AR124 Week 1-3 Theory of Architecture 2 PDF

AR124 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS What is ARCHITECTURE? Architecture is a very complex discipline. Most people live their lives in constant contact with architecture. It provides a place to dwell, work, and play. With so much responsibility for determining our experience...

AR124 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS What is ARCHITECTURE? Architecture is a very complex discipline. Most people live their lives in constant contact with architecture. It provides a place to dwell, work, and play. With so much responsibility for determining our experiences, and with such a variety of uses, architecture has too many forms to be precisely categorized. One house is used essentially the same way as any other, but how many different sizes, shapes, or configurations are possible for a house? There is no single correct formula for determining the perfect layout of a house ,or any other type of building. At the same time as architecture is indefinite, it also has a responsibility to facilitate specific functions. Architecture is not created in a vacuum. It is usually a response to the context in which it becomes constructed reality. Architecture is also segment, and to come to life through its design and materials. Therefore, the parameters set out in the “design Map”-context, Function, form, sign. They are also the elements in every design when it comes to strategies for developing a design idea. Architectural Systems The Architecture of Space organizational pattern, relationships, clarity, Structure hierarchy Enclosure formal image and spatial definition qualities of shape, color, texture, scale, proportion qualities of surfaces, edges, and openings Experienced through Movement in approach and entry Space-Time path configuration and access sequence of spaces light, view, touch, hearing, and smell Achieved by means of Technology structure and enclosure environmental protection and comfort health, safety, and welfare durability and sustainability Accommodating a Program user requirements, needs, aspirations socio cultural factors economic factors legal constraints historical tradition and precedents Compatible with its Context site and environment climate: sun, wind, temperature, precipitation geography: soils, topography, vegetation, water sensory and cultural characteristics of the place …& Orders Physical Form and Space Systems and organizations of space structure enclosure machines Perceptual Sensory perception and approach and departure recognition of the physical entry and egress elements by experiencing movement through the order of spaces them sequentially in time functioning of and activities within spaces qualities of light, color, texture, view, and sound Conceptual Comprehension of the ordered images or disordered patterns signs symbols DESIGN PROCESS WHAT IS DESIGN PROCESS?  A series of actions  Generates ideas  New ideas are edited based on previous versions  Every architects process is different  Each project often demands a different process  Combines a variety of making techniques, analysis, and research  Architects often move back and forth between drawing, sketching, and modeling  Research of a site, a place, and observations of existing conditions SPECULATIVE DRAWING  Engage in thought or reflection  Speculate about the future  Gives material existence to conceptions  Speculative in nature  Final outcome is uncertain  Thoughts come to mind as the drawing is in progress  Can be Seen, Evaluated, and Refined  Mode is open-ended, informal, and personal  Not intended for public display CREATIVE PROCESS  The Imagination Triggers a concept  The concept appears flashing and dimensionless  Images in the mind appears incomplete  We probe the congruence between the idea in our minds and reality  We limit ourselves by drawing blindly  Drawing with prior image can be a hindrance  Open the design process to opportunity, inspiration, and invention THINKING ON PAPER  Drawing enables the mind to think in graphic form  Ideas could take on a visual form to be studied, analyzed, and refined  Visualizing a potential outcome  It is difficult to hold ideas in memory  Rely on diagrams and thumbnail sketches  The smaller the drawing the broader the concept it forms  Look at alternative strategies in a fluent and flexible manner  Don’t close on a solution too fast TOLERATING AMBIGUITY  Pursue what we do not already know  Have a sense of wonder  The patience to suspend judgement and tolerance for ambiguity  Allows one to accept uncertainty and disorder  Use drawing in design process to stimulate and extend our thinking  The first lines we draw are necessarily tentative  Open to the possibilities  The act of drawing an idea has the potential to trigger new ideas RELYING ON INTUITION  Let your Intuition be your guide  Understand what you are drawing  Drawing too carefully can lead to hesitation  We should understand that speculative drawing is a trial and error  Don’t be afraid to set down the first few lines DEVELOPING FLUENCY  Practice on a regular basis  Speed without discipline is