AR 335 Building Utilities 3 Lightings PDF

AR 335 BUILDING UTILITIES 3 LIGHTINGS AR. RODERICK G. TIAMSON, UAP, RMP  HISTORY OF LIGHTINGS The history of lighting is a fascinating journey that reflects humanity’s constant quest to conquer darkness and illuminate the world. From the discovery of fire to the advent of LED technol...

AR 335 BUILDING UTILITIES 3 LIGHTINGS AR. RODERICK G. TIAMSON, UAP, RMP  HISTORY OF LIGHTINGS The history of lighting is a fascinating journey that reflects humanity’s constant quest to conquer darkness and illuminate the world. From the discovery of fire to the advent of LED technology, we’ve witnessed a remarkable evolution of lighting sources and techniques that have shaped our civilization and transformed our lives.  THE DAWN OF LIGHT: FIRE AND PRIMITIVE LAMPS Fire - the earliest form of artificial light - discovered by our ancestors likely around 400,000 years ago. - Campfires and torches provided warmth and protection - also allowed for extended activity beyond the constraints of daylight  THE DAWN OF LIGHT: FIRE AND PRIMITIVE LAMPS Around 70,000 years ago, the first primitive oil lamps emerged. These lamps, crafted from hollowed-out stones or shells, filled with moss soaked in animal fat and ignited. The invention of pottery and metal lamps further refined this technology, leading to more efficient and portable light sources.  THE RISE OF CANDLES AND OIL LAMPS Candles- The exact place where candles were first developed is unknown. - evidence suggests that candles were use in Ancient Egypt around 3,000 B.C. They were made from animal fat and wicks of papyrus or flax. - also used in China and Rome. - developed independently in different parts of the world.  HISTORY OF LIGHT Coal gas was used for lighting during the late 18th century. Gas lighting was introduced in London in the year 1802. Gas lighting was used in Baltimore and New York in the year 1817 and 1823, respectively. Sir Humphrey Davy developed the electric arc lamp in 1801. In 1852, Sir George G. Stokes discovered that fluorescence can be introduced in certain substances by stimulation with ultraviolet light. A. E. Becquerel constructed a fluorescent lamp similar to those made nowadays.  HISTORY OF LIGHT In 1979, Thomas Alva Edison, an American inventor developed the first practical incandescent lamp. Peter Cooper Hewitt inverted the mercury vapor electric lamp in 1903. Andre Claude invented the neon lamp in 1911. And 1957, General Electric Corporation produced tungsten- halogen lamps, also known as quartz lamps.  DEFINITION OF LIGHT Light  as an artificial source of illumination.  as “visually evaluated radiant energy”. A form of wave energy and therefore has frequency and wavelength. In comparison with other wave phenomena, light has a higher wave frequency than radio and radar.  DEFINITION OF LIGHT The color of light is determined by wavelength with red having the longest wavelength but lowest frequency, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, the shortest wavelength. When a light source produces energy over the entire visible spectrum in approximately equal quantities, the combination of the light produces white, such as in the case of the sun; whereas a source producing energy over only a small suction of the spectrum produces its characteristics colored light, e.g. the blue-green mercury lamp and yellow sodium lamp.  PHYSICS OF LIGHT Light - provides the stimulus which allows recognition, organization and evaluation of visual information perceived within an environment. - defines form, color, creates mood, atmosphere and emphasizes direction and movement. - the energy of the light is a small band of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum which ranges from radio frequencies to cosmic rays. - Infrared Radiation (IR) is non-visible light characterized by its relation to heat. - Ultraviolet light is recognized by the human eye as white light but actually a combination of the colors of the visible spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. - Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation is non-visible light can have both harmful and beneficial effects. TYPES OF VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCES 1. Natural Phenomena Radiation of the complete spectrum of light from the sun and stars; the reflection of sunlight of the moon, sky, clouds, earth and bodies of water, lighting; Aurora Borealis, Aurora Australis, and Bioluminescence (light produced from the oxidation of chemical compounds by plants and animals). TYPES OF VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCES 2. Incandescence or Temperature Radiation As an element is heated its molecules become increasingly active until the temperature elements reaches about 500 °C, only heat radiation is released from 500° to 600°, infrared is also produced. At 600 °C, visible light of long, red wavelengths become shorter, progressing through the spectrum of the visible light. TYPES OF VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCES 3. Luminescence When an electric current is introduced through a gas or solid which is composed of a single valence electron, it causes the valence electrons to temporarily rise to a higher level of energy. When the electron resumes its natural states, it radiates energy in the form of light. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT Design of lightning installations is possible because light is predictable and exhibits certain fixed characteristics. 