Appendicular Skeleton Class Notes PDF

CHAPTER 8/9 Appendicular Skeletal System: Bones and Joints  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body  Appendicular Skelet...

CHAPTER 8/9 Appendicular Skeletal System: Bones and Joints  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body Introduction Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones As “appendages” to Axial skeleton, these 1 bones include: Upper and lower limbs 2 Girdles that attach them to axial skeleton. Pectoral Girdle (1) Pelvic Girdle (2) Appendages - part of the body that extends from the axial trunk Appendicular skeleton includes bones of the upper, lower and different girdles in the body. Axial Skeleton includes parts from the skull to the vertebral column Introduction Similarities between the upper and lower limbs Single large bone, followed by two smaller bones in parallel Hands and feet: same number and arrangement of bones for fingers and toes https://quizlet.com/280126334/appendicular-skeleton-flash-cards/ Introduction Pelvic girdle Major difference Pelvic girdle: Firmly anchored Pectoral girdle Pectoral girdle: Weakly anchored Only one joint with Axial skeleton. Sternoclavicular joint  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body  Posterior view 1 3 Pectoral Girdle Includes: 4 Clavicle(1) (collarbone) and 2 Scapula(2) (shoulder blade). Clavicle articulates with sternum’s manubrium at sternoclavicular joint (3) Only direct connection between axial skeleton and pectoral girdle. Anterior view Scapula is attached to clavicle at acromioclavicular joint (4) Scapula has no connection to axial skeleton instead, skeletal muscles and ligaments 2 support it. Pectoral girdle: only one joint with axial skeleton Pectoral Girdle Scapula: (shoulder blade): Large, triangular, flat bone with a ridge on posterior side / located between second and seventh ribs. Acromion (1): articulates with clavicle / felt as high point of shoulder / tailers measure arm length from here. Glenoid cavity (2): attachment for humerus / defines range of motion for humerus. Coracoid Process (3): attachment for tendons or muscles 1 1 3 2 Pectoral Girdle Scapula Spine (2) Supraspinous fossa (3): superior to spine Infraspinous fossa (4): inferior to spine Supra (above) / Spinous (spine) / Fossa (shallow depression) Acromion/clavicle = Supraspinous fossa: shallow depression above spine acromioclavicular joint 5 3 2 4 The Humerus Longest/largest bone of upper limb Proximal: ball-like / Distal: two prominent projections Articulations: proximal = scapula / distal = ulna and radius Proximal Humerus Humeral Head (1): fits into glenoid cavity Surgical neck (2): named because fractures 3 often occur here 1 Anatomical neck (3): site of epiphyseal growth 4 Greater Tuberosity (4): most palpable lateral landmark of shoulder 5 Intertubercular sulcus (= groove): runs between 2 greater and Lesser tuberosity (5) Elbow Joint Distal Humerus: distally articulates with radius (1) and ulna (2). Trochlea (3):Humorous medial aspect 4 3 that articulates with ulna Capitulum (4): Humorous lateral aspect 2 that articulates with radius. 1 Medial (5) and Lateral (6) Epicondyles are prominent features at Humeral distal end 6 5 Capitulum fits on round head of radius Proximal end of Ulna (1) Ulna medial to Radius Olecranon (ol-cranon) (2) of Ulna forms posterior prominence of elbow Coronoid process (3): slides onto Humerus Trachea Radial Head articulates with radial notch (4) of Ulna 2 3 4 1 2 1 Olecranon Proximal end of Radius (2) Forearm rotation: Radius head (2) articulates with capitulum Round head of the Radius allows forearm to rotate in radial notch (3) of ulna. Biceps Brachii Insertion 2 Biceps Brachii: major muscle causing 3 forearm flexion 4 Insertion of Biceps Brachii is on the Radial Tuberosity (4) Radius: round head = rotation Radius and Ulna Radius is located on lateral (thumb) side of forearm (in anatomical position) Distal end of Radius and Ulna Ulna Distal end consists of Head (1) that is separated from wrist by cartilage 3 2 Styloid Process of Ulna (2) is located on pinky-finger side of wrist Styloid Process of Radius (3) is located on thumb side of wrist 1 5 3 2 1 4 2 1 3 Radial notch of Ulna Bones of the Wrist Carpal (wrist) bones: 8 bones Arranged: two rows of four bones each. Proximal Row: (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) articulates with radius and ulna. Distal Row: (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) articulates with metacarpals Scaphoid bone accounts for vast majority of carpal fractures Metacarpals (palm): 5 bones Phalanges: 14 bones I: thumb Thumb: 2 phalanges V: pinky (proximal and distal) Other four digits: 3 phalanges (proximal, middle and distal) I V  Appendicular Skeleton (upper) Phonological and Visuospatial Chunks  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Lower limb: two distinct regions: 1. Pelvic girdle 2. Free lower limb Pelvic (hip) girdle: two coxal bones (hip bones) Coxal bones articulate with: Posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joint (1) Anteriorly at pubic symphysis (2) 1 2 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Composed of three bones: 1 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis (pubic bone). 