counterproductive  First draw slowly, deliberately, and accurately  Fluency in drawing requires a freehand technique TAKING ADVANTAGE OF CHANCE  Take advantage of the unexpected  View yourself as an observer not as an author  A single visual idea triggers other ideas  See unexpected relationships, make connections or recall other patterns LAYERING  Graphic mode for analysis and synthesis  Flexibly see pattern and study relationships  First draw the foundations or structural lines lightly  Make visual judgements on shape, proportion, and composition  The process may include sketchy and detailed work  Give greater emphasis to certain areas RECOMBINING  Drawing by varying the arrangements of information  Fragment, sort, and group according to similarities and differences  The process of removing, relocating, or recombining  Carving away a part and re-attaching it in a different location  Spread alternatives for comparison and rearrange them TRANSFORMING  Drawing is a translation of what we envision  The mind filters out what is interesting and important  Allows a concept to undergo a series of manipulations and permutations in response to certain directives  The familiar to strange  The Strange to familiar BEING FLEXIBLE  Explore a variety of approaches  How we draw affects the unconscious direction of our thinking  Drawing in only one way limits our thinking  Look at problem in different ways  Be familiar in various drawing media, techniques and conventions  Be willing to ask “what if” SHIFTING VIEWPOINTS  Regard questions from a new angle  Relying too much on habit and convention can impede the flow of ideas  Seeing in new ways presents new possibilities  Encourage a shift in view ROTATING  Imagine how an image rotates in space  Explore multiple dimensions of a design idea  Imagine the revolution of a simple geometric element  Establish the ordering device that binds the form together  Analyze how the parts are related to the whole  Check for accuracy of proportions CHANGING SCALE  The scale of the drawing establishes which aspect we attend to  Allows to distill the idea down to essentials  Expand the idea to incorporate issues of material detail  The choice of drawing medium depends on the scale of the drawing DIAGRAMMING  Any drawing that clarifies the parts and arrangements of something  Ability to simplify a complex notion into essential elements  Uses the process of elimination and reduction  Encourages the exploration of possible alternatives TYPES OF DIAGRAMS  Graphic metaphors  Area Diagrams  Matrix Diagrams  Network Diagrams  Bubble Diagrams  Circulation Diagrams  Schematic Diagrams  Analytical Diagrams EXAMPLES OF AREA DIAGRAMS MATRIX DIAGRAMS NETWORK DIAGRAMS BUBBLE DIAGRAMS CIRCULATION DIAGRAMS SCHEMATICS ANALYTICAL DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMMING ELEMENTS  Symbol  Sign  More complex entities, action or ideas  In a form more suitable for editing, manipulation and transformation DIAGRAMMING RELATIONSHIPS  Lines  Arrows  Further clarifies and emphasizes specific types of interaction among entities  Intensity of connection may vary on the width and length of the lines and arrows DIAGRAMMING CONCEPTS  Used study existing conditions  Generate, explore and clarify concepts  Explain the conceptual basis for a design proposal  Parti  Site  Program  Circulation  Formal issue  Systems MODELING  Physical models  Digital Models DEVELOPING CONCEPTS  Design process  Modes of representation  Process drawings  Key drawings  Site and context matter  Programmatic issues matter  Size, scale and proportions matter  Structural materials and systems matter  Systems integration matter  Formal issues matter WHAT IS DESIGN METHODOLOGY?  Design methodology refers to the development of a system or method for a unique situation. Today, the term is most often applied to technological fields in reference to web design, software or information systems design. COMPONENTS OF DESIGN METHODOLOGY  The key to design methodology is finding the best solution for each design situation, whether it be in industrial design, architecture or technology. Design methodology stresses the use of brainstorming to encourage innovative ideas and collaborative thinking to work through each proposed idea and arrive at the best solution. Meeting the needs and wants of the end user is the most critical concern. Design methodology also employs basic research methods, such as analysis and testing. DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN TECHNOLOGY  Top Down Design or Stepwise Refinement: This starts from the end solution and works backwards, refining each step along the way.  Bottom Up Design: This methodology starts with a foundation and works up towards a solution.  Structured Design: This is an industry standard. The technique starts by identifying inputs and desired outputs to create a graphical representation.  Structured Analysis and Design Technique: This approach utilizes a diagram to describe the hierarchy of a system's functions.  Data Structured Systems Development: Data structure determines the system structure in this methodology.  