DNA and The Cell Cycle - Test Review PDF

# DNA and The Cell Cycle - Test Review ## Part 1: DNA 1. DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2. The monomer that makes up DNA is called a nucleotide 3. Nucleotides have three parts: - Sugar (deoxyribose) - Phosphate - Nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G) 4. Draw a nucleotide and label it in t...

# DNA and The Cell Cycle - Test Review ## Part 1: DNA 1. DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2. The monomer that makes up DNA is called a nucleotide 3. Nucleotides have three parts: - Sugar (deoxyribose) - Phosphate - Nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G) 4. Draw a nucleotide and label it in the space provided. 5. There are four nitrogenous bases. They are called (use the full name and then letter): - Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G) 6. What do DNA molecules look like? double helix; twisted ladder 7. What substances make up the sides of the ladder? sugar + phosphate 8. What substances make up the rungs of the ladder? nitrogenous bases 9. Can you label the DNA molecule below? - S-sugar - P-phosphate - N-nitrogenous base 10. How do sugars and phosphates bond? covalently (covalent bonds) 11. How do the nitrogenous bases bond together? hydrogen bonds 12. How do the nitrogenous bases in the ladder pair up: - Adenine bonds with Thymine - Guanine bonds with Cytosine 13. One half of a DNA molecule is shown. In the space provided place the letter corresponding to the nitrogen base that will pair up during replication. 14. One half of a DNA molecule is shown. In the space provided place the letter corresponding to the nitrogen base that will pair up during replication. 15. Can you fill in the correct base pairs that bond with the base pairs below? TAGGCATCTGC AACT ATCCGTAGACGTTGA 16. Determine the complimentary DNA sequence for AGCTAGGGC. TCGATCCCG 17. What is the complimentary DNA strand for the sequence GCTAATCGAC? CGATTAGCTG 18. How is DNA copied? DNA is copied before mitosis during interphase. The DNA unwinds and separates. It is copied by enzymes that make two strands the same as the first strand. 19. What are proteins? Proteins build cells and tissues, they are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made on ribosomes based on instructions on genes found on DNA. 20. What is RNA? RNA is ribonucleic acid. It carries the codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. There are three types. 21. What are the three kinds of RNA? - messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries the message from nucleus. - ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - in the ribosomes building proteins. - transfer RNA (tRNA) - corries amino aads. 22. How is RNA different than DNA? - DNA - double stranded - RNA - single stranded - deoxyribose sugar - ribose sugar - Thymine - Uracil 23. What is a gene? A gene is a section of DNA on a chromosome that contains the instructions to make specific proteins. 24. What is a mutation? A mutation is any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome of a cell. 25. What can cause mutations? If DNA is not copied correctly it will cause permanent changes to the DNA sequence of the gene. Risk factors include radiation, smoking, etc. 26. In class we learned about different scientists that worked with DNA. Please place the famous discovery made by each scientist beside the name on the table below: - Scientist: Rosaland Franklin - Discovery: discovered that DNA was two chains of molecules. - Scientist: James Watson and Francis Crick - Discovery: made the current model for DNA (from Franklin's results). ## Part 2: The Cell Cycle 31. In class we learned about three stages in the cell cycle. The three stages are: - Stage 1: Interphase - Stage 2: Mitosis - Stage 3: Cytokinesis 32. What type of cells undergo mitosis? Body cells in humans and other organisms. 33. Mitosis turns 1 parent cell into 2 daughter cells 34. Label the diagram below: - chromosome - chromatin - DNA 35. Name each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes place during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles. - **Stage: Prophase:** Description: -chromosomes become visible -nudear membrane & nucleolus disappears -Spindle fibres form -centrioles move tothe ples - **Stage: Telophase:** Description: -nudear membrane -nudeolus reappear -Spindles disappear -chromosomes decondense -Two nuclei form -Cytokinesis begins as the cytoplasm starts to divide. - **Stage: Metaphase:** Description: chromosomes are pulled by the spind le fibres to line up in the middle of the cell. - **Stage: Anaphase:** Description: One chromatid from each chromosomg moves to each pole of the cell as the Spindle fibres contract. 36. What is cytokinesis? It is part of the cell division process at the end of mitosis where the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. 37. How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells? In plant cells a cell wall forms between the two nuclei. In an animal cell the cell membrane " pinches in the middle. 38. What happens in interphase? In interphase, the cell grows, it preforms its functions (like matingproteins) and replicates its DNA. 39. How much time does the cell spend in mitosis? In interphase? The cell spends a few hours in mitosis usually (10% of the time) 90% of the time is in interphase. 40. What is the difference between chromatin, chromatids, chromosomes, and centromeres? Chromatin - is DNA strands organized around proteins, Chromosomes are condensed chromatin so its easy to move around the cell. Chromatids are singular copies of the DNA on a chromosome. Centromeres hold the chromatids together to form an X shape. They are in the middle and attach to spindle. 41. Draw the structures above in the box below and label your drawings: - chromosome - chromatin - protein - DNA - centromere - chromatid 42. How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46 43. Label the drawings below: - A Prophase --> 2 spindle fibre, centriole (aster) - B Metaphase - C Anaphase - E Interphase --> 4 nuclear membrane, 6 cell membrane, 7 nucleolus, 8 centrioles - D Telophase --> 3 sister Chromatids - chromosomes - 4 cytoplasm - centrioles - spindle fibre - equatorial platc - Metaphase - Anaphase - Prophase - Interphase - Telophase