectural sculpture Free Standing Sculpture Light Sculpture Jewelry Relief Site Specific Art Kinetic Sculpture Statue Stacked Art Architectural Sculpture  Colours What is colour? – The visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and etc. – An attribute of things that results from the light they reflect, transmit, or emit - light causes a visual sensation that depends on its wavelengths  Colour Wheel A color circle, based on red, yellow and blue, is traditional in the field of art. Sir Isaac Newton developed the first circular diagram of colors in 1666. Since then scientists and artists have studied and designed numerous variations of this concept. Primary colour (Red, yellow & blue) – These are the 3 pigment colors that can not be mixed or formed by any combination of other colors. – All other colors are derived from these 3 hues Secondary colour – The colors formed by mixing the primary colors. Tertiary colour – The colors formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color. That's why the hue is a two word name, such as blue- green, red-violet, and yellow-orange.  Cold & Warm Colour Cold colours have blue in them, the more blue, the colder the colour; the more red or, to a lesser extent, yellow, the warmer. Green is a cold colour, especially the bluish greens such as turquise and sea green; very yellowish greens, like lime, are warmer. Purples are more tricky because they are a mixture of the hottest and the coldest primary colour. The more blue, the colder the colour; so mauve and violet are cold; while crimson, which has only a hint of blue, is hot. Black and white, neither hot nor cold. REINASSANCE ART  INTRODUCTION It is a profound break from the High Gothic (1194 – 1248 A.D) – Age of Faith, Age of the Cathedrals Middle Ages. – Working incomplete confidence – The revival coincided with a new spirit – Same technical devices, but wider in man solutions for the buildings – The age of dynamic assurance and – New subjective, psychological self- inventiveness. awareness, objective interest. Refined Gothic (mid 13th – 14th Middle Ages can be divided into 3; centuries) – France – Rayyonant style – Early Medieval – England – Decorative and court style, Barbarian (about 400 – 750 A.D) sought technical perfection & elegant decorative surfaces Carolingian (750 – 987 A.D) – Miniatures in richly decorated – Romanasque (11th – 12th centuries) manuscripts – Gothic Late Gothic (14th – 16th centuries) – Produced in a period of turmoil, Early Gothic (1140 – 1194 A.D) anguish and uncertainty – Exploit and perfect the new structural – Forms were elaborated and given an techniques emotional emphasis with intentionally – Stained glass dramatic results. – – Unified essembles of sculpture Statue column The basis for the art of the – The 4 storey elevation in the nave (4 Renaissance. volumes) – Flying buttress  Art of the Middle Ages Throughout the Middle Ages, in a succession of 3 styles, art was concerned with religion. The main forms of art and architecture associated with each style were: BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Art Mosaics, icons Frescoes, stylized Stained glass, more sculpture natural sculpture Architecture Central-dome Barrel-vaulted Pointed-arch church church cathederal Example Hagia Sophia St. Sernin Chartres Date 532-537 Begun 1080 1194 – 1260 Place Constantinople, Toulouse, France Chartres, france Turkey  Architecture How to tell them apart? ROMANESQUE GOTHIC EMPHASIS Horizontal Vertical ELEVATION Modest height Soaring LAYOUT Multiple units Unified, unbroken space MAIN TRAIT Rounded arch Pointed arch SUPPORT SYSTEM Piers, walls Exterior buttresses ENGINEERING Barrel & groin vaults Ribbed groin vaults AMBIANCE Dark, solemn Airy, bright EXTERIOR Simple, severe Richly decorated with sculpture  INTRODUCTION Examples of work by Middle Ages and Renaissance artists. – Middle Ages Architecture 1. Town Hall, Brussel 2. Church of Notre Dame Sculpture 3. Tomb of Bertrand du Guesclin 4. Puits de Moise  Renaissance Known as ‘rebirth’ Based on the perception and imitation of forms in nature. The era was divided into 2, which are; – Early Renaissance (15th Century) – High Renaissance (first quarter of 16th Century) The men of Renaissance were acutely conscious of the modernity, as well as the historical importance, of their age. Admiration and emulation of Antiquity – Artist devoted to the study of ancient art. Influence in literature arts (poem, books and etc.) – spread ideas to other regions. Innovations & Creative Discoveries Oil on stretched canvas The use of light and – Became the medium shadow. during the Renaissance. – Chiaroscuro, means – A mineral like lapis lazuli light/dark in Italian. was ground fine, mixed Pyramid configuration with turpentine and oil – Rigid