Object Oriented Design: This methodology is based on a system of interacting objects. TYPES OF DESIGN METHODOLOGY  A design methodology is an overarching approach to design that may include a set of philosophies, principles, processes and techniques. In some cases, they are associated with a type of design such as architecture or graphic design. It is also possible for a methodology to be generic enough to apply to all design. The following are common types of design methodology. 8 TYPES OF DESIGN METHODOLOGY  Design To Value  Emergent Design  Flat Design  Inclusive Design  Iterative Design  Transition Design  Universal Design  Value Sensitive Design DESIGN TO VALUE  An important part of what influence architects and designers when they make their design decisions. However, architects and designers are not always influenced by the same values and intentions. EMERGENT DESIGN  Is a design that is constructed as it evolves as opposed to the usual upfront process of design. A design that evolves according to need or the creative input of a community. FLAT DESIGN  Is a style of interface emphasizing minimum use of stylistic elements that give the illusion of three dimensions (such as the use of drop shadows, gradients or textures) INCLUSIVE DESIGN  Is the design of an environment so that it can be accessed and used by as many people as possible, regardless of age, gender and disability. An environment that is designed inclusively is not just relevant to buildings; it also applies to surrounding open spaces, wherever people go about everyday activities. ITERATIVE DESIGN  Is a design methodology based on a cyclic of prototyping, testing, analyzing and refining a product or process. TRANSITION DESIGN  Transition design argues that the complex social, economic and ecological problems that we face require the transformation of entire lifestyles, so that they become more place-based, convivial and sustainable. UNIVERSAL DESIGN  is the design and composition of an environment so that it can be accessed, understood and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of their age, size, ability or disability. VALUE SENSITIVE DESIGN  Is a concept that advocates the consideration of human principles and standards when planning technology. Often focused on technology without considering the implications of their creations and the user experience. CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN  CONCEPT (DEFINITION) Webster (2002) defines ‘concept’ as: “something conceived in the mind” or “an abstract or generic ▪ abstract notion, an image connected to something that only exists in people’s mind, and can differ from person to person. ▪ a plan or intention; a conception. Architectural concepts are the designer's way of responding to the design situation presented to them. They are a means of translating the non-physical design problem into the physical building product. Every project will have critical issues, central themes or problem essences, and the general issues of designing a building can come under the following categories: 1. functional zoning 2. architectural space 3. circulation and building form 4. response to concept 5. building envelope VITRUVIAN TRIAD  known and established by principles of Architectural Theory that the conceptual integrity of a system (any systematic technical structure) is achieved by applying the Vitruvian Triad. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known ❑ All architecture is comprised for his multi-volume work entitled De architectura. of three elements: function (utilitas), structure (firmitas), and concept (venustas). ❖ Utilitas represents the function of the structure, functionality. ❖ Firmitas represents the means, materials, and logistics of the structure. ❖ Venustas represents the design – a layout and combination of structural elements to meet the functional needs.  CONCEPTS includes figuring out how to do: ✓clothing, ✓ speed, 1. layering, ✓morphosis, 2. dislocation, ✓abstraction, 3. motion, ✓colour, 4. decomposition, ✓ fluidity and 5. rhythm, filtering. 6. light, DESIGN PHILOSOPHY Then you can go on to look at your values in terms of design. How do these values work with the design problems you face on this project?  In order to develop your concepts first 1. ordered vs. random consider your design philosophy. Your 2. structured vs. unstructured philosophy is a set of values that you 3. objective vs. subjective use to inform your design. Often this is 4. one answer vs. multiple solutions considered to be the life values of the 5. creative vs. conservative designer. 6. specific vs. general  For example: 7. man vs. nature  artistic vs. scientific 8. complexity vs. simplicity  rational vs. irrational 9. design for now vs. design for the future 10.patterned process vs. random process  personal vs. universal  visual vs. nonvisual  needs vs. wants  individual vs. society DESIGN Some of the factors you will need to consider are: PROBLEM 1. function 2. form 3. space  So now you have identified your 4. geometry philosophy and your values you 5. context now need to identify your design 6. human factors problem. How will you interpret 7. economic constraints the design problems and use 8. enclosure your values and philosophies to 9. limits come up with the design 10.opportunities solution?  