Norton University Urban Regulation Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism NORTON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM...

Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism NORTON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM URBAN REGULATION YEAR 4 SEMESTER 1 GROUP ASSIGNMENT-I URBAN, URBANIZATION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Group: Ar4M5-G4 , 5 members N Name (Khmer) Name (English) Sex ID Remarks 1 នល Nil Sreyneang ិ ស្រីនាង F B20221925 2 រក្ស ័ រុ ខលី Reak Sokly M B20221920 3 ងងៀម សារ៉ា ន់ Ngeam Sarann M B20223632 4 ឡុច វណ្ណ ា Lux Vanna M B20221943 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024~2025 Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism Content 1. Terminology 1.1. What is Urban Area? 1.2. What is Suburban Area? 1.3. What is Rural Area? 1.4. What Urbanization? 1.5. What is Urban Panning? 1.6. What are the differences between Urbanization and Urban Planning? 2. The Urban Classification in Cambodia 2.1. What are the Geographical Regions in Cambodia? 2.2. What are the Administrative Structures in Cambodia? 2.3. What are the Criteria of Urban Area in Cambodia? 2.4. What are the Urban Classifications in Cambodia? 3. Urbanization Problems and Solutions 3.1. What are the main causes of urbanization in Cambodia? 3.2. What are the Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? 3.3. What are the Solutions of Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? 3.4. How can Urban Planning reduce Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? 4. The Professionals in Urban Development 4.1. What are the roles and responsibilities of Urban Planner in Urban Development? 4.2. What are the roles and responsibilities of Urban Designer in Urban Development? 4.3. What are the roles and responsibilities of Architect in Urban Development? 4.4. What are the common roles and responsibilities of Urban Planner and Urban Designer in Urban Development? 4.5. What are the common roles and responsibilities of Urban Designer and Architect in Urban Development? 5. The Professionals in Construction Value Chain? 5.1. What are the roles and responsibilities of Architect? 5.2. What are the roles and responsibilities of Structural Engineer? 5.3. What are the roles and responsibilities of MEP Engineers? 5.4. What are the roles and responsibilities of Quantity Surveyor? 5.5. What are the roles and responsibilities of Construction Project Manager? 5.6. What are the roles and responsibilities of Facility Manager? 6. The Construction Process 6.1. Pre-Construction Stages/Design Stages 6.1.1. Architectural Design Stages Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism - K - KK - …. 6.1.2. Structural Design Stages - K - KK - …. 6.1.3. MEP Design Stages - K - KK - …. 6.2. Construction Stages/The Building Construction Stages - K - KK - …. 6.3. Post-Construction Stages - K - K - …. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism 1. Terminology 1.1. What is an Urban Area? An urban area is a densely populated region characterized by a high concentration of buildings, infrastructure, and human activities. It is typically a city or town where people live and work, with developed transportation networks, industries, and services. Examples include large cities like New York, Tokyo, and London. 1.2. What is a Suburban Area? A suburban area is a residential community located on the outskirts of an urban area. Suburbs often serve as a middle ground between urban and rural areas, offering quieter living spaces with more greenery but still providing access to the amenities of nearby cities. They are commonly associated with families and single-family homes. 1.3. What is a Rural Area? A rural area is a region located outside urban and suburban areas, characterized by low population density, open spaces, and reliance on agriculture or natural resources. Rural areas are typically far less developed and are known for their natural landscapes, small towns, and traditional lifestyles. 1.4. What is Urbanization? Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, often due to population growth and migration. It involves the expansion of cities and towns as people move to urban centers for better job opportunities, education, and living standards. Urbanization is often accompanied by industrialization and economic development. 1.5. What is Urban Planning? Urban planning is the process of designing and organizing land use, infrastructure, and resources in urban areas. It aims to create functional, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing spaces for living, working, and recreation. Urban planners address issues such as transportation systems, housing, zoning, environmental concerns, and public spaces. 1.6. What are the Differences Between Urbanization and Urban Planning? Aspect Urbanization Urban Planning Definition The process of population and infrastructure The organized approach to growth in rural areas, transforming them into designing and managing urban urban areas. spaces. Focus Population growth, economic expansion, Strategic development of and physical transformation. infrastructure, zoning, and resources. Process Natural and often uncontrolled; driven by Structured and deliberate; guided migration, industrialization, and economic by policies, laws, and planning demand. professionals. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism Goal Meeting the growing demand for urban Creating sustainable, efficient, and living and economic opportunities. livable urban environments. Challenges Overcrowding, pollution, slums, and strain Balancing growth with on resources. sustainability and managing limited space. Example Rapid urbanization in developing countries The design of smart cities or zoning like India or Brazil. plans in developed nations. 2. The Urban Classification in Cambodi 2.1. What are the Geographical Regions in Cambodia? Cambodia is divided into several geographical regions based on physical, cultural, and ecological features. The main geographical regions include: a) Central Plains: o Dominated by the fertile lowlands of the Tonlé Sap Basin and the Mekong River Basin. o Key agricultural region and home to most of the population. o Includes Phnom Penh, the capital city. b. Tonlé Sap Lake and Floodplain: o The largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, a critical water source. o Supports fisheries and seasonal agriculture. c. Mekong River Region: o Flows from north to south, providing irrigation and transportation. o Major urban centers like Phnom Penh and Kratie are located here. d. Northern Highlands: o Includes the Dangrek Mountains and Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri provinces. o Sparsely populated, with dense forests and indigenous communities. e. Cardamom and Elephant Mountains: o Located in the southwest, with thick forests and diverse wildlife. o Home to natural parks and conservation areas. f. Coastal Region: o Stretching along the Gulf of Thailand, includes provinces like Sihanoukville and Kep. o Known for tourism, fishing, and port activities. 2.2. What are the Administrative Structures in Cambodia? Cambodia’s administrative structure is hierarchical and consists of the following levels: a) National Level: o Governed by the Royal Government of Cambodia, with ministries and national agencies. b) Provincial Level (Khet): Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o 25 provinces, including Phnom Penh as the capital city. o Provinces are overseen by provincial governors. c) District Level (Srok) and Municipalities (Krong): o Provinces are divided into districts or municipalities. o There are 203 districts and 27 municipalities. d) Communal Level (Khum and Sangkat): o Districts are divided into communes (Khum) in rural areas or quarters (Sangkat) in urban areas. o There are 1,646 communes/sangkats in total. e) Village Level (Phum): o Smallest administrative unit, comprising numerous households. 2.3. What are the Criteria for Urban Areas in Cambodia? The designation of an urban area in Cambodia follows specific criteria, which include: a) Population Size: o An area must have a minimum population, typically over 2,000 residents. b) Infrastructure Development: o Availability of basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, clean water, and telecommunications. c) Economic Activities: o Majority of the population engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as trade, services, and industries. d) Administrative Status: o Areas classified as municipalities (Krong) or urban communes (Sangkat) by the government. e) Urban Density: o Higher population density compared to rural areas. f) Public Services: o Access to education, healthcare, and public administration. 2.4. What are the Urban Classifications in Cambodia? Cambodia's urban areas are classified into three categories based on population size, economic development, and governance. a) Primary Urban Centers: o Large cities such as Phnom Penh, which serve as economic, political, and cultural hubs. b) Secondary Urban Centers: o Mid-sized towns or cities like Battambang, Siem Reap, and Sihanoukville. o Serve as regional hubs for commerce and services. c) Tertiary Urban Centers: Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o Small towns or emerging urban areas that serve local communities. o Examples include districts transitioning from rural to urban classification. 3. Urbanization Problems and Solutions 3.1. What are the main causes of urbanization in Cambodia? a) Economic Growth: Expansion of industrial, commercial, and service sectors draws people to urban areas. b) Job Opportunities: Better employment prospects in cities compared to rural areas. c) Improved Infrastructure: Cities have better roads, schools, hospitals, and communication systems. d) Education Access: Higher-quality education institutions are concentrated in urban areas. e) Migration: Rural-to-urban migration due to poverty, lack of resources, and climate-related challenges. 3.2. What are the Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? a) Overpopulation: Rapid urban growth leads to overcrowding in cities. b) Housing Shortage: Increased demand for affordable housing results in slums and informal settlements. c) Traffic Congestion: Insufficient infrastructure to accommodate rising vehicle numbers. d) Environmental Degradation: Deforestation, pollution, and poor waste management. e) Lack of Public Services: Strain on education, healthcare, and utilities. f) Social Inequalities: Income disparities and limited access to urban benefits for the poor. 3.3. What are the Solutions to Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? a) Affordable Housing Programs: Develop housing projects for low-income residents. b) Public Transportation Systems: Invest in buses, trains, and other efficient transport modes. c) Urban Infrastructure Development: Expand roads, utilities, and public services. d) Green Initiatives: Promote sustainable development, renewable energy, and waste recycling. e) Decentralization: Develop smaller towns to distribute population and economic activities. f) Policy and Regulation: Strengthen urban planning regulations to guide growth. 