APEH Unit 2: Protestant Reformation PDF

Unit 2: Protestant Reformation Baptism/Christening Sacraments ○ Rituals that a Christian person does in their lifetime ○ 7 of them ○ Baptism, Communion/ Eucharist Salvation Clergy -> Church Hierarchy Church Hierarchy Major themes- ○ Divisions within...

Unit 2: Protestant Reformation Baptism/Christening Sacraments ○ Rituals that a Christian person does in their lifetime ○ 7 of them ○ Baptism, Communion/ Eucharist Salvation Clergy -> Church Hierarchy Church Hierarchy Major themes- ○ Divisions within the Reformation ○ Catholic response ○ Factors that led to Reformation Church corruption  A lot of practices that people don’t find a correlation with in the Bible Only 2 of the 7 sacraments found in the Bible ○ (Those being Baptism and Communion) Many don’t agree with the Church religiously Some nobles resent how much power/influence the church has over the, over such a long distance Not just religious institution, but also political Divisions within the Reformation itself Think about how republicans and democrats see the constitution differently because of their different opinions (People have different interpretation based on backgrounds and other factors) that is what will happen during the reformation, with Martin Luther having different interpretations, as well as other people having different interpretations of their own, now that they are educated Question: Was it a successful movement? Answer: Yes. Think of Lutherins, Amish, orthodox, etc….. ANYBODY who worships Jesus as the messiah is a Christian Religious Background Gradual decline of RC since the late middle ages ○ Babylonian Cap ○ Avignon papacy  ○ Great Schism- (SPEPERATION) Sometimes referred to as the western schism, both popes excommunicated each other (Ban Eachother from going to Churhc, essentially sending each other to hell) ○ ○ Conciliar Movement (Check and balance type of system, overall reducing pope’s power) Criticism by medieval scholars ○ Jean Wycliffe ○ Jan Hus (Czech Scholar) (Followers known as Hussites) ○ Both medieval scholars who got their hands on bibles, read them and figured out that there’s a lot of things the church is preaching that isn’t in the bible (2 of the 7 sacraments situation) ○ Problem is, it doesn’t reach enough people during this time Power between religious and monarch figures now balancing out The Hussites not only wanted religious reform, but also social and political reform (unjustified influence of the Roman catholic church over Modern Czech Republic) Hussite Wars (Church wins, but it doesn’t mean the people aren’t pissed off) And when Martin Luther starts HIS movement, the Bohemians respond by assisting him Religious corruption  Simony- essentially just the sale of church positions Pluralism Absenteeism Nepotism Moral decline Clerical ignorance Indulgences Johann Tetzel If only there was a pass to get into heaven……. Create a crisis of conscious among Christians (very scared of going to Hell) Simony allows people to buy power Tithe- Church tax, 10% of everyone's income goes to the Church Like an investment, spend money to make money Taille- The land tax Pluralism- Diocese- Areas of control that a bishop operates Absenteeism Not serving the people What’s the job of a priest? To serve the PEOPLE Nepotism- When a person’s son takes over their job/ role. Moral decline of the church, not following ethical practices the claim to be following, not serving others or teaching what Christ was like  Clerical ignorance- A lot of priests are illiterate, cannot read the bible, so how are they supposed to teach the bible? They don’t, they don’t really know the base of the religion. Only performed masses and not reading from textbook with no way of knowing what you are preaching is correct Priests start preaching different messages The combination of all these factors from corruption to misrepresentation to illiteracy and inaccuracy is a total crisis of consciousness Indulgences- Creating a demand for a product; a pass to heaven. Indulgences not worth as much anymore You can buy a spot in heaven for not too expensive You are free from sin up until the time of indulgence Johann Tetzelnathan ○ Got his position through Simony ○ Dominican Priest ○ Not known for religious values as much ○ Can be compared to a salesman ○ Associate him with high energy people ○ Flex seal guy, oxiclean guy ○ Makes slogans ○ Catchy guy, easy to remember, lives rent free in your head ○ Slogan was: “Every time a coin in the coffer rings a soul from purgatory springs”  Technically, anyone can be forgiven, but they have to TRULY be sorry in their heart You can’t fool God If you commit the crime, you have to do the time In purgatory, you MIGHT go to heaven, it's a wait, where tensions build, it’s like a holding cell (It could be temporary) Giant increase in demand for indulgences for the dead Basilica built, massive complex Covered in art, decoration rare earth metals such as gold Extremely expensive How are they getting money to build this? Indulgences, which saw a massive increase Leo X, also known as the Medici pope SOCIAL FACTORS Desire for reduction of Roman Catholic Church power among political leaders Distant Church Foolishness seen with praising the actions of the church, Christian humanists