Nursing Criteria And Professional Identity Formation (PDF)

COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Criteria of a Profession Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession. A PROFESSION has been defined as an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill,...

COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Criteria of a Profession Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession. A PROFESSION has been defined as an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill, and preparation. A profession is generally distinguished from other kinds of occupations by: (a) its requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed; (b) an orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization; (c) ongoing research; (d) a code of ethics; (e) autonomy; and (f) a professional organization  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SPECIALIZED EDUCATION is an important aspect of professional status. Education for the professions has shifted toward programs in colleges and universities. In the United States today, there are five means of entry into registered nursing: hospital diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree, master’s degree, and doctoral degree. As a profession, nursing is establishing a well-defined BODY OF KNOWLEDGE and expertise. A number of nursing theories and conceptual frameworks contribute to the knowledge base of nursing and give direction to nursing practice, education, and ongoing research.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. A SERVICE ORIENTATION differentiates nursing from an occupation pursued primarily for profit. Many consider altruism (selfless concern for others) the hallmark of the profession. Nursing has a tradition of service to others. This service, however, must be guided by certain rules, policies, or codes of ethics. Today, nursing is also an important component of the healthcare delivery system. ONGOING RESEARCH in nursing is contributing to nursing practice. In the 1940s, nursing research was at a very early stage of development. In the 1950s, increased federal funding and professional support helped establish centers for nursing research. Most early research was directed at the study of nursing education. In the 1960s, studies were often related to the nature of the knowledge base underlying nursing practice. Since the 1970s, nursing research has focused on practice-related issues.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. A profession is autonomous if it regulates itself and sets standards for its members. Providing AUTONOMY is one of the purposes of a professional association. To practitioners of nursing, autonomy means independence at work, responsibility, and accountability for one’s actions. Autonomy is more easily achieved and maintained from a position of authority.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION Operation under the umbrella of a professional organization differentiates a profession from an occupation. Governance is the establishment and maintenance of social, political, and economic arrangements by which practitioners control their practice, their self-discipline, their working conditions, and their professional affairs. Nurses, therefore, need to work within their professional organizations. The Philippine Nurses Association is a professional organization in the Philippines established to promote the holistic welfare of nurses and to prepare them to be globally-competitive. It used to be known as Filipino Nurses Association (FNA). It was founded by Anastacia Giron-Tupas in 1922. The headquarters is located at 1663 F.T. Benitez Street, in Malate, Manila.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Professional Identity Formation The standards of education and practice for the profession are determined by the members of the profession, rather than by outsiders. The development of professional identity begins during one’s nursing education. Professional identity is a “sense of oneself that is influenced by characteristics, norms, and values of the nursing discipline, resulting in an individual thinking, acting, and feeling like a nurse” (Godfrey & Crigger, 2017, p. 1260). The term professional identity is replacing terminology such as professional role and professionalism. Benner (2001) was the first to describe the development of professional expertise with the five levels of proficiency in nursing based on the Dreyfus general model of skill acquisition. The five stages, which have implications for teaching and learning, are novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Benner writes that experience is essential for the development of professional expertise COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CARING FOR SELF AND OTHERS  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Nurses enter the workforce because of their willingness to care for others. Caring for others is ingrained in their life purpose, but are they doing enough to care for themselves? Self-care is imperative to personal health, professional growth, and willingness to continue to provide care for others. However, nurses are often hesitant to take the time to care for themselves. Neglecting self-care can lead to stress, exhaustion, and fatigue, which affects professional performance and decision-making. Nurses cannot keep giving to others and caring for others if they don’t care for themselves first.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. What is self-care? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), self-care is defined as "what people do for themselves to establish and maintain health, and to prevent and deal with illness." The nursing career is mentally, physically and emotionally exhausting. Nurses give so much of themselves to care for patients and their families, that their own well-being is left behind. Nurses more often than not put the needs of their patients above their own. Self-care is important for workers in every field, but especially for nurses, who are exposed to pain, suffering and trauma. Nurses are often traumatized and don’t even realize it. Making time for self-care and overall wellbeing reduces stress and improves the quality-of- care nurses provide. Even nurses’ cups run dry – by practicing self-care, it replenishes the capacity to provide compassion and empathy.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The Hidden Challenges of Caregiving Caregivers often face unique challenges that can lead to burnout, stress, and emotional exhaustion. These challenges may include: 1.Emotional Strain: Constantly supporting someone else’s needs can lead to feelings of anxiety, sadness, or frustration. 2. Isolation: Caregivers may feel alone in their responsibilities, leading to feelings of loneliness and depression. 3. Neglecting Personal Needs: Caregivers often prioritize the needs of others, sometimes at the expense of their own health and well-being.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The Importance of Self-Care Self-care is not a luxury; it’s a necessity. When caregivers take time to care for themselves, they are better equipped to provide support to others. Here are some key reasons why self-care matters: 1. Reduces Stress: Engaging in self-care activities can help lower stress levels and improve the overall mood. 2. Prevents Burnout: Regular self-care can prevent the emotional and physical exhaustion that often accompanies caregiving. 3. Enhances Resilience: Taking care of your own needs increases your ability to cope with the challenges of caregiving. 4. Improves Relationships: When you care for yourself, you can be more present and engaged in your relationships with others.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Self-care promotes safety and higher-quality care Nurses need to be aware of their own needs and practice self-compassion before they can help others. Practicing self-care and being kind to ourselves, strengthens the empathy and kindness we have towards others. Being empathic leads to better communication with patients, families, and colleagues. This process allows a deeper understanding of what matters to patients, and how to act with kindness and compassion to relieve their suffering and distress. Self-care gives nurses the opportunity to regulate their emotions in an appropriate environment to avoid experiencing the pain of others. Nurses can become overwhelmed by distressing emotions concerned with their patients when they are not able to control their own emotions.