4 Three bones fuse into one hip bone by age 23. 3 2 Femur (thighbone) articulates with acetabulum (4) (ball and socket joint). Acetabulum is composed of all three bones of hip. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle: Comparison of Female and Male Pelves pelvic brim is wider for the female mainly because of the birthing canal. pubic symphysis separates for the woman while she is trying to give birth. Femur and Patella Femur (Thigh): longest, heaviest, strongest bone in 2 1 body. Proximal end (head 1) inserts into Acetabulum (2) Distal end articulates with Tibia (shinbone) (3) and Patella (kneecap) (4) Femur: does not articulate with Fibula (5) 4 5 3 Femur and Patella 2 Patella (kneecap) = 1 triangular bone (1) Develops within quadriceps tendon (2) Tibia and Fibula Leg consists of Tibia (shinbone) (1) and Fibula (2) Tibia: 3 Proximal: articulates with 5 Femur (3) 2 1 Distal: articulates with Talus (4) bone Tibial tuberosity (5): attachment for patellar ligament. Fibula: 4 Proximal: articulates with Tibia Distal: articulates with Talas Talus bone Fibula: telling little fib (smaller bone of two) Tibia and Fibula Medial Malleolus (1): Distal end of Tibia articulates with Talus Forms prominence (Medial Malleolus) Lateral Malleolus (2): Distal end of Fibula Forms prominence (Lateral Malleolus) 2 1 Medial: towards midline: Lateral: away Skeleton of the Foot Tarsal Bones (tarsus = ankle) Seven (7) Tarsal bones. Two bones form posterior aspect of ankle and are larger than other five 1. Talus (1) 2. Calcaneus (2) Five bones form anterior portion 3. Navicular (shaped like a little boat) 4-6 Three Cuneiform bones 3 7 Medial, intermediate, and lateral 7 Cuboid bone (cube shaped) 1 2 Know the bones of the foot for the Exam Four anterior tarsal bones all start with “C” Skeleton of the Foot Metatarsal (foot bones): 5 bones. Numbered I through V starting with big toe. Phalanges: arranged similar to hand. Big toe has proximal and distal phalanx Other toes have proximal, middle, distal phalanx. https://www.foot-pain-explored.com/foot-bones.html Arches of the Foot Foot is longer Purpose: than it is wide. Support body weight Therefore, Provide leverage while walking two longitudinal arches and only one transverse arch. Weight distribution over foot Foot has two types of arches: 1. Longitudinal arch: medial (1) and a lateral (2) portions 2. Transverse arch (3) Gives us the ability to run 1 2 3 Appendicular Skeleton (lower) Phonological and Visuospatial Chunks acetabulum  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body  CHAPTER 9 Joints (Types and Classifications) Introduction Purpose: joints reduce friction between bones. What is a joint? Joint = point of contact (also called an articulation) between: Two or more bones Cartilage and bone Teeth and bone Joints: 1. Classification of joints 2. Types of joints in body Joints can be classified two ways: Structurally Functionally Classification of Joints: Structurally 1. Structurally Fibrous: bones joined by dense irregular connective tissue Cartilagenous (car-ta-laa-gen-us): use cartilage as connecting tissue to join bones Synovial: Joints with a lubricated cavity (called a synovial cavity) between bones. https://www.teachpe.com/anatomy-physiology/types-of-joints  Classification of Joints: Functionally 2. Functionally Arthrosis: means “joint wear” What degree of movement is permitted? Synarthrosis: immovable joint (syn: means “joined together”) Diarthrosis: A moveable joint Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable joint (amphi: means “on both sides) Synarthrosis Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous Let’s look more closely at Structural Classification Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Structural Classification: Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints Joints where bones are joined together by a solid mass of connective tissue 1 1 Two types of Fibrous Joints 1. Sutures (1): Dense fibrous connective tissue Only between bones in skull 2. Syndesmoses (sin-dez-mow-suhs) Next Slide Structural Classification: Fibrous Joints 2. Syndesmoses: Used where greater distance between bones Two types of Syndesmoses 1. Interosseous membranes Dense connective tissue between bones = provides greater movement Occur between: 1 Radius and Ulna 2 Tibia and Fibula 2. Gomphosis Cone-shaped peg fits into dense connective tissue Articulations between teeth and socket Structural Classification: Cartilaginous Joints Solid connective tissue that allows little or no movement Synchondroses (1) Symphyses (2) Epiphyseal cartilages (3) Immovable to slightly Connected by Not associated with moveable fibrocartilage movement Junction of first rib with Pubis symphysis Epiphysis growth plate manubrium An example 3 1 2 Structural Classification: Synovial Joints Distinguished by Synovial cavity (1) Bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (2) (very smooth) Joint enclosed by Articular capsule (3) 3 (not to be confused with articular 4 cartilage) 5 2 Articular capsule is composed of two layers 1. Fibrous membrane (4) 1 2. Synovial membrane (5): secretes synovial fluid Warmup stimulates synovial fluid secretion. Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joint Hinge Joint Surface flat or slightly Convex surface into curved concave surface Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint Ellipsoid Joint Rounded surface fits Oval shape fits into oval into ring depression Saddle Joint Ball-and-Socket Joint Shaped like a saddle Ball fits into Socket Bursa and Tendon Sheaths Found at many synovial joints Bursae: (1) Sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid 1 Think… cushion or pillow 2 Tendon sheaths: (2) Tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons  Appendicular Skeleton 1. Bone of the Appendicular Skeleton Introduction Upper Limb Lower Limb 2. Joints (Types and Classifications) 3. Selected Joint Ligaments of the Body Selected Joints of the Body: Shoulder Joint Two major ligaments 2 1. Coracohumeral Extends from coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus 1 2. Coracoclavicular Ligament between the coracoid process and the clavicle Selected Joints of the Body: Elbow Joint Three major aspects 1. Articular Capsule Dense, strong fibers from the humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna 1 3 2. Radial collateral ligament From the lateral 2 epicondyle of the humerus to the radius 1 3. Ulnar collateral ligament 2 From the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna Selected Joints of the Body: Hip Joint Two major ligaments 1. Pubofemoral ligament From the pubic part of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur 1 2. Iliofemoral ligament From the anterior iliac spine of the hip bone to the femur 2 Selected Joints of the Body: Knee Joint Two major ligaments 1. Anterior cruciate ligament From anterior tibia to 2 posterior femur 1 ACL limits hyperextension 1 of the knee This ligament is stretched 2 or torn in 70% of serious knee injuries 2. Posterior cruciate ligament PCL prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia and anterior sliding of the femur  Joints Phonological Visuospatial chunks chunks Structurally Functional (arthrosis: joint wear) - Fibrous: dense irregular -Syn: immovable connective tissue /fibrous / syndesmoses (interosseous, gomphosis) - Cartilaginous: cartilage to -Amphi: slightly moveable connect Synarthrosis Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis - Synovial: lubricating -Di: movable joint cavity Synovial Joints Plane: flat Hinge: convex into concave Pivot: rounded into ring Ellipsoid: oval into oval depression Saddle: Ball and Socket:  Group Project 1. What is the main difference between the Pelvic and Pectoral girdle? The Pelvic girdle is different from the pectoral girdle because it is firmly anchored while the pectoral girdle is not. The Pelvic girdle has the sternoclavicular joint that joins the clavicle and the sternum. 2. The only direct connection between the Pectoral girdle and the Axial skeleton is what articulation? Sternoclavicular joint 3. Which component of the Scapula defines the range of motion for the Humerus? Glenoid Cavity 4. Identify the Surgical neck and the Anatomical neck and explain the characteristics of each. Surgical; fractures / Anatomyical: epiphyseal 5. Describe the anatomical arrangement that allows forearm rotation Radius head in radial notch of ulna 6. Name the proximal row of Carpal bones from thumb to pinky? The female pelvis is different because the 7. Describe how male and female pelvises differ. pubic physis detaches when hormones are released, allowing the baby to pass in labor. The male pelvis is oval shaped while the 8. What is the function of the Tibial tuberosity? female pelvis is circular. attachment for patellar ligament 9. Name and describe the location of the seven Tarsal bones. 10. Describe the structure of the Synovial Joint Distinguished by the synovial cavity. There is the plane, hinge,