Human Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 7 Part B: The Skeleton PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 07 Part B The Skeleton PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 07 Part B The Skeleton PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7.2 The Vertebral Column General Characteristics Extends from skull to pelvis Also called spine or spinal column Functions to transmit weight of trunk to lower limbs, surround and protect spinal cord, provide attachment points for ribs and muscles Flexible curved structure contains 26 irregular bones called vertebrae in five major regions Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Characteristics (1 of 4) Regions and curvatures – Regions: ~28 long vertebral column broken into five major regions: 1. Cervical: consists of 7 vertebrae 2. Thoracic: 12 vertebrae 3. Lumbar: 5 vertebrae – Remember meal times: 7 am, 12 noon, and 5 pm 4. Sacrum: one bone, formed from fusion of several bones, articulates with hip 5. Coccyx: also fused bones that form terminus of column Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Characteristics (2 of 4) – Curvatures: four main curves in the column help to increase resilience and flexibility of spine  Cervical and lumbar curvatures – Concave posteriorly  Thoracic and sacral curvatures – Convex posteriorly Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Vertebral Column Figure 7.16 The vertebral column. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Characteristics (3 of 4) Ligaments: along with trunk muscles, help support vertebral column – Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments: continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down front and back of spine  Support and prevent hyperextension (backward) or hyperflexion (forward) bending – Ligamentum flavum: connects adjacent vertebrae – Short ligaments: connect each vertebra to those above and below Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ligaments and Fibrocartilage Discs Uniting the Vertebrae (1 of 4) Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ligaments and Fibrocartilage Discs Uniting the Vertebrae (2 of 4) Figure 7.17b Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Characteristics (4 of 4) Intervertebral discs – Cushionlike pad sandwiched between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers – Composed of two parts  Nucleus pulposus – Inner gelatinous nucleus – Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility  Anulus fibrosus – Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage – Limits expansion of nucleus pulposus when compressed Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ligaments and Fibrocartilage Discs Uniting the Vertebrae (3 of 4) Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ligaments and Fibrocartilage Discs Uniting the Vertebrae (4 of 4) Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.2 Severe physical trauma to spine may result in one or more herniated (prolapsed) discs Usually involves rupture of anulus fibrosus, resulting in protrusion of nucleus pulposus, which can press on spinal cord or nerves, causing numbness or excruciating pain Treatment: exercise, massage, heat, painkillers, or surgical intervention if non-surgical treatments are not successful Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.3 Abnormal spinal curvatures can be congenital or result from disease, poor posture, or unequal pull of muscles on spine Scoliosis: abnormal lateral rotation of spine, most often in thoracic region, which may lead to breathing difficulties Kyphosis (hunchback): is abnormal dorsal thoracic curvature common in people with osteoporosis, tuberculosis of spine, rickets, or osteomalacia Lordosis (swayback): is accentuated lumbar curvature that can result from disease but is also seen in men with pot bellies and in pregnant women Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abnormal Spinal Curvatures Figure 7.18 Abnormal spinal curvatures. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Structure of Vertebrae (1 of 2) All have common structural pattern consisting of: – Body (centrum), the anterior weight-bearing region – Vertebral arch composed of:  Two pedicles: short pillars form sides of arch  Two laminae: fused, flattened plates form posterior arch – Vertebral foramen: enclosure formed by body and vertebral arch coming together – Vertebral canal: series of vertebral foramina – Intervertebral foramina: lateral openings between vertebrae for passage of spinal nerves Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Typical Vertebral Structures Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Structure of Vertebrae (2 of 2) Vertebrae have seven processes: – Spinous process: projects posteriorly – Transverse processes (2): project laterally – Superior articular processes (2): protrude superiorly – Inferior articular processes (2): protrude inferiorly Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Animation: Rotatable Spine (Horizontal) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Animation: Rotatable Spine (Vertical) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (1 of 7) Cervical vertebrae – C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae – C3 to C7 share following features:  Oval-shaped body  Exception: C7 spinous processes are split (bifid)  Large, triangular vertebral foramen  Transverse foramen found in each transverse process for artery passageways  C7 is vertebra prominens; large and can be felt through skin, so used as a landmark Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-1 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-3 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Posterolateral Views of Articulated Vertebrae (1 of 4) Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (2 of 7) Cervical vertebrae (cont.) – C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features – Atlas (C1)  No body or spinous process  Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses  Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles – Occipital condyles “carry” skull  Movement for nodding head “Yes” Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The First and Second Cervical Vertebrae (1 of 4) Figure 7.20a The first and second cervical vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The First and Second Cervical Vertebrae (2 of 4) Figure 7.20b