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Two words—mysticism and superstitions. These were the early beliefs of health and illness in the Philippines. The cause of a disease was primarily believed to be due to either another person, whom which was an enemy, or a witch or evil spirits. In the early times, Filipinos were very cautious not to disturb other people or the evil spirits for the good of their health. These evil spirits could be driven away by persons with power to banish demons. Belief in special gods of healing, with the priest -physician (called “word doctors”) as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (“herbolarios”) Filipinos who became sick were usually cared for by the female family members or friends in the home.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Early Care of the Sick The early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to health and sickness. Herb men were called “herbicheros” meaning one who practiced witchcraft. Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam” or “manggagaway”. Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called “pamao”) were attributed to “nunos”. Midwives assisted in childbirth. During labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife) was called in. If the birth became difficult, witches were supposed to be the cause.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Health Care During the Spanish Regime The context of nursing has manifested through simple nutrition, wound care, and taking care of an ill member of the family. Certain practices when taking care of a sick individuals entails interventions from babaylan (priest physicians) or albularyo (herb doctor). In 1578, male nurses were acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital. These male nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. NURSING DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain emerges which resulted to significant amount of casualties. With this, many women have assumed the role of nurses in order to assist the wounded soldiers. The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the development of Philippines Red Cross. COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Josephine Bracken — wife of Jose Rizal, Rosa Sevilla de Alvero converted their installed a field hospital in an estate house in house into quarters for the Filipino Tejeros. She provided nursing care to the soldiers; during the Philippine-American wounded night and day. War that broke out in 1899  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo — wife of Emilio Aguinaldo Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo- second wife In 1899, as the president"s consort, she established of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to the Hijas de la Revolución (Daughters of the Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President Revolution) that later became Asociación de la Cruz of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. Roja (Red Cross Association). COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Kapitan Salome — a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. Melchora Aquino a.k.a. “Tandang Sora” — nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food. COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops Trinidad Tecson (“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) — stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care for wounded soldiers COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training (1901 – 1911) The first hospital in the Philippines which trained Filipino nurses in 1906 was Iloilo Mission Hospital, established by the Baptist Missionaries. When this health institution was built, there were no strict requirements for the applicants as long as they are all willing to work. This has been the beginning of development of more nursing schools in the country. In this period, Pensionado Act of 1903 (or Act 854) was mandated, allowing Filipino nursing student to study in United States. Among of the first wave of nurses who went to United States COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. It provided general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for the idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing with the approval of Government officials, she first opened a dormitory for Girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall and the University of the Philippines. In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others, she opened classes in nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau of Education. Admission was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. These three girls had their first year in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing. COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. The nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary as their first students.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The Start of Nursing Practice (1911- 1921) Promulgation of Act No. 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310) allowing the regulation of nursing practice transpired during this period. This law allowed "for the registration of graduate nurses under the Bureau of Health" (Philippines). However, in 1919, the First True Nursing Law was enacted through Act 2808. During this period the Board Examiners for Nursing was also created. The first nursing board examination was given on 1920. The first executive officer of the Board Examiners for Nurses is a physicians. Act No. 2808 is a law that regulates the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It was enacted on March 1, 1919. The law provided for the holding of exams for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. June 19, 1953 AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Republic Act No. 877, also known as the Philippine Nursing Law, establishes the Board of Examiners for Nurses and regulates the practice of nursing in the Philippines, including the requirements for examination and registration, the refusal, revocation, and suspension of certificates, and the prohibition of nursing practice without a valid certificate.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. October 17, 1958 that then President Carlos P. Garcia signed Proclamation No. 539, which designated the last week of October to be Nurses’ Week in the Philippines. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 223 June 22, 1973 Creating the PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION and prescribing its power and function Republic Act No. 7164 also known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 1991”; it is a law that regulates the practice of nursing in the Philippines. It was enacted by the Eighth Congress on November 21, 1991. The law aims to achieve relevant nursing education, humane working conditions, better career prospects, and a dignified existence for the Filipino nurses. The law also defines the scope of nursing, the qualifications and duties of nurses, the code of ethics, and the penalties for violations  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. October 21, 2002 Republic Act 9173 An Act providing for a more responsive nursing profession repealing for the purpose Republic Act 7164, otherwise known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 1991” and for other purposes. The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 establishes the Board of Nursing and defines the scope of nursing practice and education in the Philippines. It aims to provide nurses with relevant education, humane working conditions, career prospects and a dignified profession. These changes underscore on the requirements for faculty and Dean of the Colleges of Nursing, as well as the conduct for Nursing Licensure Exam.