profile portraits to be applied as oil paint. and grouping of figures Perspective on a horizontal grid in – Most significant the picture’s foreground discoveries in the history gave way to a more 3-D of art. “pyramid configuration”. – Renaissance Architecture – Rucellai Palace – Leon Batista Alberti – Vendramin Palace – Pietro Lombardo Sculpture – Bruges Madonna by Michealangelo – Colleoni by Andrea del Verrocchio  CHARACTERISTIC Humanism Science – method of learning – Scientific revolution poetry Religion grammar history Renaissance-awareness moral philosophy – Vitruvian man rhetoric Art – Renaissance painting – Renaissance architecture  CHARACTERISTIC The interest in and the importance placed on the individual. – Pride in personal achievement. – Desire for lasting fame. Divided into 3 era; – The foundations – Enrichment and Consolidation – The personal Interpretations  Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519. Most famous works are the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper which are works in oil. He had a nature that was careful and precise, so that he never hurried to finish a work. He developed what are regarded as technical, manual skills that were so excellent that few artists in history have rivaled his ability. He had an exceptional intellect and fascination with the world around him. Other than paintings, he left us a legacy of detailed drawings of the human anatomy, plans for a tank, helicopter, ideas on the construction of multi-level canal and road systems. Because he was an artist and a scientist at a time when both art and science, he has come to characterize the ultimate "Renaissance Man."  Michealangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564 (at the age of 89 years old). Michelangelo created many of the works of art that we think of when we think of the Renaissance. A skilled painter who spent many years completing the frescoes that adorn the Sistine Chapel. Trained as a sculptor and created two of the world's greatest statues- the enormous David and the emotional Pieta.  Pope Julius II requested for - ‘A few vines on a blue background’ 340 human figures (10’-18’ tall) – Completed in less than 4 years Ceiling – 10,000 square ft. (sketched, plastered & painted on 7 story-high scaffold) Entire wall of Sistene Chapel with ‘Last Judgement’ fresco within 29 years after the ceiling. – 400 human figures struggle, fought & tumbled into hell.  BAROQUE Pieter de Hooch, A Woman Peeling Apples. Oil on canvas, c. 1663.  BAROQUE Introduction – Western cultural period – Influenced by Roman Catholic Church – At the beginning of 17th century Rome Italy – Council of Trent The arts should communicate religious themes Paintings & sculpture should meet church context Focus on well known bible story - Saints, Virgin Mary Baroque architecture – Impressing visitors – Expressing triumphant power and control Baroque – painting – sculpture – architecture – theatre – literature and philosophy – music  PAINTING In general, Baroques art (painting) is characterized by, – Great drama – dramatic scenes – Rich and deep colour – Intense light and dark shadows Baroque artists captured light by using contrast effectively. The Baroque painters exhibited several characteristics in their painting that made it clear that the work was Baroque: 1) painterly brushstrokes, 2) recession of the plane, 3)open form, 4) unity, and 5) unclearness of subject. Religious themes were still popular during the Baroque period. However, other genres, like landscapes started to become popular.  PAINTING Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) De Nachtwacht (The Nightwatch) Artist: Diego Velazquez Artist: Rambrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn  SCULPTURE Baroque sculpture: – Groups of figures assumed new importance, and has a dynamic movement and energy of human forms – Spiraled around an empty central vortex, or – Reaching outwards into the surrounding space. – Multiple ideal viewing angles – Added with extra sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting or water fountains.  SCULPTURE Trevi Fountain, Rome  ARCHITECTURE Characteristics – long, narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circular forms – dramatic use of light, either strong light-and-shade contrasts, chiaroscuro effects (e.g., church of Weltenburg Abbey), or uniform lighting by means of several windows (e.g. church of Weingarten Abbey) – opulent use of ornaments (puttos made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing) – large-scale ceiling frescoes – Emphasis was placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light and shade (chiroscuro), painterly colour effects, and the bold play of volume and void. – Interior – Baroque movement around and through a monumental staircases that had no parallel in previous architecture. – Rich interiors that culminated in a presence chamber or throne room or a state room.  