The first and second cervical vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (3 of 7) – Axis (C2)  Has body and processes like other vertebrae  Major feature is knoblike dens that projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas – Dens is the “missing” body of atlas  Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas  Movement allows side to side rotation for saying “No” Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The First and Second Cervical Vertebrae (3 of 4) Figure 7.20c The first and second cervical vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The First and Second Cervical Vertebrae (4 of 4) Figure 7.20d The first and second cervical vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Posterolateral Views of Articulated Vertebrae (2 of 4) Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (4 of 7) Thoracic vertebrae – T1 to T12 increase in size and articulate with ribs – Unique characteristics:  Body is heart shaped with two small demifacets that articulate with ribs – T10 to T12 have only single facet, not two  Vertebral foramen is circular  Long, sharp spinous process points inferiorly  Transverse processes have transverse costal facets that articulate with ribs (except T11, T12)  Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-1 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-3 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Posterolateral Views of Articulated Vertebrae (3 of 4) Figure 7.21b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (5 of 7) Lumbar vertebrae – L1 to L5 “small of back”; receives most stress, so bodies are massive – Other characteristics:  Short, thick pedicles and laminae  Flat, hatchet-shaped spinous processes point posteriorly  Vertebral foramen is triangular  Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together to prevent rotation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-1 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 7.2-3 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3) Table 7.2 Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Posterolateral Views of Articulated Vertebrae (4 of 4) Figure 7.21c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (6 of 7) Sacrum: triangular bone shapes posterior wall of pelvis; made from five fused vertebrae (S1–S5) – Superior articular process articulates with L5 – Articulates inferiorly with coccyx and laterally with hip bones via its auricular surfaces, forming sacroiliac joints – Sacral promontory: anterosuperior margin – Transverse ridges mark lines of fusion – Anterior sacral foramina: lie at lateral ends of ridges; act as openings for nerves and vessels – Alae: winglike expansions Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Vertebral Characteristics (7 of 7) Sacrum (cont.) – Median sacral crest: roughened bumps on posterior midline and lateral sacral crest; roughened area seen laterally on posterior side – Posterior sacral foramina: large openings for sacral spinal nerves – Sacral canal: continuation of vertebral canal – Sacral hiatus: large opening at end of canal Coccyx: tailbone formed from three to five fused vertebrae; articulates superiorly with sacrum – Very little function Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Sacrum and Coccyx (1 of 2) Figure 7.22a The sacrum and coccyx. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Sacrum and Coccyx (2 of 2) Figure 7.22b The sacrum and coccyx. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7.3 Thoracic Cage Composed of: – Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly – Sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly – Ribs laterally Functions – Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity – Supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs – Provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest, and shoulders Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Thoracic Cage (1 of 3) Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sternum (1 of 2) Also called the breastbone; consists of three fused bones: – Manubrium: superior portion that articulates with clavicular notches and ribs 1 and 2 – Body: midportion that articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 – Xiphoid process: inferior end that is site of muscle attachment  Not ossified until ~age 40 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sternum (2 of 2) Sternum has three important anatomical landmarks: – Jugular notch  Central indentation in superior border of manubrium – Sternal angle  Horizontal ridge across front of sternum – Xiphisternal joint  Point where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Thoracic Cage (2 of 3) Figure 7.23b The thoracic cage. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.4 Xiphoid process projects posteriorly in some people A blow to the chest (chest trauma) at the level of the xiphoid process can push process into underlying liver or heart Can cause massive hemorrhaging During CPR, hands must be positioned on midsternum to avoid breaking off xiphoid process and damaging underlying organs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ribs (1 of 5) 12 pairs form sides of thoracic cage All attach posteriorly to bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae True (vertebrosternal) ribs (pairs 1–7) – Attach directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages False (vertebrochondral) ribs (pairs 8–10) – Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above Vertebral (floating) ribs (pairs 11–12) – No attachment to sternum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Thoracic Cage (3 of 3) Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ribs (2 of 5) Main parts of rib: – Shaft: flat bone that makes up most of rib  Costal groove: houses nerves and vessels – Head (posterior end)  Articulates with facets (demifacets) on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae – Neck: constricted portion beyond head – Tubercle: knoblike structure lateral to neck  Articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same-numbered thoracic vertebra Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ribs (3 of 5) Figure 7.24a Ribs. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ribs (4 of 5) Figure 7.24b Ribs. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ribs (5 of 5) Figure 7.24c Ribs. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved