AP World History Notes PDF

o Parts of the Silk Roads that were under the authority of different rulers were, for the first time, unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws. o The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, both of whi...

o Parts of the Silk Roads that were under the authority of different rulers were, for the first time, unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws. o The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, both of which increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads. ° Improvements in Transportation: o Saddles for camels o Centuries earlier, China had made advances in naval technology (rudder and magnetic compass) Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks ° Cities along the routes that were watered by rivers became centers of trade. ° To manage the increasing trade, China developed new financial systems. The copper coins they used became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions, so the government developed a system of credit known as flying cash. ° The growing demand for luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia, China, Persia, and India led to a corresponding increase in the supply of those goods through expanded production. ° Increased demand also led to the expansion of iron and steel manufactured in China, motivating its proto-industrialization. TOPIC 2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World Genghis Khan ° In 1210, Genghis Khan and his troops headed east and attacked the powerful Jin Empire. ° In 1219, Khan conquered both the Central Asian Kara Khitai Empire and the Islamic Khwarazm Empire farther west. ° By 1227, Genghis Khan’s kingdom reached from the North China Sea to eastern Persia. ° Mongolian soldiers were strong riders and proficient with the short bow. ° He instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the empire, which was unusual in the l3th century. ° New trade channels were also established between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Mongolian Empire Expands  ° Three of Genghis Khan's grandsons set up their own kingdoms, further expanding the empire into Asia and Europe. ° ln 1236, Batu, the son of Khan’s oldest son, led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia, which at the time was a loose network of city-states and principalities. Batu’s army, which came to be known as the Golden Horde, conquered Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes. ° Resistance to the Mongols created the foundation for future modern Russian state. The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions ° Their empire was the largest continuous land empire in history. ° The Mongols built a system of roads and continued to maintain and guard the trade routes. ° The Mongols transferred Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system to Western Europe. ° After the Mongols declined in power, the kingdoms and states of Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia continued or copied the process of centralizing power. ° Mongol fighting techniques led to the end of Western Europe’s use of knights in armor. TOPIC 2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean ° Spread of Islam: Although the Indian Ocean trade had existed as early as 200 BCE, the expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before. ° Increased demand for specialized products ° Trade of enslaved people also played a role in exchanges in the Indian Ocean. ° Advances in maritime technology ° Growth of States: The trading networks in the Indian Ocean fostered the growth of states to help institutionalize the revenue from trade. Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean ° Some of the very factors that caused expansion of exchange networks in the Indian Ocean also, in time, became effects. ° Diasporic Communities: As a natural result of waiting for favorable winds for travel, these merchants interacted with the surrounding cultures and peoples of the region.  ° Increased demand for products caused trade to expand. At the same time, however, it resulted in several effects with long-lasting impact. ° Swahili City-States: The Indian Ocean trade also created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa, sometimes known as the Swahili city-states. ° Trade brought considerable wealth to the cities on the East African coast. TOPIC 2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Trans-Saharan Trade ° By the end of the 8th century C.E., the trans-Saharan trade had become famous throughout Europe and Asia. ° Gold was the most precious commodity traded. ° For more than 700 years, trans-Saharan trade brought considerable wealth to the societies of West Africa, particularly the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali. ° Merchants also brought Islam, which spread into Sub-Saharan Africa as a result. West African Empire Expansion ° The government of Mali profited from the gold trade, but it also taxed nearly all other trade entering West Africa. ° The great cities of Timbuktu and Gao accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Muslim life in the region. ° The growth in trade and wealth gave rise to the need to administer and maintain it (such as establishing currencies). Empires in Western Eurasia and Africa in the 13th Century Mali Al-Andalus Byzantine Empire Kievan Rus Location West Africa Spain Middle East Russia Major City Timbuktu Cordoba Constantinople Kiev Peak Years 12DDs to 14D0s 711 to 1492 330 to 1453 90Ds to 12D0s Key Figures Sundiata: Ibn Rushd: Justinian: Vladimir I: founder who Islamic legal ruler converted to built a strong scholar and responsible Christianity in trade network philosopher for the Body 989 Mansa Musa: Maimonides: of Civil Law Yaroslav I: political and Jewish scholar Heraclius: codified the religious deader of ethics shifted focus to legal system the East Legacy Connected West Created Fostered trade Developed and North Africa vibrant, between Asia, first large through trade tolerant Europe, and civilization Spread Islam in society Africa in Russia West Africa Preserved Carried on Spread classical Roman legacy Christianit Greek y eastward learning TOPIC 2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture ° Buddhism came to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads, and the 7th- century Buddhist monk Xuanzang helped make it popular. ° Japan and Korea, countries in China’s orbit, also adopted Buddhism, along with Confucianism. ° In Korea the educated elite studied Confucian classics, while Buddhist doctrine attracted the peasants. Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam ° Through trade, the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism made their way to Southeast Asia as well. ° The sea-based Srivijaya Empire on Sumatra was a Hindu kingdom, while the later Majapahit Kingdom on Java was Buddhist.  ° Through merchants, missionaries, and conquests, Islam spread over a wide swath of Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Scientific and Technological Innovations ° Along with religion, science and technology traveled the trade routes. ° Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, saving the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers. ° Scholars also brought back mathematics texts from India and techniques for papermaking from China. ° They made advances in hospital care, including surgery. TOPIC 2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks ° As the population of China grew, people tended to migrate southward to the original Champa rice growing region, contributing to the growth of cities. ° Environmental Degradation: Increases in population put pressure on resources. o For example, overgrazing outside of Great Zimbabwe was so severe that people had to abandon the city in the late 1400s. Spread of Epidemics through Exchange Networks ° The Mongol conquests helped to transmit the fleas that carried the Bubonic Plague (AKA the Black Death) from southern China to Central Asia, and from there to Southeast Asia and Europe. ° The Black Death had a tremendous impact on Europe, killing one-third of the population there in a few years. ° About 25 million Chinese and other Asians died between 1332 and 1347 TOPIC 2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange Similarities among Networks of Exchange ° The Silk Roads through the Gobi Desert and mountain passes through China and Central Asia to Southwest Asia and Europe, on which merchants tended to specialize in luxury goods  ° The monsoon-dependent trade routes in the Indian Ocean linking East Asia with Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia allowed merchants to exchange goods that were too heavy to transport by land ° The trans-Saharan trade routes from North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin across the desert to West and East Africa were where merchants traded salt from North Africa with gold from the kingdoms south of the desert Exchange Effects ° The trade routes all gave rise to trading cities, the “knots” that held the network together. ° The growth of trading cities gave rise to another effect of the trade networks: centralization. ° Trading cities along each of the trade routes underwent developments, using their wealth to keep the routes and the cities safe. ° Another aspect of trade in the cities that encouraged centralization was the desire for a standardized currency. Widely accepted currencies sped up transactions and enabled merchants to measure the value of products. Unit 3: Land-Based Empires: 12%-15% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 3.1 Empires Expand The Gunpowder Empires ° The term Gunpowder Empires refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories, ° Included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires. Europe ° The mid-1400s saw the end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press followed by an increase in literacy. Russia