3.4. How can Urban Planning reduce Urbanization Problems in Cambodia? a) Zoning Policies: Allocate land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes. b) Integrated Planning: Combine economic, environmental, and social considerations in city planning. c) Sustainability: Promote eco-friendly construction, green spaces, and renewable energy use. d) Community Participation: Involve local residents in decision-making processes. e) Technology Integration: Use smart technologies for traffic management, waste disposal, and public services. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism 4. The Professionals in Urban Development 4.1. What are the roles and responsibilities of an Urban Planner? 1. Create and implement city development plans. 2. Conduct research on population, land use, and environment. 3. Ensure compliance with zoning laws and urban policies. 4. Plan transportation networks, utilities, and public spaces. 4.2. What are the roles and responsibilities of an Urban Designer? 1. Focus on the aesthetics and functionality of urban spaces. 2. Develop designs for streets, parks, and public areas. 3. Enhance community accessibility and livability. 4.3. What are the roles and responsibilities of an Architect? 1. Design buildings and structures with aesthetics and functionality. 2. Ensure compliance with safety, environmental, and zoning standards. 3. Oversee construction to meet design specifications. 4.4. Common roles of Urban Planners and Urban Designers: 1. Create sustainable and efficient urban environments. 2. Address community needs while balancing aesthetics and practicality. 4.5. Common roles of Urban Designers and Architects: 1. Design spaces that integrate functionality, beauty, and safety. 2. Collaborate on projects to enhance community living standards. 5. The Professionals in Construction Value Chain? 5.1. Roles and Responsibilities of an Architect: Design functional and aesthetically pleasing buildings. Collaborate with engineers, planners, and contractors. 5.2. Roles and Responsibilities of a Structural Engineer: Ensure building stability, safety, and durability. Design the structural framework (e.g., beams, columns). 5.3. Roles and Responsibilities of MEP Engineers: Design mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems for buildings. Focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. 5.4. Roles and Responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor: Estimate construction costs and manage budgets. Handle contracts and cost control during the project. 5.5. Roles and Responsibilities of a Construction Project Manager: Plan, execute, and monitor construction projects. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism Manage teams, budgets, and timelines. 5.6. Roles and Responsibilities of a Facility Manager: Maintain and operate building systems post-construction. Ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance of facilities. 6. The Construction Process 6.1. Pre-Construction Stages/Design Stages 6.1.1. Architectural Design Stages This involves the conceptualization and detailing of the building's design. Concept Design (K): o Initial sketches and ideas for the project. o Basic layout, space planning, and aesthetic considerations. o Focus on client needs and project goals. Schematic Design (KK): o Preliminary designs with approximate dimensions, shapes, and layouts. o Presentation of multiple design options. o Initial cost estimation and feasibility assessment. Design Development (DDD): o Finalizing the approved schematic design. o Detailed floor plans, sections, and elevations. o Selection of materials and finishes. Construction Documentation (CD): o Creation of detailed drawings and specifications for construction. o Incorporation of structural, mechanical, and electrical elements. o Compliance with regulations and zoning codes. 6.1.2. Structural Design Stages This focuses on ensuring the building's structural integrity and stability. Conceptual Structural Design (K): o Determine structural system (e.g., frame, load-bearing walls). o Preliminary calculations to assess feasibility. Preliminary Structural Design (KK): o Rough sizing of key structural components like beams and columns. o Coordination with architectural plans. Detailed Structural Design (DDD): o Structural analysis and precise calculations. o Design of reinforcement, foundations, and connections. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o Creation of detailed structural drawings and schedules. 6.1.3. MEP Design Stages (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) This stage ensures building systems (MEP) are planned for functionality and efficiency. Concept MEP Design (K): o Identify system requirements (HVAC, electrical load, water, and drainage). o Draft basic layouts for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. Schematic MEP Design (KK): o Define equipment locations and routing paths for MEP systems. o Calculate preliminary capacities and loads for systems. Detailed MEP Design (DDD): o Prepare detailed plans for ducts, wiring, and pipes. o Ensure integration with architectural and structural designs. o Conduct energy efficiency and compliance checks. 