Applied Linguistics PDF

27 23 22 25 7 21 20 24 26 5 4 3 2 19 10 29 28 31 1 32 9 17 8 30 6 16 18 Q 15 11 14 13 What does the following definition refer to? It describes the language and teaches how it is learned and used 12 A...

27 23 22 25 7 21 20 24 26 5 4 3 2 19 10 29 28 31 1 32 9 17 8 30 6 16 18 Q 15 11 14 13 What does the following definition refer to? It describes the language and teaches how it is learned and used 12 A Applied Linguistics 5 2 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the study of a second and foreign language learning and teaching. A Applied Linguistics 5 3 Q What does the following definition refer to? field of study that identifies, investigates and offers solutions to language related problems A Applied Linguistics 5 4 Q To which area do the following fields belong? Language Acquisition ( L1 and L2), Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages, Clinical Linguistics, Educational Linguistics, Lexicography, Machine Translation, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Computational Linguistics, Language pedagogy A Fields of Applied Linguistics 5 5 Q What do the following definitions refer to? – the scientific study of language and its goal is to describe the varieties of languages and explain the unconscious knowledge all speakers have of their language. – the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. – the study of the structure, development, changes, etc., of a particular language and its relationship to other languages. A Linguistics 5 6 Q What does the following definition refer to? Identify some linguistic knowledge which underlines language behavior. A Purpose of Linguistics 5 7 Q What are these? Theoretical Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Comparative linguistics, Geographical linguistics, Descriptive Linguistics, Synchronic linguistics. A Branches of Linguistics 5 8 Q What does the following definition refer to? examines a language at different levels of analysis, its phonological system, articulation and perception of sounds (phonetics), word formation (morphology) and phrases and sentences (syntax), the meaning of linguistic expressions (semantics), and language use (pragmatics). A Theoretical Linguistics 5  9 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the study of HOW languages change diachronically over time and the relationship among different languages. It studies WHAT has caused changes in different languages and the result of such changes on the language itself and other associated languages. A Historical Linguistics 5 10 Q What does the following definition refer to? is the study of the correspondences between languages that have a common origin. It also studies how best to classify languages into groups. A Comparative Linguistics 5 11 Q What does the following definition refer to? studies the geographical distribution of linguistic forms and usages. It also involves the study of regional variations of speech forms and dialects. A Geographical linguistics 5 12 Q What does the following definition refer to? deals with writing dictionaries and grammars; describing the rules of the language A Descriptive Linguistics 5 13 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the study of the description of the internal phonological, grammatical, and semantic structures of languages at given points in time without reference to their histories or to one another A Synchronic linguistics 5 14 Q Phonetics, phonology, pragmatics, morphology, syntax, and semantics are subfields of? A Linguistics 5 15 Q What does the following definition refer to? it deals with the sounds of language, how they are produced A Phonetics 5 16 Q What does the following definition refer to? it deals with how the sounds are organized A Phonology 5 17 Q What does the following definition refer to? it deals with how sounds are put together to form words, and everything related to word formation. A Morphology 5 18 Q What does the following definition refer to? it deals with how sentences and words are formed A Syntax 5 19 Q What does the following definition refer to? it deals with the meaning of words, sentences, and texts A Semantics 5 20 Q What does the following definition refer to? It studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation. A Pragmatics 5 21 Q What does the following definition refer to? It can be said that ________ is the study of everything. Its field is very broad and can be applied to all aspects of language use. It deals with mother, foreign, second language acquisition. A Applied Linguistics -- 22 Q What does the following description refer to? It sets out to investigate problems in the world in which language is implicated, both educational and social problems. A Applied Linguistics -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? When a child studies their home language or languages A First-language education -- 24 Q What does the following description refer to? Often, divided into second language education, when someone studies their society’s majority or official language which is not their home language, and foreign language education when someone studies the language of another country. A Additional-language education -- 25 Q What does the following description refer to? the study of the treatment of speech and communication impairments, whether hereditary, developmental, or acquired. A Clinical linguistics -- 26 Q What does the following description refer to? The assessment and evaluation of language achievement and proficiency, both in first and additional languages and for both general and specific purposes. A Language testing -- 27 Q What does the following description refer to? the study of the relationship between linguistics choices and effects in the literature. A Literary stylistics -- 28 Q What does the following description refer to? Study of the relationship between linguistics choices and effects in persuasive uses of language, and how these indoctrinate or manipulate, and the counteracting of this through analysis. A  Critical Discourse Analysis -- 29 Q What does the following description refer to? The formulation of principles underlying the perceived equivalence between a stretch language and its translation, and the practices of translating written text and interpreting spoken language. A Translation and interpretation -- 30 Q What does the following description refer to? The arrangement and presentation of written language, including issues relating to typography and layout choices of medium, and effective combinations of language with other means of communication such as pictures and diagrams. A Information design -- 31 Q What does the following description refer to? The planning and compiling of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, and other language reference works such as thesauri. A Lexicography -- 32 Q What does the following description refer to? The academic discipline concerned with the study of language in general. A Linguistics -- 33 Q What does the following description refer to? Relation between language and society. It endeavors to find systematic relationships between social groupings and contexts, and the variable ways in which languages are used. A Sociolinguistics. -- 34 Q What does the following description refer to? Here the concern is with language as a means of communication, the purpose it fulfills, and how people actually use their language. A Functional linguisti The deliberate change from one manner or style of speaking to another IS CALLED ? A Code Switching or Code Choice -- 2 Q -To mark switching from informal to formal situations – between parents and children – “ to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships”, and – “ to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group)”(Johnson, 2000, p. 184). Are the functions of? A Code Switching -- 3 Q _______________ are used in families and big communities. People need to negotiate to mean and make themselves clear, so the speakers have to be very explicit. This explicitness is valued by speakers A Elaborated Codes -- 4 Q _________________-is used in communities that center on physical work. When people share a subculture, they need to share information and understanding. Fixed and inflexible syntactic patterns are used. Language is predictable since the limited vocabulary is used A Restricted Codes -- 5 Q ___________________refers to a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. This term is also used for that variety of a language which is considered to be the norm (Jenkins, 2009). Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization which is organized for description grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works. Varieties that become standardized are the local dialects and are spoken in the centers of commerce and government where a need arises for a variety that will serve more than local needs A  Standard Language -- 6 Q Sometimes ___________________language is associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups. What makes ___________language different from the standard is the fact that it is not taught in schools, and it is not represented in written form unless it is a deliberate direct quotation of a nonstandard speaker. A Non Standard -- 7 Q The term ___________ was originally used by linguists to refer to language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar. ____________ English differs from Standard English most importantly at the level of grammar. (Trudgill,1992). A Non Standard -- 8 Q What does the following definition refer to? a. the form or variety of a spoken language peculiar to a region, community, social group, occupational group, etc. It differs from the standard language in matters of pronunciation, syntax, etc. b. the sum total of local characteristics of speech. c. any form of speech considered as deviating from a real or imaginary standard speech A Dialect -- 9 Q This approach consists basically of stating what is considered right and wrong in language. For example, some established grammar rules can’t be broken, we can‘ t use the particle to after the modal verbs, it is considered incorrect. (it is not correct to say He can to play the guitar, or splitting infinitives is also wrong She to buy wants a book). A Prescriptive approach -- 10 Q This approach consists of describing the facts. It describes the rules of the language, and language is seen as essentially rule governed (made of rules) A Descriptive approach -- 11 Q These are characteristics of? – deals with variety or manner of speaking of a language. – refers to HOW language should be used. – can apply to most aspects of language: spelling, grammar, semantics, and pronunciation. – may imply a view that some forms are incorrect, improper, illogical, lack communicative effect, or are of low aesthetic value (non-standard). A Prescriptive approach -- 12 Q – to specify standard language forms either generally (what is Standard English?) – for specific purposes: explain what style and register is appropriate. – to formulate styles and registers in such a way as to make them easily taught or learned. These are the aims of..? A Linguistic prescription -- 13 Q Establishes the rules how language should be used Includes grammar rules Applies for spoken, written language, pronunciation We talk about..? A Prescription -- 14 Q registers and describes language variations , dialects, and styles We talk about..? A Description -- 15 Q What does the following definition refer to? Branch of Linguistics which deals with the study of language use in society and in socio-cultural context. In addition, it is the study of the linguistic indicators of culture and power (Schmitt, 2011). A Sociolinguistics -- 16 Q What does the following definition refer to? Language variations (dialects, accents) and language change; and explains WHY languages change. A Sociolinguistics -- 17 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the study of how language and social factors are related. A Sociolinguistics -- 18 Q What does the following definition refer to? A set of linguistic items with similar distribution A Variety -- 19 Q Dialects can be described at different levels according to variations. These can be subdivided in: A PMSSG Phonological Morphological Syntactic Semantic Grammatical -- 20 Q What level of dialect does the following definition refer to? (differences in pronunciation, ex: in Spanish llave( / llave / – llave / shave / A Phonological -- 21 Q What level of dialect does the following definition refer to? Word structure A  Morphological -- 22 Q What level of dialect does the following definition refer to? It can be represented by different word order in sentences. A – Syntactic -- 23 Q What level of dialect does the following definition refer to? Differences in meaning, ex football – soccer A Semantic -- 24 Q What level of dialect does the following definition refer to? Differences in grammar structures may depend on the social status of speakers, age, and gender. A  Grammatical -- 25 Q What does the following definition refer to? It is a pattern or manner of pronunciation. A Accent -- 26 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is when a person talks differently to different people according to the situation. The speaker may be more polite to people he /she does not know, for example. Another example: when we speak with children we usually use a lot of diminutives and a very simplified language A Register -- 27 Q Subject matter, social roles/situations, discursive function, consultative are the parameters that determine ? A  Register -- 28 Q What does the following definition refer to? What the text is about: what speakers are talking about will determine their choices in the various linguistic levels: lexical, syntactic, and so on. Chemistry, physics, or mathematics, for example, will have their own registers. A Subject Manner -- 29 Q What does the following definition refer to? Who the speaker is and what he/she does. A Social roles/situations: -- 30 Q What does the following definitions refer to? what the speaker is using the text for, such as discussing, insulting, and so forth, such as the “field of discourse”. A Discursive function: -- 31 Q What does the following definition refer to? The speaker provides background information and the hearer participates; no familiarity is established. A Consultative -- 32 Q What do the following definitions refer to? is defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. In other words, the term refers to the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. It can be used to express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group, though it can also be developed deliberately using chosen terms. occupational variations. A Jargon -- 33 Q Provide speakers of specialized domains with clear, well-defined, unambiguous terms to refer to their activities. Provide speakers of a subgroup with a means of marking in-group membership and exclude outsiders. ( Brown, 2009) Are the purposes of? A Jargon -- 34 Q What does the following definition refers to? refers to the use of informal words , expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language A Slang -- 35 Q What does the following definition refer to? In other words, Psycholinguistics is a field of linguistics that studies the mental processes involved in the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language, learning of language by children, speech processing, and comprehension of language by both children and adults. A Psycholinguistics -- 36 Q What does the following definition refer to? Can be defined as the activities involving speaking, listening, writing, language, and gestures. A Language behavior -- 37 Q Oral language behavior Written language behavior Are the characteristics of? A Language production -- 38 Q Speaking Listening Writing Reading Are the characteristics of? A Language comprehension -- 39 Q Textual procedures Sentence procedures Constituent procedures Word procedure Phonemic procedures Are the aspects of? A Language acquisition -- 40 Q What language learning theory are we talking about? based on observable behavior in the description and explanation of learning behavior.The main role in language learning is given to environment( verbal and non- verbal) and language learning. A  Behaviouristic -- 41 Q What language learning theory are we talking about? based on the structure and on theoretical linguistic assumptions, with the main focus on the innate capacity of any child to learn any language A Metalistic theory -- 42 Q Refers to mode of usage of usage of most educated speakers of a language and estabilished as a prestigious form of language. Language which is considered the norm. A Standard Language -- 43 Q ______________language is associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups. ______________ English differs from Standard English most importantly at the level of grammar A Non-standard -- 44 Q If two speakers differ in grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary it can be concluded that they speak different … A Dialect -- 45 Q Variation in pronunciation, but NOT in grammar and vocabulary, would be considered difference of …. A Accent -- 46 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the language of people born and raised in one of the countries where