Passive Transport PDF

Ortones Each cell requires nutrients for for life processes (such as growth) and through the course of metabolic reactions,...

Ortones Each cell requires nutrients for for life processes (such as growth) and through the course of metabolic reactions, energy wastes are generated which needs to be expelled. Anything that goes ofa cell in or out passes through cell membrane >transport across membranes can be either: passive or active Passive transport:movementof particles from an area of high concentration 4[] to low concentration ↓[] without the use ofcellular energy (such as ATP 4.3 in DOWN its 27 particles move 'down' gradient. concentration gradient + [.] if ATP is notneeded where does the energyfor this from? * come - >Particles energy. The faster theymove are always in motion theyhave kinetic more energyi.e. temperature, the > Despite random motion, particles tend to flow in a predictable manner: to not 'cold high to low, which increases disorder to the system 2nd law of thermodynamics Simple diffusion:net of movement particles down a concentration gradientwithout the use of membrane proteins as a result of their random movement all but........ diffusion will stop · particles........ moving :... are once the net movement will be concentration gradient is - - - -... I - · from 4 to... - equal -... / ↑ - - - across volume Diffusion of gases Diffusion of solutes alveolar space capillary to... O⑧ time most diffusion in living organisms - & · occuring fluids (cytoplasm, plasma, etc.) - red blood occurs in blood e S cell lot of diffusion &... solutes & ↑ :a occurs as S & -..... cell membrane selectivelypermeable, meaning - M & ↑ ↑ * is D -... - freelypass - - some things can but others not 02 - I glucose - inside lungs are million CO2 of sphere like alveolar #. - lung cells surrounded bytiny blood vessels (capillaries) both O2 and CO2 move down their concentration gradients, allowing gas facilitated diffusion:proteins allow specific solutes exchange across cell membranes ions and polar molecules to diffuse across membrane Increasing rate of diffusion i ! iii.... · it i !.. i - - ↑ Y S - of cell - vot greater cone gradient greater SA: shorter diffusion distance higher temperature larger difference more area to diffuse through less distance required to move more kinetic energy ( ·X) -B sen "At ini ! S 108 ! breathing continuallymoves the intestines have humanborn · small cell membranes are 0.007Nm is O2 in and CO2 out of lung millions of folds which so where exchange occurs, tissues a res blood circulation constantly allow nutrients to be absorbed diffusion to onlyI cell thick, making · are occur red blood cells blood moves into the quickly distance veryshort quickly  Water is a vital part of organisms - most cells contain 75% water and will die if this content falls too low Whyis important to living organisms? E. mfriesre 1 i so water ·"a blood is most key reactant in amazing mainly like urea are hormones w photosynthesis solvent water which n minerals food dissolve and them less I making CO2 transports toxic and can be wrea substances stored when * water dissolves into and out of cells through a membrane, is it called osmosis. from region of higher Osmosis:netmovementofwater molecules a water potential dilute solution to a region of lower water potential concentrated solution, through a partiallypermeable membrane >water potential 2:the free of water. A measure how likelya of solution will lose or gain water molecules energy solutes........ diluteslowsolutegener - concentrated, high ii.less can attract water molecules. solute. stopping them from freely water, free low w moving This U-tube has a partiallypermeable membrane separating two sides water can pass freelybut solutes not siteinsidere Y....... solutes........ ~ volume - less solutes water to more volume moves concentrated dilute... more... more more concentrated when there is no longer a conc. gradient :less water potential: higher water potential side as I is lower both sides have same solute concentration Osmosis in cells a cell's cytoplasm has minerals and ions dissolved inside. This concentration is called its osmolarity Ideally, a cell's osmolaritywill be If the solution outside If the solution outside ~ equal to its surroundings so there the cell is less concentrated, the cell is more concentrated, will be no net movement of water and water will flow in and cause water will flow and cause out its shape maintained. cell to lyse burst shrink, maybe shrivel is grow, maybe even cell to......... I S.................. ↑.......... ↳ - [solute] cell=[solute] in outside [solute) in cell [solute] outside [solute) in cell [solute] outside isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution.... ⑮ ↑ I & ~ · " => receptors monitor blood when people are rehydrated via - & :".. a osmolarityand the brain IV, it is not pure water but Y remove signals kidneys to water either - a saline solution close to that of the blood, otherwise saltwater, S in pure water, or conserve given effectivelymaintaining the patient's cells vacuole will grow and vacuole loses water constant osmolarity could lyse and die walls push on causing wilting  Active transport:movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region lower of concentration to a region of higher concentration (i.e. against a concentration gradient), from respiration using energy 27 gradient...4[.] particles move 'up'.T its. concentration gradient ↓ [.]. as * particles are moving against the natural tendencyto move down gradient, additional sewer is needed >cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway series of chemical reactions where biomolecules (like glucose) are broken down incrementallyin order to release in energy a controlled manner and store itin ATP molecules - energy ATP B 2 -- ATP is like the currency' of the body. We can transport it and break it biomolecule · easilyfor cellular severe Active transport often utilizes carrier proteins, also called 'pumps' as theyhelp move substances against gradients Primaryactive transport:directuse of energy ATP in order to move particles their concentration against gradient -... ↑[.] ::.. - some carrier proteins some carrier proteins - ~ & S... j membranes ↓[.] · on pump multiple pump single a substances against substance against their concentration its concentration gradient gradient i ·. - · & ex:roots into their cells activelypump particles to cause water to enter via osmosis ex:The sodium-potassium pump is important for very the - function of manycells and tissues g I Soil water E & L o in y root NatNat hair cell activelypumps ↑ kt (o) into cell water potential outside a ions >creates 4 [gradient] cell than inside a water moves in Kidney 1st secondaryactive transport:indirect usecenterestrates i against their concentration gradient particles * move against their gradient using stored moved · against its in the form of energy a gradient concentration gradient of another particle using. gradient logt j and hydroelectric dam 3 s ex: sodium-glucose co-transporters in intestines 2 I-water pumped to create Nat glucose 1 Nat pumped actively high concentration gradient creating a gradient - Her -11 2-water down gradient 2- moves against - moves glucose 3-water spins turbine and its gradient using energy I generator to generate energy from Nat gradient Answer the following questions: I contrast passive and active transport - at least 3 differences 2 conducted Slices of saltwater an investigation into osmosis was using potato slices. equal size were submerged into ofvarious concentrations 0%, 207, 40%, 60%, 80% for 10 minutes. The mass for all slices were taken before and after submersion and the change in mass was plotted in graph below 60 a) Use this data to deduce the concentration of salt within the potato slice. Explain deduction. 40 your change i 20 b)what potato mass 0 to salt concentration is hypertonic relative % - 20 to the potato? Explain. - 40 - 60 c) What to salt concentration is hypotonic relative to the potato? Explain. to do I 0 zo so saltwater solution concentration (%) 3 When organs are taken from donors and moved to a surgery, they are stored in a particular solution to prevent osmosis. Deduce the type of solution in terms of concentration that should be used. 4 The central role of the respiratorysystem is to exchange gases. Explain this importance in the contextof cellular respiration 5 Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion 2 similarities, 2 differences