1. Absorption When a composite light such as white, falls on a surface other than black or white , selective absorption occurs. The component colors are absorbed in different proportion so that the reflected or transmitted light is composed of new combination of the same colors as had impinged on the surface. Thus a white light reflected from a red wall has a red tint since the component color of the whole light other than red were absorbed in greater proportion than the red. When recombined the red took prominence, thus giving the reflected light a red tint. The ration of the light absorbed by a material to the light falling upon it is called absorption. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT 2. Reflection When light falls upon an opaque material, it is reflected. When the material has a polished surface, the light will be reflected at an angle equal to the angle of incidence. This is called specular reflection. When the material has an unpolished surface, however, the reflected light is spread in all directions by multiple reflections on the unpolished surface. It is thus called diffuse reflection. The ratio of reflected to incident light is called reflectance (also reflection coefficient or reflectance).  FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT 3. Transmission When light falls upon a transparent material, it is transmitted through it, reflected (bent) as it enters the material, but emerges at the same angle that it entered. Upon translucent material, however, such as plastic, the emerging light will spread in all directions. This is called diffuse transmission.  FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT 4. Diffusion When the reduce light rays are distributed in all directions with maximum intensity normal to the surface. 5. Refraction The property of the material to change direction of light at the interface between two different materials, such as air and glass. 6. Polarization The phenomenon wherein the waves vibrates only in one place.  TWO WAYS IN WHICH A BUILDING CAN BE LIGHTED Naturally - by daylight received from the sky. Artificially - by electric lamps or other artificial light sources.  Skylight – That part of solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface as a result of scattering in the atmosphere. Sunlight and skylight may therefore be considered as the direct and diffuse components of daylight. Day lighting is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings  Lightwell In architecture a light well or air shaft is an unroofed external space provided within the volume of a large building to allow light and air to reach what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area. Lightwells may be lined with glazed bricks to increase the reflection of sunlight within the space Lightwells serve to reduce the necessity for electric lighting, add a central space within the building, and provide an internal open space for windows to give an illusion of having a view outside. Use of the light well was known in ancient civilizations, including Egypt and at the Palace of Knossos on Minoan Crete. There are also instances of light well use by the Romans  Artificial Lighting It is made by human. It is very useful when lack of natural light. Task Lighting Types of Artificial lighting- General or Ambient lighting Accent or Directional lighting Traditional or Decorative lighting Task lighting Accent or Directional Lighting General or Ambient Lighting Traditional or Decorative Lighting Ambient Lighting Ambient Lighting also known as general lighting. is the most common type of artificial lighting Ambient lighting provides an area with overall illumination. It provides a room with a general glow, without creating any shadows. Typical examples of ambient light fixtures are chandeliers and wall sconces. It radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare and Ambient Lighting In Residence allows you to see and walk about safely. Ambient Lighting In Car Ambient Lighting In Retail Shop  Accent or Directional Lighting Accent lighting is directional light that highlights a specific object, an architectural detail, or other feature. Accent lighting adds drama to a room by creating visual interest. This may be a spotlight of any sort or a lamp with an opaque shade so that the light goes in a particular direction. Light Highlighting The Wall Finish It can also be used to highlight the texture of a brick or stone wall, window treatments or outdoor landscaping. Examples of accent lighting are recessed wall washers and stairwell lights. Light Highlighting The Furniture Design Light Highlighting The Paintings  Accent or Directional Lighting It is exactly what it says it is - lighting that's used to help you perform daily activities. Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks, such as reading, grooming, preparing and cooking food Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should be bright enough to prevent eye Task Lighting in Office strain. Typical examples of task lighting are under counter slight strips, offices. Task Lighting in Kitchen Task Lighting in Office  Accent or Directional Lighting In general, adds the decorative luminaries called for by the architecture/interior design style, period, motif. Is usually expected to contribute to the ambient illumination. Traditional Lighting in Living Room In many designs, the decorative lighting will be the ambient lighting. Usually reduces contrast (drama). Traditional Lighting in Bedroom Traditional Lighting in Entrance Foyer IN A GIVEN PLAN, LAY-OUT THE FOLLOWING: 1. LIGHTING FIXTURE AND CIRCUITRY IN LIGHTING LAY-OUT. 2. COVENIENCE OUTLET AND SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLETS IN POWER LAY-OUT. (SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET FOR REFRIGERATOR, RANGE OR STOVE, ETC.) 3. INDICATE CIRCUIT NUMBER IN YOUR CIRCUIT HOMERUN. 4. LOCATE YOUR PANEL BOARD (PB) IN A DESIRABLE LOCATION IN YOUR PLAN. 5. DRAW THE SINGLE RISER DIAGRAM AT THE BACK OF YOUR PAPER. 6. USE THE ELECTRICAL LEGEND PROVIDED. 7. USE COLORED BALLPEN FOR CIRCUIT LAY-OUT.