6.2. Construction Stages/The Building Construction Stages The construction stages are the processes involved in physically building the project, transforming the plans and designs into reality. Below is a detailed breakdown of these stages: Stage 1: Site Preparation and Excavation (K) Clearing the Site: o Remove trees, vegetation, debris, and existing structures. o Ensure the site is ready for construction. Site Surveying: o Confirm property boundaries and mark key construction points. o Conduct soil testing to ensure it is suitable for construction. Excavation and Earthworks: o Dig trenches for foundations or basements. o Level the site if needed (grading). Temporary Facilities Installation: o Set up temporary offices, storage, and utilities for workers. Stage 2: Foundation Construction (KK) Foundation Design Implementation: o Lay out the dimensions of the foundation based on approved plans. o Use pile, raft, strip, or other foundation types, depending on soil and structure requirements. Reinforcement and Concrete Work: o Install steel reinforcements. o Pour concrete to form the foundation base. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism Waterproofing: o Apply waterproofing membranes to prevent water damage. Stage 3: Structural Framework Construction (DDD) Erection of Superstructure: o Build the skeleton of the building (columns, beams, and slabs). o Use materials like reinforced concrete, steel, or wood, depending on the project. Floor Slab Construction: o Pour concrete for floor slabs. o Add reinforcement for strength. Vertical Elements: o Construct walls, elevators, and staircases. Stage 4: Roofing and External Works Roof Installation: o Install trusses, rafters, or frames for the roof structure. o Add roofing materials (tiles, shingles, or sheets). Facade Construction: o Add exterior walls, insulation, and cladding. o Install windows, doors, and other external finishes. Waterproofing and Drainage: o Ensure proper drainage systems are in place for rainwater. Stage 5: MEP Installation (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) Mechanical Systems: o Install HVAC systems (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning). Electrical Systems: o Install wiring, lighting, outlets, and panels. o Ensure connections to main power supply. Plumbing Systems: o Install pipes, drains, and water supply systems. o Add fixtures like sinks, toilets, and showers. Stage 6: Internal Finishes Plastering and Painting: o Apply plaster to walls and ceilings. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o Paint interior surfaces as per the design. Flooring and Tiling: o Install tiles, carpets, wood, or other flooring materials. Fixture Installation: o Place cabinets, countertops, and other interior fixtures. Ceiling Work: o Add false ceilings, lighting, and decorative features. Stage 7: Landscaping and External Works Outdoor Features: o Construct driveways, parking lots, and walkways. Green Spaces: o Plant trees, grass, and other landscaping elements. Boundary Walls and Fencing: o Install gates and fences around the property. Stage 8: Testing, Commissioning, and Handover System Testing: o Test all MEP systems to ensure proper functionality. o Perform safety inspections for fire systems and other equipment. Snagging and Defect Rectification: o Identify and fix minor defects or issues. Final Cleaning: o Clean the building inside and out to prepare for use. Handover: o Provide the client with keys, documentation, and warranties. 6.3. Post-Construction Stages The post-construction stages involve the activities carried out after the physical construction is complete. These steps ensure the building is ready for occupancy, operates efficiently, and complies with legal and operational standards. Stage 1: Final Inspections and Approvals Building Code Compliance: o Inspect the structure to ensure it adheres to local building codes and regulations. o Obtain necessary occupancy permits from authorities. Safety Inspections: o Conduct fire safety, electrical safety, and elevator inspections. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o Verify emergency systems (alarms, sprinklers, etc.) are functional. Environmental Checks: o Ensure the project complies with environmental guidelines (e.g., waste disposal, water usage). Stage 2: Testing and Commissioning System Testing: o Verify all MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) systems are operational and efficient. o Test HVAC systems for heating, ventilation, and cooling performance. o Check electrical systems for proper wiring and functionality. Equipment Calibration: o Calibrate installed machinery, elevators, and specialized equipment for optimal performance. Operational Testing: o Perform trial runs of operational systems (e.g., lighting, power backups). Stage 3: Defects Liability Period (DLP) Snagging: o Identify and document any minor defects or unfinished work. o Contractors are responsible for addressing these issues during the defects liability period. Monitoring: o Monitor the building for any operational issues or warranty claims during this period. Stage 4: Handover to the Client Documentation: o Provide as-built drawings, operation manuals, and maintenance guides. o Submit warranties and certificates for equipment and installations. Training: o Train the client’s staff on operating the building systems, including HVAC, electrical, and security systems. Handover Ceremony: o