English ins historically the first language to be spoken. A  English as a Native Language -- 47 Q What does the following definition refer to? In a community where another language (mother tongue) is spoken, English serves no special purpose within these countries. A English as a Foreign Language -- 48 Q What does the following definition refer to? _____________ has a special purpose in communities, it refers to English Lananguage Learning in countries where English is the main/official language, and the student’s native language is not. A English as a Second Language -- 49 Q What does the following definition refer to? refers to someone`s ability, condition, or quality of being competent, it is to know or do something well. A Competence -- 50 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by all native speakers of a concrete language. It is a principle for correct sentence formation, and the creation of grammatical sentences. A Linguistic competence -- 51 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a theory in linguistics that suggests that there are properties that all possible natural human languages have.According to this theory , some rules of grammar are already in the human brain, and manifest themselves without the need of being learned or taught A Universal grammar -- 52 Q What does the following definition refer to? within language education, or knowledge necessary to use language in social context ( appropriate language use). He stated that in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. Is considered the goal of language education A Communicatve competence -- 53 Q How are the following items known? possibility, feasibility, appropriateness, and attestedness. A Components of communicative competence -- 54 Q What does the following definition refer to? It refers to the process in the mind. Since the capacity of the brain is limited, complicated (or very extended) sentence are less feasible than the simpler ones. Thus, simpler sentences are more feasible and less ambiguous. In other words, it is about whether (and to what degree) something is feasible in virtue of the means of implementation available. A  Feasibility -- 55 Q What does the following definition refer to? It refers to the formal aspect of a language- whether utterances are grammatically correct or not. In other words, it is about whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible. A Possibility -- 56 Q What does the following definition refer to? It is about whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate, (adequate, happy, successful) in relation to a context in which it is used and evaluated. It also refers to the importance of the context of an utterance. Language should be interpreted within specific situation, in which it occurs (context). Relation of a language and a context A Appropriateness -- 57 Q What does the following definition refer to? It is about whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done, actually performed, and what its doing entails. ( Hymes, 1970:281) A Attestedness -- 58 Q What does the following description refer to? It is generally used in written communication, taught in schools, and codified in dictionaries and grammar books. A Standard -- 59 Q What does the following description refer to? Are regional and social class varieties of the language which differ from the standard in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary and are seldom written down at all. A Dialects What does the following definition refer to? It can be defined as a manner of acting, feeling, or thinking that shows ones disposition; opinion, or ones disposition, mental set, etc. A Attitude -- 2 Q To which term do the following characteristics refer? –The opinions, ideas and prejudices that speakers have with respect to a language. – The feelings people have about their own language variety or languages or language varieties of others A Language Attitude -- 3 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a group of languages derived from the same ( parental ) language A Language Family -- 4 Q What does the following definition refer to? Distinct languages which can be traced back to a common source are said to be _________. A Relation Languages -- 5 Q To which language group do the following belong? French, Spanish, Italian ,Romanian, Portuguese. A Romance Languages -- 6 Q To which language group do the following belong? German, Norwegian, Swedish Dutch, Dane, English. A Germanic Languages -- 7 Q To which language group do the following belong? Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Check. A Slavic Languages -- 8 Q What is the consequence of the following factors? –culture change – movement of people / migration ( trade, travel, war) – new religions, beliefs, values, behaviours. – language spread – geographical spread. – isolation – borrowings A Reasons of language change -- 9 Q What does the following definition refer to? Influence of other languages A  Borrowings -- 10 Q What does the following definition refer to? An __________ language is unrelated to any others, which makes it the only language in its own language family. A Insolated / Insolation -- 11 Q What does the following definition refer to? (destroying a people’s culture ) : for example, Australian aborigines, North American Native people, India, etc. As a result of these phenomenon new tendencies to revive the culture and language have appeared A Ethnocide -- 12 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. A Pidgin languages -- 13 Q What does the following definition refer to? ( killing of people) – For example the Tasmanian tribes. A Genocide -- 14 Q What do the following factors represent? Intercommunication Prestige Necessity A The factors responsible for changes in the lexicon of English during Middle English period -- 15 Q What does the following definition refer to? communication among the monolingual English inhabitants and the bilingual members of the ruling and merchant classes A Intercommunication -- 16 Q What does the following definition refer to? One who used French words might hope to be identified with the upper classes. A Prestige -- 17 Q What does the following definition refer to? Farmers, merchants, servants, defendants in the court needed the language; university students, the clergy., Necessity involved the borrowing of lexical items in social, political, and economic, but not linguistic fields. A Necessity --  18 Q What does the following definition refer to? Are those born into the language (to contrast it with the second language speakers – those who learned the language through special education (Jenkins, 2009:16). A Native speakers -- 19 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a way to refer to communication in English between speakers who have different first languages. In other words, _______ is used to facilitate communication among speakers of different languages. A English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) -- 20 Q What do the following factors represent? –Historical reasons – Internal political reasons – External / Internal economic reasons – Practical reasons – Intellectual reasons – Entertainment reasons A Reasons for English becoming a Lingua Franca -- 21 Q What does the following description refer to? Investigates problems in the world in which language is implicated. A Applied linguistics -- 22 Q What does the following description refer to? predominantly English-speaking countries A Inner circle -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? of the former colonies where English is an official language A outer circle What does the following definition refer to? It can be defined as a manner of acting, feeling, or thinking that shows ones disposition; opinion, or ones disposition, mental set, etc. A Attitude -- 2 Q To which term do the following characteristics refer? –The opinions, ideas and prejudices that speakers have with respect to a language. – The feelings people have about their own language variety or languages or language varieties of others A Language Attitude -- 3 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a group of languages derived from the same ( parental ) language A Language Family -- 4 Q What does the following definition refer to? Distinct languages which can be traced back to a common source are said to be _________. A Relation Languages -- 5 Q To which language group do the following belong? French, Spanish, Italian ,Romanian, Portuguese. A Romance Languages -- 6 Q To which language group do the following belong? German, Norwegian, Swedish Dutch, Dane, English. A Germanic Languages -- 7 Q To which language group do the following belong? Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Check. A Slavic Languages -- 8 Q What is the consequence of the following factors? –culture change – movement of people / migration ( trade, travel, war) – new religions, beliefs, values, behaviours. – language spread – geographical spread. – isolation – borrowings A  Reasons of language change -- 9 Q What does the following definition refer to? Influence of other languages A Borrowings -- 10 Q What does the following definition refer to? An __________ language is unrelated to any others, which makes it the only language in its own language family. A Insolated / Insolation -- 11 Q What does the following definition refer to? (destroying a people’s culture ) : for example, Australian aborigines, North American Native people, India, etc. As a result of these phenomenon new tendencies to revive the culture and language have appeared A Ethnocide -- 12 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. A Pidgin languages -- 13 Q What does the following definition refer to? ( killing of people) – For example the Tasmanian tribes. A Genocide -- 14 Q What do the following factors represent?  Intercommunication Prestige Necessity A The factors responsible for changes in the lexicon of English during Middle English period -- 15 Q What does the following definition refer to? communication among the monolingual English inhabitants and the bilingual members of the ruling and merchant classes A Intercommunication -- 16 Q What does the following definition refer to? One who used French words might hope to be identified with the upper classes. A Prestige -- 17 Q What does the following definition refer to? Farmers, merchants, servants, defendants in the court needed the language; university students, the clergy., Necessity involved the borrowing of lexical items in social, political, and economic, but not linguistic fields. A Necessity -- 18 Q What does the following definition refer to? Are those born into the language (to contrast it with the second language speakers – those who learned the language through special education (Jenkins, 2009:16). A Native speakers -- 19 Q What does the following definition refer to? Is a way to refer to communication in English between speakers who have different first languages. In other words, _______ is used to facilitate communication among speakers of different languages. A  English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) -- 20 Q What do the following factors represent? –Historical reasons – Internal political reasons – External / Internal economic reasons – Practical reasons – Intellectual reasons – Entertainment reasons A Reasons for English becoming a Lingua Franca -- 21 Q What does the following description refer to? Investigates problems in the world in which language is implicated. A Applied linguistics -- 22 Q What does the following description refer to? predominantly English-speaking countries A Inner circle -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? of the former colonies where English is an official language A outer circle Q What does the following definition refer to? Is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learners to learn. A Teaching -- 2 Q What does the following definition refer to? It refers to acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or instruction. A Learning -- 3 Q What does the following definition refer to? The focus is on grammatical rules, memorization of vocabulary and of various declensions and conjugations, translations of texts, and doing written exercises. The focus was on grammatical rules as the basis for translating from the foreign to the native language. A Grammar Translation Method -- 4 Q What does the following definition refer to? To learn a language in order to read the target language literature. A Goal of the Grammar Translation Method -- 5 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Detailed analysis of grammar rules followed by application of this knowledge. A Grammar Translation Method -- 6 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Reading and writing are the major focus ( little attention to speaking/listening). Reading of difficult classical texts is begun at an early stage of studying. A Grammar Translation Method -- 7 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Vocabulary is based on reading texts used. A Grammar Translation Method -- 8 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences into and out of the target language. A Grammar Translation Method -- 9 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Accuracy is emphasized. A Grammar Translation Method -- 10 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Grammar is taught deductively - by presentation and study of grammar rules, which are practiced through translation exercises A Grammar Translation Method --  11 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Little or no attention is given to pronunciation. A Grammar Translation Method -- 12 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Class is taught in the student’s mother tongue. The native language is used to explain new items and make a comparison. A Grammar Translation Method -- 13 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? It may create a sense of frustration for students because of the tedious experience of memorizing rules and isolated vocabulary and endless exercises for translation. A Negative Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 14 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? It makes few demands on teachers. It is a method for which there is no theory on how to teach. A Negative Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 15 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues of linguistics, psychology, or educational theory. A Negative Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 16 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Is useful in the situations where understanding literally texts is the primary focus of foreign language study. A  Positive Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 17 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? It may be applied when there is little need for a speaking knowledge of the language A Positive Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 18 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? No specialized training and skills on the part of teachers. A Positive Points of Grammar Translation -- 19 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? No special material for teaching. A Positive Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 20 Q What does the following characteristic refer to? Tests of grammar rules and of translations are easy to construct and can be objectively scored. A Positive points of Grammar Translation Method -- 21 Q What does the following definition refer to? It is successful in leading a student toward a reading knowledge of a second language. A Positive Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 22 Q What does the following definition refer to? The Grammar - translation method was also called the “traditional method”. This does not mean that it is the oldest method. It has been extensively used A  Positive Points of Grammar Translation Method -- 23 Q What does the following definition refer to? students’ own languages are banished and everything was to be done through the language under instruction. A Direct Method -- 24 Q What does the following definition refer to? Second language learning should be more like first language learning—lots of oral interaction, spontaneous use of the language, no translation between first and second languages, and little or no analysis of grammatical rules. A Direct Method -- 25 Q Who was this person? Charles Berlitz A Founder of Direct Method -- 26 Q What does the following description refer to? Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 27 Q What does the following description refer to? Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 28 Q What does the following description refer to? Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 29 Q What does the following description refer to? Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 30 Q What does the following description refer to? Grammar was taught inductively. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 31 Q What does the following description refer to? New teaching points were taught through modeling and practice. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 32 Q What does the following description refer to? Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 33 Q What does the following description refer to? Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 34 Q What does the following description refer to? Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized. A Characteristics of the Direct Method -- 35 Q What does the following description refer to? The Direct Method required teachers who are native speakers or who have native-like fluency in the target language. A Limitations of the Direct Method -- 36 Q What does the following description refer to? It is dependent on the teacher’s skills, rather on the textbook. A Limitations of the Direct Method -- 37 Q What does the following description refer to? Problems with following strict D. M. techniques A Limitations of the Direct Method -- 38 Q What does the following description refer to? It is counterproductive (long teacher explanation in order to avoid using the native language) A Limitations of the Direct Method -- 39 Q What does the following description refer to? It is difficult to apply in public secondary school education. A Limitations of the Direct Method -- 40 Q What does the following description refer to? High motivation (Native- speaking teachers are a good speaking model) A Positive Points of the Direct Method -- 41 Q What does the following description refer to? Focus on conversational skills (students start speaking from the very first class). A Positive Poins of the Direct Method -- 42 Q What does the following description refer to? The idea that learning would take place without explanation or grading, and without correction of error, but simply exposure to meaningful input. A Natural Language Learning (Natural Approach) -- 43 Q What does the following description refer to? The main point of this approach constituted the idea that learner would benefit from delaying production until speech “emerges,” that learners should be as relaxed as possible in the classroom, and that a great deal of communication and “acquisition” should take place. It is a communicative approach. It means that the main emphasis is made on development of the communicative competency A Natural Language Learning (Natural Approach) -- 44 Q What does the following description refer to? Refer to the final result ,what is expected to achieve at the end of learning process ( fluent communication in target language) A Long – term goals -- 45 Q What does the following description refer to? Are aimed at achieving very specific result during a class period ( application of a certain grammar structure, or pronunciation rules, etc.). A Short – term goals --  46 Q What does the following description refer to? To achieve basic personal communication skills: oral ( listening to public announcements) A Goals of Natural Approach -- 47 Q What does the following description refer to? To achieve basic personal communication skills : written language (reading and writing) A Goals of Natural Approach -- 48 Q What does the following description refer to? To develop academic learning skills: oral ( listening to a lecture ) and written ( taking notes in class) A  Goals of Natural Approach -- 49 Q What does the following descrption refer to? Help beginners become intermediates A Goals of Natural Approach -- 50 Q What does the following description refer to? Specific objectives depend on learners needs and the skill (reading, writing, listening , and speaking) A Goals of Natural Approach -- 51 Q What does the following description refert to? Develop basic communication skills , both oral and written, in every day situations. A  Goals of Natural Approach -- 52 Q What does the following description refer to? It is the development of listening comprehension skills. response to physical commands , pointing at something, etc A The preproduction stage -- 53 Q What does the following description refer to? It is usually marked with errors as the student struggles with the language. The teacher focuses on meaning here, not on form, and therefore the teacher does not make a point of correcting errors during this stage (unless they are errors that block or hinder meaning entirely). A The early production stage -- 54 Q What does the following description refer to? Students are able to perform role- plays, games, exchange of opinions, group problem solving use open-ended dialogues, discussions, and extended small-group work. Teachers are asked to be very sparse in their correction of errors A Speech – emergent stage -- 55 Q What does the following description refer to? Exposure to target language , rather than practice of its forms A Characteristics of the Natural Approach -- 56 Q What does the following description refer to? Empahisizes comprehension A Characteristics of the Natural Approach -- 57 Q What does the following description refer to? Emphasizes informal settings A Characteristics of the Natural Approach -- 58 Q What does the following description refer to? Emphasizes affection and emotional preparedness for learning. A Characteristics of the Natural Approach -- 59 Q What does the following description refer to? Prolonged period of attention before language production A Charactersitcs of the Natural Approach -- 60 Q What does the following description refer to? Generate a constant flow of language input A Teacher’s role in the Natural Approach -- 61 Q What does the following description refer to? Create an interesting, engaging and friendly atmosphere A Teacher’s role in the Natural Approach -- 62 Q What does the following description refer to? Provides a low affective filter (no error correcting, subjects of high interest). A Teacher’s role in the Natural Approach -- 63 Q What does the following description refer to? decide when to speak, what to speak about, what linguistic expressions to use in speaking. A Student’s role in the Natural Approach -- 64 Q What does the following description refer to? Make class activities meaningful, relate them to the real world, foster communication among learners. A Goal of the instructional materials in the Natural Approach -- 65 Q What does the following description refer to? Use of realia : pictures, visual aids, schedules, advertisements, maps, books, etc. A Instructional material in the Natural Approach -- 66 Q What does the following description refer to? According to Dell Hymes (1972), this approach starts from a theory of a language as communication. The goal is to develop communicative competence. A The Communicative Approach (Communicative Language Teaching) -- 67 Q What does the following description refer to? Language is not just bits of grammar , it also involves language functions ( discourse elements: inviting, agreeing, suggestions, etc. ) which students should learn how to use. A Main Points of Communicative Language Teaching -- 68 Q What does the following description refer to? If students get enough exposure to language and have opportunities to use it and if they are motivated, then language learning will be successful. A Main Points of Communicative Language Teaching --  69 Q What does the following description refer to? Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning A Task Principle of CLT -- 70 Q What does the following description refer to? Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process. A Meaningful Principle of CLT -- 71 Q What does the following description refer to? Activities that involve real communication promote learning. A Communication Principle of CLT --  72 Q What does the following description refer to? It is a learner – centered approach. A Characteristics of CLT -- 73 Q What does the following description refer to? Learning a language through using it to communicate. A Charateristics of CLT -- 74 Q What does the following description refer to? Authentic and meaningful communication is the goal of classroom activities A Characteristics of CLT -- 75 Q What does the following description refer to? Fluency is given priority A Characteristics of CLT -- 76 Q What does the following description refer to? Integration of all language skills A Characteristics of CLT -- 77 Q What does the following description refer to? Communication is a creative process that involves trial and error A Characteristics of CLT -- 78 Q What does the following description refer to? students interact with each other rather than with the teacher. learners see that failed communication is the joint responsibility, and not the fault of listener or speaker. successful communication is achieved collaboratively. A Learner’s rol in CLT -- 79 Q What does the following description refer to? Facilitate the communication between all participants in classroom – To act as an independent participant within the learning – teaching group – As a researcher and learner ,counselor, group