What are your responsibilities as a designer?  You need to break down the elements of the brief and give yourself a full understanding of the requirements of the project. Consider all of the above in relation to your project.  Draw out diagrams. TheYou following will need to carry out a site analysis diagram is a reaction towhich the will brief also inform your design. for a cancer care centre to be built in the grounds of a hospital. It addresses a few of the elements discussed above – it is not an extensive list but gives you an idea of the sort of things to be thinking about. CONSIDERING SITE ANALYSIS ✓ Site location details (road names, address, major landmarks etc) ✓ Current context – existing buildings, car parking, roads. ✓ Access to the site – car parking, bus routes, train stations, cycle routes, pedestrian walkways. ✓ Accessibility – current provisions of disabled access to the site and how will this need to be considered. ✓ Circulation – how do visitors/pedestrians/traffic to or near the site flow around or within it. ✓ Vegetation – landscaping, greenery, shrubs and trees, open spaces. ✓ Views – where are the best views to and from the site. Which is the most likely feature aspect? ✓ Building context – what style, period, state of repair are the surrounding buildings? It is a historical/heritage/conservation area? Will your design need to reflect the existing style? ✓ Weather – how does the weather affect the site? Is it well shaded, exposed? ✓ Noise, odour and pollution – is the site in a particularly noisy area? Or near industrial buildings that produce levels of pollution. Is it near a facility that creates smoke? ✓ Site levels. How will this affect your design process? How does the site drainage work, would there be any potential problems with drainage? HAZARDS  Electricity lines  Drainage  Telephone lines  Sub-stations  History of the site – anything you can use to inform your design. If the site sits in a conservation area or close to listed buildings you may need to go into more detail regarding cultural significance, historic significance, etc.  Climate conditions of the site/area. Sun path and angles.  Local authority requirements and restrictions.  Aerial photographs and maps (google and bing have really useful and quite different aerial images). ADDITIONAL REPORT: CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DESIGN PROBLEM  Have identified your philosophy and your values to identify your design problem.  How will you interpret the design problems and use your values and philosophies to come up with the design solution?  How do you understand the design brief?  What are your responsibilities as a designer? SOME OF THE FACTORS YOU WILL NEED TO CONSIDER ARE:  Function  Form  Economic constraints  Space  Enclosure  Geometry  Limits  Context  opportunities  Human factors  BUILD YOUR CONCEPT EARLY  Start brainstorming  Write down any ideas you have  Read through the main elements and requirements of the brief and consider how you will meet these requirements. Write it down  Start building your solution  BREAK IT DOWN  Go through some of the statements above and consider how they influence the design.  How are you going to find solution?  Does the design require complexity or simplicity?  What are the limitations?  What are your opportunities as a designer?  ESTABLISH YOUR CONCEPT BY UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM  Make a diagram of the problems.  Make a diagram of the solutions or your ideas.  SKETCH Another useful way to develop your ideas, sketch out your concepts. Whether it is tiny elements of design detail, or general form of your concepts. STUDY YOUR PRECEDENTS Carrying out in depth research relating to your design problems will inspire you and help you discover solutions. You can study how issues have been solved in other designs, and how they might direct you with your own. STAGES OF DESIGN  METHODOLOGY(SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING)  PROBLEM STATEMENT  INFORMATION  ANALYSIS  SYNTHESIS  EVALUATION DESIGN SOLUTON  Your concepts and solutions will begin to build as you explore the different factors required in your design and the values and ideas you can come up with. CONCEPTUALIZATION BY VISUAL AND VERBAL REPRESENTATIONS: AN EXPERIENCE IN AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO Functions of Drawing Drawing techniques like sketching, technical drawing, perspectives and axonometric projection primarily involve two functions: design and communication. A New Systematic Approach: Combined Use of Visual and Verbal Representations in Design Education As stated, the combined use of visual and verbal representations in design makes effective the design experience, which refers firstly to an operation of conceptualization, and then necessitates active communication. The three main sections within the studio experience were termed The Ideational phase is related to the reflection dimension in the design