Santa Susanna: Carlo Maderno.  AMSTERDAM CITY HALL City Hall City Hall, Dam Square  St. Peter Basillica Vatican City / Rome St. Peter Basillica  THEATRE Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a multimedia experience, starting with the actual architectural space. The combination of 2 artistics innovations – the formulation of the laws of perspectives in the 15th century and the production of the 1st opera in 1597. – Provided the foundation for the Baroque theatre, which was last until the 19th century. The classically inspired drama of the 16th century gave way to a variety of entertainments; – Intermezzi – Ballet – Masques – opera  THEATRE Much of the technology used in current Broadway or commercial plays was invented and developed during this era. The stage could change from a romantic garden to the interior of a palace in a matter of seconds. The entire space become a framed selected area that only allows the users to see a specific action, hiding all the machinery and technology – mostly ropes and pulleys.  THEATRE http://www.castle.ckrumlov.cz/docs/en/zamek_ oinf_nadace.xml  LITERATURE & PHILOSOPHY The used of metaphor and allegory, widely found in Baroque literature, and in the research for the maraviglia (wonder, astonishment – as in marinism), the used of artifices. Metaphor: – Is a figure of speech and/or phrase that potrays one word as being equal to a second object in some way. “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances;” – (William Shakespeare, ‘As Allegory: – Is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself.  MUSIC The style of music composed during a period that overlaps with Baroque era. Broad range of styles from a wide geographic region. Classical music era. The composer: – Johann Sebastian Bach – Antonio Vivaldi  Baroque Italian Flemish Dutch Spanish English French Heyday 1990 – 1600 – 40 1630 – 70 1625 – 60 1720 – 90 1670 – 1680 1715 Emphasis Religious Altarpieces Portraits, Court Portrait of Classical work still life, portraits aristocracy landscapes landscape and decorative architecture Patron Church Church, People Monarch Upper Monarch monarch class Style Dynamic Florid Virtuoso Realistic Restrained Pretentious Qualities Drama, Sensuality Visual Dignity Elegance Order and intensity, accuracy, ornament movement studies of light ROCOCO  INTRODUCTION Rococo was a decorative style most often used in interior design, painting, architecture and sculpture. 18th century French art and interior design – Basically most of the interiors were design in an elegant style; Elegant and ornate furniture Sculpture Ornamental mirrors Tapestry (textile art, woven on vertical loom)  INTRODUCTION Associated with the reign of King Louis XV, the movement actually begin in the 17th century. The rise of the middle class, the death of Louis XIV at this time, the high society in Paris became the pinnacle of fashion. Louis XIV was succeed by the Duke of Orleans in 1715, who was known for enjoying the privileges of his office, moving social life away from the formal courts and into salons. This attitude was continued with the following reign of Louis XV.  INTRODUCTION Rococo was derived from a French word, rocaille, meaning rock and shell garden ornamentation. The style appeal to the senses rather than intellect, stressing beauty over depth. The movement portrayed the life of the aristocracy, preferring themes of romance, mythology, fantasy, everyday life to historical or religious subject matter.  INTRODUCTION Rococo was a light, ornamental and elaborate style of art, identified by elegant and detailed ornamentation and the used of curved, asymmetrical forms. Other elements of the style included graceful movement, playful use of line, and delicate colouring. Dominated by feminine taste and influence, the lively colours and playful subject matter made it suitable for interior decoration. The Rococo style was also used in portraiture, furniture and tapestry design.  CHARACTERISTICS Elegant and ornate furniture One major design element The effects was to blur the was Rocaille: boundary between walls Fanciful stucco ornaments and ceiling, and to make in the shapes of ribbons, solid surfaces look like leaves, stems, flowers, fleeting illusions. Mirrors arabesques, and elongated further deceived the senses curving lines applied to and chandeliers provided walls and ceilings. jewel-like lighting. All elements worked together to create a glittering, luxurious setting for an ultra-refined society  CHARACTERISTICS Kaisersaal, the Residenz Waisburg, Chateau Versailles Germany. 