manager. – Teacher assumes the responsibility through: one-to-one sessions, In groups, planning group and individual instructions. A Teacher’s rol in CLT -- 80 Q What does the following description refer to? Use of authentic language and on asking students to perform /do meaningful tasks using the target language. Such tasks can include various real- life situations , such as visiting a doctor, conducting an interview, or calling customer service for help. A Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) -- 81 Q What does the following definition refer to? Engaging learners in task work provides a better context for the activation of learning process then form-focused activities( activities based on grammar exercises). A Main Point of Task-based Language Teaching -- 82 Q What does the followgin description refer to? – Which involve real communication ( conversation ). – in which language is meaningful and is used for carrying out meaningful tasks A Activites emphasized by Task-based Language Teaching -- 83 Q What does the following example refer to? Students may be asked to perform a real phone conversation, filling hotel forms, or job application forms), etc A Real - world tasks -- 84 Q What does the following example refer to? Students are asked to do a grammar exercise, practice concrete grammar structure, or perform writing activities, ) etc. A Pedagogical tasks -- 85 Q What does the following description refer to? Tasks improve learners motivation and promote learning. These task require the learners to use authentic language and are varied in format and operation. They also include physical activity, they involve partnership and collaboration. A  Positive Points of Task-Based Language Teaching -- 86 Q What does the following description refer to? Teacher should be very careful in selecting and assigning tasks.Difficult tasks may reduce the attention, therefore, fluency may develop at the expense of accuracy. A Negative Points of Task-Based Language Teaching. -- 87 Q What does the following description refer to? Tries to develop the language and discourse which will be needed for particular jobs A English for specific purposes 1 Q What do the following items represent? – For communication – For transmission of knowledge – For conveying information and facts – For ceremonial purposes – To influence people ( orders, commands) – To self-express – To express emotions and feelings – To form thoughts A Reasons why we need language -- 2 Q What does the following description refer to? Human Speech A The meaning of language -- 3 Q What does the following description refer to? A system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, is used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings. A The meaning of language -- 4 Q What does the following description refer to? Any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, signs ( traffic symbology ), or nonverbal communication ( body language). A The meaning of language -- 5 Q What does the following description refer to? special set of symbols, letters, numerals, rules, grammar sets, etc, used for the transmission of information. A The meaning of language -- 6 Q What does the following description refer to? All the vocal sounds, words, and ways of combining them common to a particular nation, tribe, or other speech community A  the meaning of language -- 7 Q What does the following description refer to? The particular form or manner of selecting and combining words characteristic of a person, group, or profession. A The meaning of language -- 8 Q What does the following description refer to? Form or style of expression in words. Special set of symbols, letters, numerals, rules, grammar sets, etc, used for the transmission of information. A The meaning of language -- 9 Q What does the following description refer to? is a set of very specific universal principles which are intrinsic properties of the human mind and part of our specie`s genetic endowment A The meaning of language -- 10 Q What does the following description refer to? is a mental phenomenon. It is the knowledge about sounds, meaning, and grammar. It is best described in terms of grammar, a system of rules. A Meaning of Language -- 11 Q For a communication system to be called language it must contain _________ and __________? A LEXICON and GRAMMAR -- 12 Q What does the following description refer to? It is a system of elements ( words) and rules of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics and the study of those elements and rules. A Grammar -- 13 Q What does the following description refer to? is a “mental dictionary”, the vocabulary that we have stored in our brain. Without these two components, it is impossible to use any language A Lexicon -- 14 Q What does the following description refer to? refers to someone`s ability, condition, or quality of being competent, it is to know or do something well. A Competence -- 15 Q What does the following description refer to? is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by all native speakers of a concrete language. It is a principle for correct sentence formation and the creation of grammatical sentences. A Language Competence -- 16 Q What do the following items refer to? Provide a means of association each sentence of a language with its correct pronunciation and meaning. Describes sentences with no mistakes at all. Register and correct mistakes. A The functions of Grammar -- 17 Q What do the following items refer to? Phonetics, Phonology, Lexicon, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics A  Components of Linguistic Competence -- 18 Q What does the following description refer to? The physical production and perception of sounds used in producing language. A Phonetics -- 19 Q What does the following description refer to? the mental organization of physical sounds and the patterns formed by the way sounds are combined in a language. A Phonology -- 20 Q What does the following description refer to? the identification, analysis, and description of units of meaning in a language. A  Morphology -- 21 Q What does the following description refer to? the structure and formation of sentences. A Syntax -- 22 Q What does the following description refer to? Understanding the meaning of sentences A Semantics -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? wordstock of a language, its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A Lexicon -- 24 Q What does the following description refer to? is a theory in linguistics that suggests that there are properties that all possible natural human languages have. According to this theory, some rules of grammar are already in the human brain and manifest themselves without the need of being learned or taught. A Universal Grammar -- 25 Q What does the following description refer to? is described within the discipline of Sociolinguistics. As you already know, sociolinguistics deals with the study of language use in society and in sociocultural contexts. A Communicative Competence -- 26 Q What do the following items refer to? possibility, feasibility, appropriateness, and attestedness. A Components of communicative competence -- 27 Q What does the following description refer to? It refers to the formal aspect of a language- whether utterances are grammatically correct or not. A Possibility -- 28 Q What does the following description refer to? It refers to the process in the mind. Helps processing language instances and it is an important component of language competence, as it makes information easily accessible. A Feasibility -- 29 Q What does the following description refer to? It is about whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate, (adequate, happy, successful) in relation to a context in which it is used and evaluated. A Appropriatness -- 30 Q What does the following description refer to? It refers to the actual occurrence of something. Some constructions may be possible, feasible, appropriate, but they do not occur- they are not ______. A Attestednes -- 31 Q What do the following items refer to? – deals with the language structure, e.g. grammar, syntax, morphology, phonology, etc. It is about how to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a language. Asks: What words do I use? How do I put them into phrases and sentences? Is what you actually know about a language. A Linguistics Competence -- 32 Q What do the following items refer to? – is the knowledge of communication. It is how you actually use the language. – For effective communication, speakers need to know the norms of interaction and interpretation , and use correctly the four elements: possibility, feasibility, appropriatness, attestedness. A