process. The Transitional phase arises because it refers also to a transition from the abstract context to the quasi-real one The Interpersonal phase was mainly to promote the development of architectural thinking amongst the students and also to improve their interpersonal communication skills, by arranging face-to-face dialogue (in the juries) between the students and project supervisors. Three concepts are examined in detail: Layering Dislocation Motion These works were selected based on students’ performance throughout the three phases, Daniel Libeskind was born in 1946 in Poland. In 1959 Libeskind and his family moved to New York City, where Libeskind attended Bronx High School of Science and later Cooper Union for architecture. In 1972 Libeskind briefly worked for another architect on our list, Richard Meier. He and his wife Nina Lewis founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989. The Jewish Museum in Berlin was Libeskind’s first major international success. Some other notable works include the Grand Canal Theatre in Dublin and the Imperial War Museum North in England. A graduate of Cornell University, Richard Meier worked with a number of notable architects, like SOM and Marcel Breuer. In 1963, Meier established his own practice. Among his most well-known projects are the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, and The Hague City Hall and Central Library in the Netherlands. He has won the Pritzker Prize, the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal, and the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects. Manchester, England-born Sir Norman Foster was both a graduate of Manchester University School of Architecture and Yale University’s Masters in Architecture program. He founded Foster + Partners in 1967, and in 1999, he became a Pritzker Prize winner. Foster + Partners has received over 470 awards and citations for excellence in their 45 years in business, including Gold Medals from the RIBA and the AIA. Some of Foster’s most notable works are the 30 St Mary Axe in London, Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in Ipswich, and Wembley Stadium in London. Born in Genoa, Italy in 1937, Renzo Piano was destined to be an architect—or at least a contractor. His father, four uncles, and brother were all contractors, so it seems natural that Piano would go into another adjacent field of construction. After graduating from Politecnico di Milano School of Architecture, Piano worked in the offices of Louis Khan in Philadelphia. Some of his most famous buildings are the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, The New York Times building in New York City, and the Shard London Bridge. Piano won the Pritzker Prize in 1998 and the AIA Gold Medal in 2008. Spanish architect, artist, and engineer Santiago Calatrava was born in 1957 near Valencia, Spain. After completing high school, Calatrava moved to Paris with the intention of studying at École des Beaux-Arts but realized after arriving that his plan was unworkable. Calatrava moved back to Valencia and enrolled in Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura. Still unsatisfied with his education, he set his sights on the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) to study civil engineering. After graduation, Calatrava took a position assisting the ETH and began taking on small engineering commissions, like roofs and balconies. His big break came when he won a competition proposal in 1984 to design and build the Bach De Roda Bridge in Barcelona. This competition led to international recognition. Calatrava was not only know for building bridges, but for his large-scale public works as well, such as the Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Auditorio de Tenerife, and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències. He has won the AIA Gold Medal and the Prince of Asturias Award.  REM KOOLHAAS  Popular architectural figure Rem Koolhaas has a large following due to his unconventional and sometimes provocative buildings. In 1975, Koolhaas, his wife Madelon Vriesendorp, and Elia and Zoe Zenghelis opened OMA (Office for Metropolitan Architecture) Koolhaas is also a theorist, an urban planner, a cultural researcher, and a professor at Harvard. Among his numerous projects, he has designed the Seattle Central Library, the Netherlands Embassy in Berlin, and the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing (his largest work to date). SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY NETHERLANDS EMBASSY IN BERLIN CCTV HEADQUARTERS IN BEIJING ZAHA HADID A student of Rem Koolhaas, she is the only individual woman who win the prestigious Pritzker Prize Award. Hadid was commissioned to design Cincinnati's Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art including Abu Dhabi Performing Art Center and Bee'ah Headquarters. ABU DHABI PERFOMING ART CENTER IN UAE BEE'AH HEAD QUARTER IN UAE CINCINNATI'S ROSETHAL CENTER FOR CONTEMPORARY ART CESAR PELLI Cesar Pilli was Born on October 12, 1926 in Tucuman, Argentina, he studied Architecture at the University of Tucman and he earned his Masters in