1719-1744 House of the King Louis XIV Halls of Mirror, Versailles  CHARACTERISTICS Elegand & ornate furniture  CHARACTERISTICS Small sculptures Sculpture gallery at Pitti Palace, Florence. Poetry & Music (1774-1778) Marble, Michael Clodion  CHARACTERISTICS Ornamental mirrors  CHARACTERISTICS Tapestry complementing architecture  CHARACTERISTICS Relief  CHARACTERISTICS Wall painting HEAVEN Room. 1695-1696 Antonio Verio Wieskirche Church, Germany  Versailles Versailles, Paris Versailles Garden Rococo Artists Jean-Honore Fragonard One of Fragonard’s most representative works is the playful painting The Swing, in which a pastel clad lady flicks a tiny shoe into the air while her lover watches.  Jean-Honore Fragonard Aurora, 1755 Pan and Syrinx, 1759 Rococo Artist Francois Boucher He developed a new category of genre painting known as the fete galante – fanciful scenes depicting elegantly dressed young people engaged in outdoor entertainment. One of the best-known examples is Embarkation for Cythera (1717, Louvre, Paris).  THE GARDEN RENAISSANCE, BAROQUE & ROCOCO  RENAISSANCE GARDEN Renaissance private gardens were full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned allusions. Water during this time was especially symbolic: it was associated with fertility and the abundance of nature. The first public gardens were built by the Spanish Crown in the 16th century, in Europe and the Americas.  BAROQUE GARDEN The gardens of Louis XIV's era, in particular those of André Le Nôtre are characterized by vastness, drama, splendour, and movement. At Versailles the chief axis of the garden, focused on the royal apartments at the centre of the chateau, divides the Parterre d'Eau, descends a slope past the Parterre de Latone, runs serenely along the Tapis Vert, and is then continued by the Grand Canal, which seems to run to the horizon beyond which, for all we know, the axis could run for ever. The central axis in these gardens have a patchwork of bosquets and parterres spreading out on each side. These garden spaces imply movement, as does the swirling pattern of the parterres de broderie so often found in French gardens of this kind.  ROCOCO GARDEN The first use of the term in a garden context seems to date from the early 19th century when the Countess of Blessington (Idler in France, 1847 ) described the Jardins de la Fontaine in Nîmes as offering ‘a curious mixture of military and rococo taste’, perhaps referring to the ancient Roman ruins there. Frivolous, light-hearted atmosphere, with carefree curlicues and possibly excessively abandoned ornamentation. The idea of the rococo garden as a stylistic category appears for the first time in the writings of John Harris—Gardens of Delight: The Rococo English Landscape of Thomas Robins the Elder ( 1978 ) and The Artist and the Country House ( 1979 ). He rediscovered the paintings of Thomas Robins the elder ( 1716 – 70 ) which showed delightful gardens full of light-hearted ornament. His views of the gardens at Painswick House and Honington Hall (Warwickshire), and a few paintings of unidentified gardens, particularly reflect this character. Scott’s Grotto Garden Impressionism ALA 1141 Appreciation of Arts  Introduction Impressionism is a movement in French painting, sometimes called optical realism because of its almost scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects. Impressionist motto - human eye is a marvellous instrument. The name 'Impressionists' came as artists embraced the nickname a conservative critic used to ridicule the whole movement.  Impressionist fascination with light and movement was at the core of their art. Exposure to light and/or movement was enough to create a justifiable and fit artistic subject out of literally anything. Impressionists learned how to transcribe directly their visual sensations of nature, unconcerned with the actual depiction of physical objects in front of them. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Claude Monet was a founder of French impressionist painting. He was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plain-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise. Monet, “Waterlilies”, 1919-26 Garden has became his sole subject (250 paintings). Expanded the size of the pond and the scale of his paintings 6’x14’. When cataract blurred his vision,Monet’s painted Monet’s painted water lilies became hazier and finally indistinguishable from the water and reflections.  Claude Monet Waterlily Pond The Women in the Garden Pierre-Auguste Renoire 1841-1919 Pierre-Auguste Renoir was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.  Renoir Path leading to the high The Laundress grass Georges-Pierre Seurat a French Post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising a technique of painting known as pointillism. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886), Seurat's most famous painting.  Seurat Circus Sideshow A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte Van Gogh Vincent van Gogh, one of the most well-known post- impressionist artists, for whom color was the chief symbol of expression, was born in Groot- Zundert, Holland on March 30, 1853. The son of a pastor, brought up in a religious and cultured atmosphere, Vincent was highly emotional, lacked self-confidence and struggled with his identity and with direction. Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist. Van Gogh, “The Starry Night”, 1889 He expressed his emotional reaction to a scene through colour. Signature, agitated, swirling brush-strokes. CUBISM  Introduction Started in the early 20th century in the decade before Europe became embroiled in the First World War. Some believes that Cubism was a natural outcome of earlier movements like Impressionism and Expressionism. Pablo Picasso and his contemporary Impressionists, including Henri Matisse, Claude Monet, and Cezanne, were already known for avant-garde paintings, and responded to each other with new paintings.  Cubism No longer - Proportions, organic integrity and continuity of life samples and material objects. Canvas resembles "a field of broken glass" as one vicious critic noted. This geometrically analytical approach to form and color, and shattering of object in focus into geometrical sharp-edged angular pieces.  PABLO PICASSO Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain. He was the son of an art and drawing teacher. He passed the entrance examination for the Barcelona School of Fine Arts at the age of 14 in just one day and was allowed to skip the first two classes. He created thousands of paintings, prints, sculptures and ceramics during a time span of about 75 years. Picasso, “Potrait of Ambroise Vollard”, 1910 Picasso broke the subject into a crystallike structure of interlocking facets in subdued colours. Picasso, “The Studio”, 1928 Employs strong colours and decorative shapes. At left the painter holds a brush indicated by a small diagonal line at the end of a horizontal ‘arm’. His oval ‘head’ contains 3 vertical eyes, perhaps suggesting the painter’s superior vision. A floating circle is all that remains of the artist’s palette. His subject, a still life of fruit bowl and bust on a table with red tablecloth, also consists of geometric shapes.  PABLO PICASSO Still life with chair cane, 1912 Guitar, shheet music and glass, 1912 LAND ART  Land Art Introduction – Emerged in the United State in the late 1960s – Link between landscape and art work Inspired by: – Minimal art and Concept art – De Stijl, Cubism, Minimalism  It is also known as Environmental Land Art Art, Earth Art or Earthworks, and it can take a number of forms. Artistic works that are intended to enhance or become part of the environment or make a statement on environmental issues. "environmental art has the power to change the way we view our world" Environmental art is a range of artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works.  Reshaping the landscape is a Land Art common feature of Land Art, as in the case of artworks which are created by carving into the landscape and moving components around. People can also add things to the environment to create Land Art, ranging from imported stones to structures made with regionally available material. It is also possible to landscape Land Art with the use of plants. In all cases, Land Art is immovable, but not necessarily unchangeable.  One of the major distinctions Land Art between Land Art and most of the art one sees in the museum is that Land Art is designed to evolve, change, and eventually decay. Some works of art are quite ephemeral, persisting only for a few hours or days, while others are deliberately exposed to erosion and wind so that they become distorted over time. The evolution of the Earthwork is part of the appeal, in the eyes of the artist.  Many artists meticulously document the creation process with photographs and Land Art videos so that a record of their Land Art endures. Especially in the case of remote art installations, such records can be vital, because they allow people to see the art without having to travel. In other cases, the ephemeral nature of the art is part of the point, and no documentation will be made, forcing people to travel to the art if they want to see it. Some artists feel that physical interaction with Land Art is an important part of the viewing process, and sometimes visitors are even invited to contribute to the art in some way.  