Communicative competence -- 33 Q What does the following description refer to? Meaning is more important than the structure and form. Dialogues if used around communicative functions, are not to be memorized. Language item should be presented in a context. They should not be taught in isolation. A The influence of communicative competence -- 34 Q What does the following description refer to? Language learning does not imply learning structures, sounds and words but learning to communicate. Effective communication is emphasized. Reading and writing need not weigh for one’s mastery over speech. They may start from the very first day. A The influence of communicative competence -- 35 Q What does the following description refer to? Instead of linguistic competence, communicative competence is the desired goal. Linguistic variation is accepted as a central condition in method and materials. The sequence of units is determined not by the principle of linguistic complexity but by the consideration of content, function, and meaning, which maintain interest A The influence of communicative competence -- 36 Q What does the following description refer to? the human brain contains an innate mental grammar that helps humans acquire language. Forms the basis of competence in the particular language the child is going to speak. A Universal Grammar -- 37 Q What does the following description refer to? It uses computerized techniques for searching large databanks, it has made available much more information about probability. A Corpus linguistics -- 38 Q What does the following description refer to? Aimed to develop learners’ capacity to use language effectively. A Communicative approac What does the following description refer to? the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse A  Context -- 2 Q What does the following description refer to? Is NOT a method for teaching languages. It is a way of describing and understanding how language is used. It is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, or signed language use. It analyzes “naturally occuring” language use, and not invented examples. A Discourse analysis -- 3 Q What does the following description refer to? Is a branch of linguistics that focuses on language use above and beyond the sentence A Discourse Analysis -- 4 Q What do the following items refer to?  language-in-action monologues classroom talk Interviews service encounters organizing and directing people A types of speech -- 5 Q What does the following description refer to? Talk accompanying doing A language-in-action -- 6 Q What does the following description refer to? speeches, stories, jokes A monologues -- 7 Q What does the following description refer to? lectures, classes, seminars, tutorials A Classroom Talk -- 8 Q What does the following description refer to? job, journalistic, in official settings A Interviews -- 9 Q What does the following description refer to? banks, shops, travel agent, etc. A service encounters -- 10 Q  What does the following description refer to? in the street, work, home A organizing and directing people -- 11 Q What is one of the most significant elements for conversation analysis? A TURN – TAKING -- 12 Q What does the following description refer to? the basic unit of speech of the individual speaker A Turn-taking -- 13 Q What does the following description refer to? is to know how speakers achieve smooth turn-taking. A The goal of conversation analysis -- 14 Q What do the following items refer to? intonation pauses for breath body language phrases or interjections silence A Elements within turn-taking -- 15 Q What does the following description refer to? Dropping _________ may signal that a point is made, so a response is in order. It may also signal the end of conversation or the end of the thought; express hesitation, or show a need for encouragement on the part of participants in the speaking act. A Intonation -- 16 Q What does the following description refer to? May also be taken as an opening of conversation or “thinking” time before answering. A pauses for breath -- 17 Q What does the following description refer to? is a very significant turn-seeking signal, for example, eye contact, and gesticulation (see more about it below in the PARALANGUAGE section). A Body language -- 18 Q What does the following description refer to? like ah! oh! wow! Right! OK, so, well, now, you see, I see, dont tell me ( In Spanish you may use one of these: no cierto, mira, oye) ,etc. can also indicate the speakers reaction to information conveyed by the participants of the conversation. A phrases or interjections -- 19 Q What does the following description refer to? (or minimal silence) of approximately 1-2 seconds of the participant or participants can be used to communicate and express unwillingness to continue the conversation or the desire to stop or interrupt communication, etc. A Silence -- 20 Q What does the following description refer to? Refers to non–verbal elements of communication. These elements are used to modify meaning and convey the emotion of the speech-act participants. It may be expressed consciously and unconsciously. It may include the elements described for turn-taking: pitch, the volume of the voice, and intonation. A Paralanguage -- 21 Q What does the following description refer to? Movements and gestures that speakers usually produce during speech acts. Language of hands, body, and facial expressions is universal. A Body Language -- 22 Q What do the following items refer to? Eye contact Proxemics Kinesthetisc A elements of non verbal communication -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? It varies according to culture. In some cultures ,during a conversation eye contact should be limited, while in others it is one of the main elements of speaking acts. A Eye contact -- 24 Q What does the following description refer to? It refers to a “ space bubble” that speakers of different cultures maintain during the conversation. For example, in Spanish speaking countries, the physical distance between speakers during a conversation may not be very significant , while in most of Europe, the USA, Canada, and some other countries ,the speakers keep a certain distance from each other A Proxemics- (physical proximity) -- 25 Q What does the following description refer to? (touching a partner during conversation ) also varies according to culture. A Kinesthetisc -- 26 Q What does the following description refer to? explains that the meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar rules, vocabulary, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, and knowledge about the status of those involved in conversation. A Pragmatics -- 27 Q What does the following description refer to? is a subfield of linguistics which studies how the context contributes to the meaning of words and how context influences the interpretation of meaning. A Pragmatics -- 28 Q The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning is called _________ A pragmatic competence -- 29 Q What do the following items refer to? The participants The message content The kind of communicative activity A Features to understand the influence of context on the use of language -- 30 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know who the speakers are, their roles in conversation, the difference in power( example: boss- employee), the degree of closeness or distance between them ( peers, strangers, etc), and the number of people involved in the speech act ( whether it is monologue, dialogue, public speech, etc.) A the participants -- 31 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know how “beneficial” the message is to the hearer/speaker, hearer / speaker, whether the conversation is or not within the rights of the relationships between the participants. A The message content -- 32 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know whether it is a job interview, informal conversation between friends, a lecture, etc. These norms of the activity influence language behavior. The signals indicate the beginning or end of the conversation, and level of formality between the participants of speech act. A The kind of communicative activity -- 33 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know whether it is a job interview, informal conversation between friends, a lecture, etc. These norms of the activity influence language behavior. The signals indicate the beginning or end of the conversation, and level of formality between the participants of speech act. A The kind of communicative activity -- 34 Q How can the knowledge of pragmatics be useful for language learning and teaching a second or foreign language? A We might need Pragmatics to use language correctly and to avoid misunderstandings about meanings. -- 35 Q What does the following description refer to? tries to explain the differences found in many languages and cultural groups. We need to learn pragmatics to be able to communicate and interact with speaker of other languages more naturally A the need to learn pragmatics -- 36 Q What does the following description refer to? It guides the behaviour of people in a community and is formed by our family life. A Culture -- 37 Q What does the following description refer to? The set of behaviors and modes of perceptions, is highly important in the learning of a second language. A  Culture -- 38 Q What does the following description refer to? language is a part of culture, and a culture is a part of language; we cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. A Relation between culture and language -- 39 Q What does the following description refer to? Is an expression of culture. It influences the way the speakers perceive the world and it has significant implications for translation. A Language -- 40 Q What does the following description refer to? ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a given group of people in a given period of time A Culture -- 41 Q What does the following description refer to? It threatens to introduce enormous amounts of new material and categories which are inherently slippery and vague. A Systematizing context -- 42 Q What does the following description refer to? Is the study of how stretches of language are perceived as meaningful and unified by their users. A Discourse analysis -- 43 Q What does the following description refer to? when we speak, we do not only communicate through words. A good deal is conveyed by tone of voice, and by the use of our bodies…Such communicative behavior, used alongside language is… A Paralanguage -- 44 Q What does the following description refer to? the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information A visual communication -- 45 Q what does the following description refer to? is defined as any human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices. A Computer-mediated communication (CMC) -- 46 Q What does the following description refer to? Is the discipline which studies the knowledge and procedures which enable people to understand each other’s words. Its main concern is not the literal meaning, but what speakers intend to do with their words and what it is which makes this intention clear. A Pragmat What does the following description refer to? the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse A Context -- 2 Q What does the following description refer to? Is NOT a method for teaching languages. It is a way of describing and understanding how language is used. It is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, or signed language use. It analyzes “naturally occuring” language use, and not invented examples. A Discourse analysis -- 3 Q What does the following description refer to? Is a branch of linguistics that focuses on language use above and beyond the sentence A Discourse Analysis -- 4 Q What do the following items refer to? language-in-action monologues classroom talk Interviews service encounters organizing and directing people A types of speech -- 5 Q What does the following description refer to? Talk accompanying doing A language-in-action -- 6 Q What does the following description refer to? speeches, stories, jokes A monologues -- 7 Q What does the following description refer to? lectures, classes, seminars, tutorials A Classroom Talk -- 8 Q What does the following description refer to? job, journalistic, in official settings A Interviews --  9 Q What does the following description refer to? banks, shops, travel agent, etc. A service encounters -- 10 Q What does the following description refer to? in the street, work, home A organizing and directing people -- 11 Q What is one of the most significant elements for conversation analysis? A TURN – TAKING -- 12 Q What does the following description refer to? the basic unit of speech of the individual speaker A Turn-taking -- 13 Q What does the following description refer to? is to know how speakers achieve smooth turn-taking. A The goal of conversation analysis -- 14 Q What do the following items refer to? intonation pauses for breath body language phrases or interjections silence A Elements within turn-taking -- 15 Q What does the following description refer to? Dropping _________ may signal that a point is made, so a response is in order. It may also signal the end of conversation or the end of the thought; express hesitation, or show a need for encouragement on the part of participants in the speaking act. A Intonation -- 16 Q What does the following description refer to? May also be taken as an opening of conversation or “thinking” time before answering. A pauses for breath -- 17 Q What does the following description refer to? is a very significant turn-seeking signal, for example, eye contact, and gesticulation (see more about it below in the PARALANGUAGE section). A Body language --  18 Q What does the following description refer to? like ah! oh! wow! Right! OK, so, well, now, you see, I see, dont tell me ( In Spanish you may use one of these: no cierto, mira, oye) ,etc. can also indicate the speakers reaction to information conveyed by the participants of the conversation. A phrases or interjections -- 19 Q What does the following description refer to? (or minimal silence) of approximately 1-2 seconds of the participant or participants can be used to communicate and express unwillingness to continue the conversation or the desire to stop or interrupt communication, etc. A Silence -- 20 Q What does the following description refer to? Refers to non–verbal elements of communication. These elements are used to modify meaning and convey the emotion of the speech-act participants. It may be expressed consciously and unconsciously. It may include the elements described for turn-taking: pitch, the volume of the voice, and intonation. A Paralanguage -- 21 Q What does the following description refer to? Movements and gestures that speakers usually produce during speech acts. Language of hands, body, and facial expressions is universal. A Body Language -- 22 Q What do the following items refer to? Eye contact Proxemics Kinesthetisc A elements of non verbal communication -- 23 Q What does the following description refer to? It varies according to culture. In some cultures ,during a conversation eye contact should be limited, while in others it is one of the main elements of speaking acts. A Eye contact -- 24 Q What does the following description refer to? It refers to a “ space bubble” that speakers of different cultures maintain during the conversation. For example, in Spanish speaking countries, the physical distance between speakers during a conversation may not be very significant , while in most of Europe, the USA, Canada, and some other countries ,the speakers keep a certain distance from each other A Proxemics- (physical proximity) -- 25 Q What does the following description refer to? (touching a partner during conversation ) also varies according to culture. A Kinesthetisc --  26 Q What does the following description refer to? explains that the meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar rules, vocabulary, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, and knowledge about the status of those involved in conversation. A Pragmatics -- 27 Q What does the following description refer to? is a subfield of linguistics which studies how the context contributes to the meaning of words and how context influences the interpretation of meaning. A Pragmatics -- 28 Q The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning is called _________ A pragmatic competence --  29 Q What do the following items refer to? The participants The message content The kind of communicative activity A Features to understand the influence of context on the use of language -- 30 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know who the speakers are, their roles in conversation, the difference in power( example: boss- employee), the degree of closeness or distance between them ( peers, strangers, etc), and the number of people involved in the speech act ( whether it is monologue, dialogue, public speech, etc.) A the participants -- 31 Q What does the following description refer to? We need to know how “beneficial” the message is to the hearer/speaker, hearer / speaker, whether the conversation is or not within the rights of the relationships between the participa