APUSH Study Guide - Mock Exam Prep - PDF

APUSH Study Guide — Mock Exam Prep PERIOD 1 (1491–1607): Pre-Columbian to Early Contact ​ Native American Societies: Diverse cultures before Europeans arrived. E.g., Pueblo in the Southwest (irrigation), Iroquois in the Northeast (longhouses).​ ​ Columbian Exchange: Transfer of goods, peo...

APUSH Study Guide — Mock Exam Prep PERIOD 1 (1491–1607): Pre-Columbian to Early Contact ​ Native American Societies: Diverse cultures before Europeans arrived. E.g., Pueblo in the Southwest (irrigation), Iroquois in the Northeast (longhouses).​ ​ Columbian Exchange: Transfer of goods, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.​ ​ Encomienda System: Spanish system of labor, using Native Americans as forced labor in exchange for “protection.”​ ​ Spanish Colonization: Focused on converting natives, extracting wealth, caste system based on race.​ ​ Bartolomé de las Casas: Criticized mistreatment of Native Americans.​ PERIOD 2 (1607–1754): Colonial America ​ Jamestown (1607): First permanent English settlement, saved by tobacco (John Rolfe).​ ​ New England Colonies: Puritans, religious motives (Massachusetts Bay). Focus on community and education.​ ​ Middle Colonies: Diverse, tolerant (Pennsylvania and Quakers).​ ​ Southern Colonies: Plantation economy, cash crops, enslaved labor.​ ​ Indentured Servitude to Slavery: Early labor system, later replaced largely by African slavery.​ ​ Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Class conflict between poor farmers and elite in Virginia; led to shift toward enslaved African labor.​ ​ First Great Awakening: Religious revival, emotional sermons (Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”).​  ​ Mercantilism: Colonies existed to benefit the mother country.​ PERIOD 3 (1754–1800): Revolution and Constitution ​ French and Indian War (1754–1763): British win, but gain debt; end of salutary neglect.​ ​ Proclamation of 1763: Colonists forbidden from settling west of Appalachians.​ ​ Stamp Act (1765): First direct tax; “No taxation without representation!”​ ​ Boston Tea Party (1773): Protest against Tea Act, led to Intolerable Acts.​ ​ Declaration of Independence (1776): Thomas Jefferson; inspired by Enlightenment (John Locke).​ ​ Revolutionary War (1775–1783): Colonist victory aided by France.​ ​ Articles of Confederation: Weak central gov., no power to tax or regulate trade.​ ​ Constitutional Convention (1787): Created strong federal gov. Key compromises:​ ○​ Great Compromise: Bicameral legislature (Senate + House).​ ○​ 3/5 Compromise: Slaves count as 3/5 person for representation.​ ​ Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Strong central gov. vs. states’ rights.​ ​ Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments, guaranteed individual liberties.​ ​ Washington’s Farewell Address: Warned against entangling alliances and political parties.​ ​ First Party System: Federalists (Hamilton) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson).​ PERIOD 4 (1800–1848): Expansion and Reform ​ Revolution of 1800: Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.​  ​ Louisiana Purchase (1803): Doubled U.S. territory, Jefferson uses loose interpretation.​ ​ Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review.​ ​ War of 1812: Fought over British impressment, ended with Treaty of Ghent.​ ​ Era of Good Feelings: One-party rule after War of 1812, but sectional tensions grew.​ ​ Market Revolution: Increased industrialization, transportation (canals, railroads), and communication (telegraph).​ ​ Second Great Awakening: Religious revival, sparked reform movements (abolition, temperance, women’s rights).​ ​ Jacksonian Democracy: Expanded suffrage for white men, champion of the “common man.”​ ​ Indian Removal Act (1830): Trail of Tears.​ ​ Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Early women’s rights meeting; “Declaration of Sentiments.”​ PERIOD 5 (1844–1877): Civil War and Reconstruction ​ Manifest Destiny: Belief that U.S. should expand to Pacific.​ ​ Mexican-American War (1846–1848): U.S. gained Southwest (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo).​ ​ Compromise of 1850: California free state, Fugitive Slave Act strengthened.​ ​ Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Popular sovereignty; “Bleeding Kansas.”​ ​ Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): African Americans not citizens, Congress can’t ban slavery in territories.​ ​ Election of 1860: Lincoln wins, South secedes.​ ​ Civil War (1861–1865): Union (North) vs. Confederacy (South).​  ○​ Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Freed slaves in Confederate states.​ ○​ Gettysburg Address: Redefined war as fight for equality.​ ​ Reconstruction (1865–1877):​ ○​ 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery.​ ○​ 14th Amendment: Citizenship and equal protection.​ ○​ 15th Amendment: Black male suffrage.​ ​ Compromise of 1877: Ended Reconstruction, troops withdrawn from South.​ PERIOD 6 (1865–1898): Industrialization & Gilded Age ​ Second Industrial Revolution: Steel, oil, electricity; rise of big business (Carnegie, Rockefeller).​ ​ Labor Unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor (AFL).​ ​ Urbanization: Growth of cities, immigration.​ ​ Nativism: Anti-immigrant sentiment (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882).​ ​ Social Darwinism: Justified wealth gap.​ ​ Political Machines: Corruption in city politics (Boss Tweed).​ ​ Populist Party: Farmers demanding silver coinage, direct election of senators.​ PERIOD 7 (1890–1945): Progressive Era, World Wars, Great Depression ​ Progressive Era: Reformers tackle industrialization problems. (Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle).​ ​ Imperialism: Spanish-American War (1898), U.S. acquires Philippines, Puerto Rico.​  ​ World War I (1914–1918): U.S. joins in 1917; Wilson’s Fourteen Points, League of Nations fails.​ ​ Red Scare (1919–1920): Fear of communism.​ ​ 1920s: Harlem Renaissance, flappers, consumerism.​ ​ Great Depression (1929): Stock market crash, widespread poverty.​ ​ New Deal (FDR): Relief, Recovery, Reform. Social Security, WPA, FDIC.​ ​ World War II (1939–1945): U.S. enters after Pearl Harbor.​ ○​ Homefront: War production, Japanese internment (Korematsu v. U.S.).​ ○​ Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.​ PERIOD 8 (1945–1980): Cold War & Civil Rights ​ Cold War: U.S. vs. Soviet Union. Containment policy (Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan).​ ​ Korean War (1950–1953): First military action of Cold War.​ ​ Vietnam War (1955–1975): Controversial, led to anti-war protests.​ ​ Civil Rights Movement:​ ○​ Brown v. Board (1954): Ended school segregation.​ ○​ Civil Rights Act (1964): Banned segregation.​ ○​ Voting Rights Act (1965): Banned literacy tests.​ ​ Women’s Rights: Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique.​ ​ Great Society: LBJ’s war on poverty and civil rights push.​ ​ Watergate Scandal: Nixon resigns (1974).​ PERIOD 9 (1980–Present): Modern America ​ Reaganomics: Tax cuts, deregulation, increase in military spending.​ ​ End of Cold War: Collapse of Soviet Union (1991).​ ​ War on Terror: Post-9/11 invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.​ ​ Affordable Care Act (2010): Healthcare reform.​ ​ Social Movements: LGBTQ+ rights (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015), Black Lives Matter.​ Historical Thinking Skills to Remember: ​ Causation: Why did events happen?​ ​ Comparison: Compare different time periods or regions.​ ​ Continuity and Change Over Time (CCOT): What stayed the same and what changed?​ ​ Contextualization: Place events in the broader historical context.​ ​ Synthesis: Connect different historical periods or ideas.​