Officially hand over the keys and ownership documents to the client. Stage 5: Occupancy and Move-In Space Allocation: o Assign areas for specific functions based on the design and client requirements. Furniture and Equipment Installation: Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism o Arrange furniture and install any additional client-specified equipment. Relocation: o Assist in moving the client’s belongings or operations into the new space. Stage 6: Facility Management and Maintenance Facility Management Setup: o Employ a facility management team to oversee daily operations. o Ensure services like cleaning, security, and waste management are active. Scheduled Maintenance: o Create a maintenance schedule for HVAC, plumbing, electrical systems, and other equipment. Energy Management: o Monitor and optimize energy use to reduce operational costs. Stage 7: Post-Occupancy Evaluation Performance Assessment: o Evaluate the building’s performance in terms of functionality, efficiency, and user satisfaction. o Collect feedback from occupants and address any additional concerns. Sustainability Monitoring: o Check if the building meets sustainability goals (e.g., energy efficiency, waste reduction). Importance of Post-Construction Stages These stages ensure the building is ready for its intended use, safe for occupancy, and meets quality standards. Effective maintenance and facility management prolong the building’s lifespan and reduce operational costs. Regular evaluations help improve future designs and construction processes. 7. The Roles and Responsibilities of Urban Planner in Urban Development Urban planners are responsible for designing and organizing the layout of cities and towns to ensure they are functional, sustainable, and meet the needs of the community. Their roles include: Research and Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data on population, infrastructure, and land use to inform planning decisions. Developing Land Use Plans: Creating zoning regulations and policies for residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Community Engagement: Consulting with residents, stakeholders, and government officials to address urban needs and challenges. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism Sustainability Planning: Ensuring developments are environmentally friendly and resilient to climate change. Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring urban plans align with local and national regulations. 8. The Roles and Responsibilities of Urban Designer in Urban Development Urban designers focus on the aesthetics, functionality, and livability of urban spaces. Their responsibilities include: Designing Public Spaces: Creating designs for parks, streetscapes, plazas, and waterfronts. Improving Urban Aesthetics: Enhancing the visual appeal of cityscapes through cohesive and attractive designs. Human-Centered Design: Focusing on pedestrian and community-friendly environments that encourage social interaction. Collaboration: Working with architects, engineers, and planners to align designs with broader urban plans. Ensuring Accessibility: Designing spaces that are inclusive and accessible to all individuals. 9. The Roles and Responsibilities of Architect in Urban Development Architects are primarily responsible for designing individual buildings and ensuring they are functional, safe, and aesthetically pleasing. Their roles include: Building Design: Creating blueprints and designs for residential, commercial, or public buildings. Technical Oversight: Ensuring structural integrity, energy efficiency, and adherence to building codes. Project Coordination: Collaborating with engineers, contractors, and clients to ensure successful project execution. Integration with Urban Context: Designing buildings that fit harmoniously within the urban environment. Innovative Solutions: Incorporating modern technologies and sustainable materials in building designs. 10. What are the Different Roles and Responsibilities of Urban Planner and Urban Designer? Urban planners and urban designers have distinct yet complementary roles: Urban Planner: o Focuses on policy, zoning, and long-term land use planning. o Works on large-scale plans for city growth and infrastructure. o Ensures developments align with economic, social, and environmental goals. Urban Designer: o Focuses on the design and aesthetics of specific urban spaces. o Works on medium to small-scale projects such as parks, plazas, and streets. o Enhances the physical and experiential quality of urban spaces. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions” Topic: Urban Regulation, Department of Architecture and Urbanism 11. What are the Roles and Responsibilities of Urban Designers and Architects in Urban Development? Urban designers and architects collaborate closely in urban development: Urban Designers: o Plan and design public spaces to ensure livability and connectivity. o Focus on the interaction between buildings, open spaces, and infrastructure. o Promote sustainable and inclusive urban environments. Architects: o Design individual buildings to meet functional and aesthetic requirements. o Ensure compatibility with the surrounding urban context. o Incorporate sustainable and innovative technologies in building design. Together, urban designers and architects contribute to creating cohesive, vibrant, and sustainable urban environments. Ass-I: “Urban, Urbanization Problems and Solutions”