Architecture in University of Illinois. In 1995 he won the AIA Gold Medal for his Architectural work, some of Pelli's most notable work includes the World Financial Center in NYC, Circa Center in Philadelphia and the Petronas Twin Tower. WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER, NEW YORK CITY CIRCA CENTER, IN PHILADELPHIA PETRONAS TWIN TOWER  WALTER GROPIUS Walter Gropius is best known as the first director of the prestigious design school Bauhaus. Gropius actually designed the school’s second location in Dessau, Germany. He has been awarded gold medals from The Royal Institute of British Architects and The American Institute of Architects. BAUHAUS SCHOOL BUILDING, IN GERMANY FAGUS-WERK FACTORY Eero Saarinen Eero Saarinen was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style. Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington , D.C. , the TWA Flight Center in New York City, and the Gateway Arch In St. Louis, Missouri. TWA Flight Center  The Gateway Arch Washington, D.C. Airport LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to and was addressed as Mies, his surname. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture. Caroline Wiess Law Building in Houston, Texas The IBM Tower MICHAEL GRAVES MICHAEL GRAVES (JULY 9, 1934 – MARCH 12, 2015) WAS AN AMERICAN ARCHITECT AND PRINCIPAL OF MICHAEL GRAVES AND ASSOCIATES AND MICHAEL GRAVES DESIGN GROUP. IS BEST KNOWN FIRST FOR HIS MODERN AND POSTMODERN BUILDING DESIGNS. SOME OF HIS BEST- KNOWN PUBLIC COMMISSIONS, SUCH AS THE PORTLAND BUILDING IN OREGON AND THE HUMANA BUILDING IN KENTUCKY, BECAME ICONIC EXAMPLES OF POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE. OTHER NOTABLE PROJECTS IN THE UNITED STATES INCLUDE A MAJOR EXPANSION OF THE DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY IN COLORADO AND SEVERAL BUILDINGS FOR THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY, AMONG OTHERS. HE ALSO DESIGNED BUILDINGS INTERNATIONALLY. IN ADDITION TO HIS POSTMODERN BUILDINGS, GRAVES WAS A REPRESENTATIVE OF NEW URBANISM AND NEW CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE, AND WAS RECOGNIZED AS A MAJOR INFLUENCE IN ALL THREE MOVEMENTS Portland Building  the Humana Building in Kentucky St. Coletta School Kean University, China Walt Disney Dolphin Resort LE CORBUSIER Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. Villa La Roche, Paris Villa Savoye, Poissy Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp SOM SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL LLP IS AN AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL, URBAN PLANNING, AND ENGINEERING FIRM. IT WAS FORMED IN CHICAGO IN 1936 BY LOUIS SKIDMORE AND NATHANIEL OWINGS; IN 1939 THEY WERE JOINED BY JOHN O. MERRILL They also build several skyscraper buildings and numerous company buildings. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa (Dubai, 2010), the world's tallest manmade structure. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized with more than 1,700 awards for quality and innovation. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world  Burj Khalifa One World Trade Center The Beacon Rockwell Center, Makati Philippines Masters of Architecture  ALVAR AALTO (Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto) Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect and designer working in furniture, textiles, and glassware. Unlike most architects, his style was very transitional, from Nordic Classicism to pure modernism to organic modernism February 3, 1898 – May 11, 1976 (aged 78) His move to modernism may have been influenced by Spouse(s): Aino Marsio close relationships with individuals like Lazlo Maholy- Elissa Mäkiniemi Nagy and Le Corbusier Children: 2 buildings Throughout his career, Aalto designed a wide range of work from civic planning to painting—designing over 500 buildings Kunsten Museum University of Helsinki Finlandia Hall Baker House AWARDS Prince Eugen Medal Riba gold medal Aia gold medal (Royal Institute of British Architects) (American Institute of Architects)  Louis Sullivan (Louis Henry Sullivan) Louis Sullivan is considered to be the creator of the modern skyscraper and the father of modernism. He was the mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright and an influential figure to the Chicago group of architects that came to be September 3, 1856 – April known as the Prairie School 14, 1924 (aged 67) Sullivan studied architecture for a year at MIT before Award: AIA Gold Medal leaving for the École des Beaux-Arts. Sullivan most Styles: Nordic Classicism famous works were the National Farmers Bank of International Style Owatonna, Merchants National Bank, and Peoples Modernism Federal Savings and Loan. In 1944, he won the AIA Gold Medal  WainWRIGHT BUILDING The Wainwright Building is a 10-story, 41 m (135 ft) red brick office building at 709 Chestnut Street in downtown St. Louis, Missouri. The Wainwright Building is considered to be among the first early skyscrapers in the world. It was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan in the Palazzo style and built between 1890 and 1891. It was named for local brewer, building contractor, and financier Ellis Wainwright The ornamentation for the building includes a wide frieze below the deep cornice, which expresses the formalized yet naturalistic celery- leaf foliage typical of Sullivan and published in his System of Architectural Ornament, decorated spandrels between the windows on the different floors and an elaborate door surround at the main entrance. "Apart from the slender brick piers, the only solids of the wall surface are the spandrel panels between the windows..... They have rich decorative patterns in low relief, varying in design and scale with each story."  