Earth Materials & Processes PDF

E EAAR RTTH H M MAAT TEER R II A A LL S S PROCESSES  arth aterials BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE Properties HARDNESS COLOR LUSTER CLEAVAGE TENDE...

E EAAR RTTH H M MAAT TEER R II A A LL S S PROCESSES  arth aterials BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE Properties HARDNESS COLOR LUSTER CLEAVAGE TENDENCY TO FRACTURE L U S T E R _ _ _ _ _ _  LUSTER Quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral. HARDNESS ________ HARDNESS Measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion. Friedrich Mohs German geologist COLOR _____ COLOR Could be a unique identifying property of certain minerals  Malachite Azurite always green in color always blue in color Range of colors exhibited by Quartz  CLEAVAGE ________ Feldspar Fluorite Muscovite Halite cleavage Property of minerals to break along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.  FRACTURE ________ Feldspar Fluorite FRACTURE Some minerals may not have cleavages but exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and non-planar. Common Rock Forming Minerals quarts pyroxene feldspar mica olivine amphibole  MAFIC FELSIC dominated by Fe, silica and oxygen, Mg, Ca, Al, SiO2 aluminum, and potassium DARK COLOR LIGHT COLOR BASALT & GABBRO GRANITE & RHYOLITE quarts glassy looking, transparent or translucent mineral which varies in color from white and grey to smoky. Quartz is hard - it can easily scratch a steel knife blade. In many rocks, quartz grains are irregular in shape because quartz does not have a cleavage feldspar Instead of being glassy like quartz, it is generally dull to opaque with a porcelain-like appearance. Colour varies from red, pink, and white (orthoclase) to green, grey and ORTHOCLASE white (plagioclase). They cleave or break along flat faces. The PLAGIOCLASE grains, in contrast to quartz, often have straight edges and flat rectangular faces, some of which meet at right angles.  mica peels into many thin flat smooth sheets or flakes. the cleavage planes are in only one direction and no right angle face joins occur. Mica may be white and pearly (muscovite) or dark and shiny (biotite). pyroxene The most common pyroxene mineral is augite. Augite is generally dark green to black in colour and forms short, stubby crystals which, if you look at an end- on section, have square or rectangular cross-sections. amphibole hornblende crystals are generally longer, thinner and shinier than augite and the mineral cross-sections are diamond-shaped. hornblende olivine Olivine, or peridot in the jewelry trade, is yellow- green, translucent and glassy looking. Crystals are not common; it usually occurs as rounded grains in igneous rocks or as granular masses. Olivine is almost as hard as quartz; no well-  On your yellow paper 1. LIST ATLEAST 15 EXAMPLES OF MINERALS AND INDICATE THEIR PROPERTIES (HARDNESS, LUSTER, FRACTURE, CLEAVAGE & COLOR). 2. SEARCH FOR ALL APPLICATION/USES OF THOSE 15 EXAMPLES IN OUR COMMUNITY. Aggregate of various types of minerals or individual grains of the same kind of mineral MOST CONSIST OF SEVERAL MINERALS  Exposed bedrock Weathered rocks Mass of rock not yet weathered 3 TYPES OF ROCKS igneous rocks Molten rock material cools and solidifies EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE Solidifies at the surface (lava INTRUSIVE Solidifies inside the crust (magma) Chemical composition sedimentary rocks are a product of the surface processes of the earth such as weathering & erosion clastic chemical & organic  Starting material – outcrops from continents Compaction + cementation sediments rocks, minerals, and remains of plants and animals that are deposited in new locations clastic composed of fragments of other rocks (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) chemical & organic form by inorganic or organically mediated mineral precipitation calcite dolomite (CaCO3) pressure/temperature [CaMg(CO3)2] stratification metamorphic rocks Changes form due to enormous heat and pressure metamorphosed conglomerate The Rock Cycle