Robert Smithson Born in Passaic, New Jersey. Influenced by Frederic Law Olmstead For example, the Spiral Jetty, a famous piece of land art created in 1970 in the Great Salt Lake, is made with a collection of stones, salt, and mud. The artist, Robert Smithson, sculpted a large jetty in a spiral shape which protrudes into the waters of the lake. The Spiral Jetty is not designed to be used in a practical sense, but rather to be admired. Spiral Jetty Smithson arranged rock, earth and algae so as to form a long (1500 ft) spiral-shape jetty protruding into Great Salt Lake in Utah. It is made of black basalt boulders, bulldozed into a straight line that stretches, jetty-like, 1,500 feet from the eastern shore in the upper reaches of the Great Salt Lake, terminating in a spiral with three whorls. From the air it has the look of a bishop's crosier with an unusually ornamental crook. It has a way of disappearing and reappearing, which somehow gives it a touch of magic. Soon after it was made, it was submerged beneath the saline water that gives the lake its name, and on re- emerging at a later time, when the water-level fell, it was covered with a dense patina of salt crystals. It is reached with difficulty, requiring a trek over rutted roads, and there is no guarantee that it will be visible when one gets there Broken Circle Emmen, Holland Summer 1971 green water, white and yellow sand flats diameter 140' canal approximately 12' wide depth quarry lake 10 to 15' Cadillac Ranch by Stanley Marsh III and The Ant Team Location: West of Amarillo, Texas Purpose: To glorify the goldenage of American automobiles. Consist of 10 graffiti covered cars half burried and lined up at perfect angles from the ground. The cars are periodically repainted various colours. In 2005, the cars were given all pink makeover in tribute to breast cancer victims. Act as public decoration – Visitors are encouraged to write graffiti and spray painting the vehicles. Artur Bordalo (Bordalo II) Portuguese artist Bordalo II begins each of his animal sculptures in a grimy hunt for raw materials in junk yards or abandoned factories. Car bumpers, tires, door panels, mountains of malleable plastic bumpers, and even entire vehicles are stacked and bolted to the sides of buildings to resemble everything With the production of things at its highest, the production of "waste" and unused objects is also at its highest. - "one man's trash is another man's treasure". He create, recreate, assemble and develop ideas with end-of-life material and try to relate it to sustainability, ecological and social awareness. Evolution of Arts in Asia  Central Asian Art The arts of recent centuries are influenced by Islamic art - earlier cultures were influenced by the art of China, Persia and Greece. The Silk Road transmission of art: – Scythian art - decorative objects, such as jewellery, produced by the nomadic tribes of the area known as Scythia, which encompassed Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula River, and parts of South Asia, with the eastern edges of the region vaguely defined by ancient Greeks - Steppes art. – Greco-Buddhist art - a cultural syncretism between the Classical Greek architecture and Buddhism. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description of Hellenistic art and it is believed to be the first representations of the Buddha in human form. – Serindian art - the art that developed from the 2nd through the 11th century C.E. in Xinjiang, the western region of China. – Persianate art – A society which strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and identity.  Central Asian Art Scythian Art Greco-Buddist Art  Central Asian Art Serindian art Persianate art  West Asian Arts Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt represent the Islamic cultures that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century and rapidly spread to neighbouring lands. Local artistic styles were absorbed and assimilated within the artistic culture of Islam. West Asian Arts  East Asian Arts The visual arts, performing arts, and music of China, Korea (North Korea and South Korea), and Japan. Also includes cultures of the Indochinese peninsula and adjoining islands, as well as Mongolia to the north.  East Asian Arts Chinese Arts Japanese Arts  East Asian Arts Korean Arts Indochinese Arts  South Asian Arts The literary, performing, and visual arts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh , and Sri Lanka. The people of the Indian subcontinent are unified by a common cultural and ethical outlook. A wealth of ancient textual literature in Sanskrit, Prākrit, and regional languages is a major unifying factor. Music and dance, ritual customs, modes of worship, and literary ideals are similar throughout the subcontinent South Asian Arts  South-East Asian Arts The Southeast Asian collection embraces the art of Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, Laos, Indonesia and the Philippines, focusing on stone and metal religious sculpture and ceramics as well as textiles, which play an integral role in social MALAY WOOD CARVING  INTRODUCTION Malay wood carving has been used more than 500 years ago Malay communities – palaces and houses Earlier carving motives – cannot been identified, wood as material cannot sustain Situated within South East Asia trading route, 1-14 centuries Hindu & Chinese influence – human & animal figures.  14 centuries – Islam came to South East Asia regions Calligraphy & geometrical pattern motives added – human and animal motives no longer in favour. All the influence factors cause differences on the application of wood carving within states in Malaysia.  Kedah, Perlis & Penang vs. Trengganu & Kelantan Kedah, Perlis & Penang influences by Thailand & Acheh – Perlis’s Bumbung Panjang house. Perak influence by Pattani – Istana Kenangan (Royal Museum of Perak) – ‘lebah bergantung’ Negeri Sembilan influenced by Minangkabau – Istana Lama Ampang Tinggi – ‘itik pulang petang, kucing lalok, badak mudik, tupai tatagun, kuda menyepak, ayam berlaga’ and etc. Perlis’s Bumbung Panjang House Istana Kenangan (Royal Museum of Perak) Istana Lama Ampang Tinggi  In Malacca, the art of wood carving was influenced by regional culture which have conquered before. Johor was influenced by the culture of Bugis and Javanese. Johor – ‘awan jawa, maha risi, gelung kembar, pilin berganda’ and etc.  Motifs in Malay wood carving In Malay woodcarvings, the main categories of motifs popularly used are cosmic, mystical, floral, fauna, geometrical and calligraphical motifs. Cosmic and mystical motifs were elaboration from traditional mythos and folk beliefs. Examples of surviving wood carving of such categories can be found in keris hilt decoration, boat decoration and traditional games (i.e congkak). Motifs of naga, garuda (dragon), burung petala wati, burung petala indera, gagak sura (mytical bird), makara (sea monster) are some of the popular examples.  Prominent motifs in the Malay woodcarving is the floral type. There are at least two types of styles in floral motif expression.  The first type is called bunga putu (roseate). The motif which stand by itself, represented singly or in a pattern.  The second type is called awan larat. It is normally represented in the form of spiraling vine or tendril growing from a core root, bud or seed. Most of the floral motifs were taken from surrounding flower, plants and herbs.  Bunga tanjung (Mimusops elengi), bunga cempaka (Michelia champaka), bunga tikam seladang (Vallaris glabra) were among the popular motifs in Malay carving whilst ketumbit, bunga teratai (Nelumbium nucifera) and ketam guri are two most popular in the east coast of Malaysia and southern Thailand.  The principle of shapes 4 basic principles of shapes. 1. Stupa 2. Gunungan 3. Makara 4. Lotus It was believes that all these shapes were part of the motives in Hindu’s and Buddha’s gods To shows respect  Stupa Usually found in vernacular houses such as ‘buah buton’ and the front arch. ‘stupa finial’ can be seen at the staircase railing. Stupa  Gunungan It is a carving shape that curve like a form of a mountain. Also known as ‘gunung bertuah’. Sometimes it can be found in a shape of ‘pohon budi’ (tree of life). This shape is used to represent status  Front arch of a royal palace  Mimbar  Tombs  Crown – ‘Mak Yong’ Gunungan  Makara The motives was inspired from the ‘Langkasukan’, which was known as ‘daun dewa’ A story about sea giant from Pattani and Kelantanese mitos. Usually carve on the head of traditional boats. The Pattanese used organic motives. Makara  Lotus & bamboo shoot A symbols of peace and harmony – Islam, Chinese and India. Bamboo shoot known as ‘pucuk rebung’ lotus  Basic shapes in Malay wood carving Based on 7 geometrical shapes.  Principles in wood carving design There are 4 principles: 1.Symmetrical & Balance 2.Asymmetrical 3.Repetition 4.Harmony  Categories in wood carving Structural  Component structure which support the building loads  Pilar, staircase, wall, bargeboards Elemental  Have its owned functions  Door panels, ventilation panel, walls panel Ornamental  An aesthetic elements  Buah buton  Islamic influence in Malay wood carving The spread of Islam to South East Asia was more of an economic phenomenon. This phenomenon can clearly be found in arts and architecture. However the influence of Islam has tremendous impact on many aspects of arts and architecture in the Malay world. The traditional Malay house is often an indication of the physical body. Therefore, the design and architecture of the house is often a reflection of the owner (tuan rumah) of the house; in terms of his maturity, his educational, his manners and also his religious background.  Every decorations, carvings within the house represent the owner‟s high respect to the visitors, every calligraphic carvings depict religious meanings taken from Quranic verses that reflect esteem reverence to the almighty god, the creator. Floral (as opposed to fauna as Islam forbid association with animals etc.) motifs adorn the head of the doors and windows of the house as a sign of respect for the visitors and guests which are most of the time feted in the most subtle manners.  It is worth noting that all the decorations in the traditional Malay house are not merely objects of beauty but also as means to create an environment of peace and tranquility; and this uniqueness has been clearly observed in the functions and meanings attached to the traditional Malay culture and practices as seen in their timber carvings and ornamentations. Woodcarvings in traditional houses in Peninsular Malaysia is an art which is based on four principal forms, seven standard shapes, quality of incisions and perforations, Types of motif and its design is regulated by three principles of visual composition. These vernacular craftsmanship values are learned and practiced by the craftsmen for the construction of timber architecture and its components. Translating Traditional Song into Art ART PROJECT  Tradition to Canvas: A Visual Interpretation of Local Songs Objective: This project invites students to explore the relationship between local traditional music and visual art, using mixed media to interpret and translate the essence of a chosen traditional song onto canvas. Through this process, students will deepen their understanding of cultural heritage and storytelling while expanding their technical skills in mixed media and collage.  Theme: Each student will select a local traditional song and use it as the primary inspiration for their artwork. The artwork should capture the essence, mood, and cultural significance of the song through visual elements. Students are encouraged to embrace creativity and feel free to experiment beyond their comfort zones. Use this opportunity to explore new materials, push artistic boundaries, and create a piece that reflects both personal interpretation and respect for the cultural heritage encapsulated in the chosen traditional song.  Project Requirements: Size: The artwork must be at least 16"x16" on stretched canvas. Medium: Mixed media techniques are required. Students are encouraged to combine different materials, textures, and styles to convey the complexity of the song. Collage: The artwork must include collage techniques as part of the mixed media approach. Found objects, photographs, clippings, fabric, or natural elements can be incorporated to add depth and storytelling layers.  Guidelines: Research and Interpretation: Start by researching the history, lyrics, and cultural context of the chosen song. Identify key themes, emotions, or visual symbols associated with it. Concept Development: Sketch ideas and decide on the colors, textures, and forms that will best represent the mood and story of the song. Experiment with ways to layer different materials and textures for a dynamic result. Material Exploration: Experiment with various materials like acrylics, watercolor, fabric, paper, metal, wood, or natural materials. Try unconventional materials if they connect well with the song's theme. Composition and Balance: Consider the balance of elements on the canvas. Make sure that the collage and painted elements work cohesively and that the viewer can sense a connection to the song’s theme. Collage Technique: Incorporate a collage element thoughtfully, ensuring it adds a narrative layer or texture that enhances the story.  Process: Step 1: Song selection, research, and initial sketches Step 2: Material experimentation and concept refinement Step 3: Start and continue working on the final artwork Step 4: Submit artwork and write-up. The write- up should be in a standard A3 size format compilation.  Assessment Criteria: Interpretation (20%): The extent to which the artwork captures and communicates the mood, story, and cultural significance of the chosen song. Creativity and Originality (20%): How well the student explores materials and techniques to convey the song's essence. Execution of Mixed Media Techniques (20%): Skillful integration of different materials and techniques, including the collage elements. Collage Technique (15%): Integrated effectively and enhances the artwork’s narrative and visual impact. Composition and Aesthetic Quality (15%): Visual balance, use of color, and overall impact of the piece. Reflection (10%): A short write-up (300 words) explaining the choice of song, the elements chosen for representation, and the connection between the song and the artwork.