PHILIP JOHNSON (Philip Cortelyou Johnson) Born in Cleveland in 1906, Philip Johnson was one of the most notable and influence, modernist architects of his era, designing some of Americas greatest modern landmarks. In 1943, he graduated Harvard Graduate School of Design, after which he worked with Ludwig July 8,1906 – January Mies van der Rohe. 25,2005 Awards: AIA Gold Medal Johnson won the AIA Gold Medal for his architectural Pritzker Prize work. In addition to his most notable work, his private Styles: Modern Architecture residence in New Canaan, Conn., The Glass House, Johnson also designed the Lipstick Building and the Seagram building, both in New York City. The Lipstick Building is a 453-foot tall skyscraper located in Manhattan, New York City, United States The building receives its name from its shape and color, which resembles a tube of lipstick. The Glass House, is a historic house museum on Ponus Ridge Road in New Canaan, Connecticut. The building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection  i. m. pei (Ieoh Ming Pei) Ieoh Ming Pei is often called the master of modern architecture. He was born in China in 1917 and raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai. In 1935, Pei moved to the U.S. to go to school at Pennsylvania University School of April 26 1917 (age 100) Architecture, ended up transferring to MIT Spouse: Eileen Loo After graduating, he began studying at Harvard School Children: 4 of Design, where he became friends with Walter Awards: Royal Gold Medal Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Pei’s notable projects AIA Gold Medal include Jacob Javits Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Presidential Medal Fame, and the Bank of China Tower, among others. Pei of Freedom won the Pritzker Prize in 1983 and the AIA Gold Medal in Pritzker Price 1979. Preamium Imperiale  Javits Center, is a large convention The Louvre is the world's largest art center located in Manhattan, New York museum and a historic monument The Bank of China Tower is one City in Paris, France of the most recognizable skyscrapers in Central, Hong Kong Built June 18, 1979; 38 years ago to Visitors 8.1 million (2017) April 2, 1986; 32 years ago Floor area135,000 m2 Renovated 2006-2013 Floor count 72 (+4 basement floors) AWARDS ROYAL GOLD MEDAL PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM PRAEMIUM IMPERIALE AIA GOLD MEDAL PRITZKER PRIZE  CHARLES & Ray EAMES (Charles Ormond Eames) (Ray Bernice Alexandra Kaiser) were an American design married couple who made significant historical contributions to the development of modern architecture and furniture. Among their most well-known designs is the Eames Lounge Chair. Awards: AIA Twenty-five Year Award They also worked in the fields of industrial and graphic Royal Gold Medal design, fine art, and film. Ray Kaiser Eames and Charles “The Most Influential Eames worked together as creative partners. Designer of the 20th Century” IDSA 1985 Honorary Doctorate, Otis College of Art and Design The Eames House (also known as Case Study House No. 8) is a landmark of mid-20th century modern architecture located at 203 North Chautauqua Boulevard in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles It was constructed in 1949, by husband-and-wife design pioneers Charles and Ray Eames, to serve as their home and studio Now a historic house museum maintained by the Eames Foundation, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006 The Eames Lounge Chair and ottoman are furnishings made of molded plywood and leather, designed by Charles and Ray Eames for the Herman Miller furniture company. Charles and Ray Eames aimed to develop furniture that could be mass-produced and affordable, with the exception of the Eames Lounge Chair. This luxury item was inspired by the traditional English Club Chair. The Eames Lounge Chair is an icon of Modern style design, although when it was first made, Ray Eames remarked in a letter to Charles that the chair looked "comfortable and un-designy“  Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho, known as Oscar Niemeyer, was a Brazilian architect who is considered to be one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture. Niemeyer was best known for his design of civic buildings for Brasília, a planned city that became Brazil's capital in 1960, as well as his collaboration with other architects on the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of reinforced concrete was highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Both lauded and criticized for being a "sculptor of monuments", Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and one of the greatest architects of his generation by his supporters. He said his architecture was strongly influenced by Le Corbusier, but in an interview, assured that this "didn't prevent [his] architecture from going in a different direction". Niemeyer was most famous for his use of abstract forms and curves and wrote in his memoirs. Age: Died at 105 (1907-2012) Place of Birth: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Style: Modern architecture, Futurist architecture Structures: Latin America Memorial, Palácio do Jaburu, Penang State Mosque, National Congress building, Anhembi Sambadrome, + more CATHEDRAL OF BASILIA  Robert Charles Venturi Jr. (born June 25, 1925) is an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century. Together with his wife and partner, Denise Scott Brown, he has helped shape the way that architects, planners and students experience and think about architecture and the American-built environment. Their buildings, planning, theoretical writings, and teaching have also contributed to the expansion of discourse about architecture. Age: 92 Place of Birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America Style: Postmodern architecture Structures: Best Products Warehouse, Gordon Wu Hall, Sainsbury Wing, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Vanna Venturi House, + more VANNA VENTURI HOUSE Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor. Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known the geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres. Hailed as "one of the greatest minds of our times," R. Buckminster Fuller was renowned for his comprehensive perspective on the world's problems. For more than five decades, he developed pioneering solutions that reflected his commitment to the potential of innovative design to create technology that does "more with less" and thereby improves human lives. Age: Died at 87 (1895-1983) Place of Birth: Milton, Massachusetts, United States Structures: Dymaxion house, Science World, Montreal biosphere + more MONTREAL BIOSPHERE Jean Nouvel, (born August 12, 1945, Fumel, Lot-et-Garonne, France), French architect who designed his buildings to “create a visual landscape” that fit their context—sometimes by making them contrast with the surrounding area. For his boldly experimental designs, which defy a general characterization, he was awarded the 2008 Pritzker Architecture Prize, and by the early 21st century Nouvel had earned a place in the pantheon of architectural superstars. When Nouvel was young, his parents, both teachers, suggested that, instead of following his dream to become an artist, he should do something more practical so that he could earn a living, and architecture provided a perfect compromise. In 1965 Nouvel captured the first of many prizes by winning a national competition to attend the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. While there, he also worked for an architectural firm formed by the Modernist architect Claude Parent and the “urbanist” and cultural theorist Paul Virilio. Nouvel graduated in 1972 with a degree in architecture. Age: 72 Place of Birth: Fumel, France Structures: Fondation Cartier, Torre Agbar, One Central Park, Louvre Abu Dhabi, 53W53, + more TORRE GLÒRIES / TORRE AGBAR Louvre Abu Dhabi Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian architect born in Canada, currently a United States resident based in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world- renowned tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age". Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-clad Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies on the University of Cincinnati campus; Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle; New World Center in Miami Beach; Weisman Art Museum at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and the MARTa Herford museum in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque Française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City. Age: 88 Place of Birth: Toronto, Canada Style: Postmodern architecture, Reconstructivist, Modern architecture, Deconstructivism, Postmodernism Structures: Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Frank Gehry Residence, Peter B. Lewis Building, Santa Monica Place, BP Pedestrian Bridge, + more GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture." Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing generations of architects worldwide through his works. Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture, and he also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums, and other structures. He often designed interior elements for these buildings, as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote several books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. He was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time."In 2019, a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater Guggenheim Museum Frederick C. Robie House