change peoples minds Laity- People who are not a Priest ○ Non clerical desire for religious reform Modern Devotion/ Brotherhood of the common life. Thomas a Kempis  Erasmus -> In Praise of Folly Desire among Lait people to revolt against church OR advocate for religious reform Interpretation of bible by regular people, creating a more modern devotion Modern devotion tends to be more in and amongst the people Humanist education with a christian aspect Goal is to train students to become better priests because the current ones weren’t very good representatives Thomas a Kempis (Who made the modern devotion) and Erasus (The guy from last unit who wrote Praise of Folly) Thomas à Kempis argues that if you want to be a good christian, you should ask yourself “WWJD” (What would Jesus do?) How do you know what Jesus would do? READ about him. Get EDUCATED. Live the life HE LIVED and by HIS PRINCIPLES. (Model your life after Jesus, he is your role model IMITATE him) Martin Luther copies a lot of Erasmus’s Praise of Folly and transports it into parts of his 95 Theses Background: He was from Germany, his father was a coal miner, became successful in taking control of the business, so he sends Martin Luther to school Goes to law school Chooses God over his fathers path of law, his father gets mad, and Martin Luther joins a monastery  Within a few months, he knows every bible verse and is doing better than almost any monk Does everything he can The rest of the monks alert him that he is doing way too much Doesn’t want to break away from the church, instead he wishes to REFORM it PROTESTant REFORMation Martin Luther believes that faith will get you into heaven Did not believe in indulgences (Heaven-passes) Believed in having FAITH and replicating the life of Jesus (praying, helping the poor, charity) Uses Bible for citations/backup Information can’t be denied by anyone because of this Knowing the bible isn’t the #1 priority of the clergy at the time, making Martin Luther far more credible than the church itself Attacks practices of church, including indulgences (Which can be seen as the first ever religious grift) ○ “Treasury of Merit” ○ October 31, 1517 Martin Luther is the ultimate intellectual leader of the Protestant Reformation Sola Fide-Justification of Faith Final authority of Bible “If it’s not in the bible, it’s an illegitimate practice”  Attack on validity of 5 of the 7 sacraments Need literacy to be a good Christian Priesthood of all Believers People of faith are equal Denies priests special powers Everyone who believes in God is by definition considered a priest Destruction of Catholic Hierarchy Starts mass producing 95 Theses through the use of the printing press Philip Melanchithon ○ Intellectual leader of Reformation ○ Continues to spread Luther’s message when he goes into hiding Toned down Martin Luther's message to expand support 95 Theses posted October 31st 1517 Repentance- ask for forgiveness Martin Luther is saying that Jesus was telling people to ask for forgiveness for their entire lives You can’t commit a sin, get forgiveness, and then commit the sin again during your life How does he become a church outcast? By overall opposing the ideology of the current regime, being a PROTESTant 95 theses gains traction, and 2 years later, the church sends people to “deal with” Martin Luther by holding a public debate  “Heretic” Frederick the Wise of Saxony and Philip of Hesse Public debate with John Eck 1519 If your a Heretic determined by the Church it is a Catholic’s duty to turn you in or weed you out (It would be chris wards duty) Publications -> 3 Pamphlets ○ Addressed the nobility of German nations, speaks to nobles and says “you are the key to saving the german state from corrupt Italian influences”- Use of Nationalism Church’s response to the pamphlets wouldn’t be so significant, just accuse him of Heresy and threaten excommunication Martin Luther doesn’t care, says excommunication isn’t even in the bible Gets excommunicated Jan 3rd 1521 Founder of alternative christianity known as Lutheranism The election of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 ○ Between Charles I of Spain and Francis I of france Charles V Traditionally, whoever had the backing of the pope would get elected Francis had the backing of the Pope, so he should win Fugger family supported Charles, loan him a massive campaign chest of money Charles I uses this money to bribe the electors and steals the election Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire  CHARLES I AND CHARLES V ARE THE SAME PERSON, JUST DIFFERENT COUNTRIES HE RULED OVER AT DIFFERENT TIMES What ended the Renaissance? The Italian wars. Who sacked Rome? Charles V. The pope supported the other guy, Francis I This election leads to wars breaking out ending the Renaissance During this time, people were not paying attention to Martin Luther ELECTION OF CHARLES V Charles V ended Italian Renaissance by sacking Rome Elected in 1519 as HRE Spanish represent the MOST Catholic of the catholic in Europe Battle of Pavia 1525 ○ Francis I vs Charles I/V Habsburg Valois Wars Martin Luther excommunicated 1521 Charles not targeting Luther, because he has bigger problems Francis I taken prisoner, forced to sign a treaty giving over power Mostly France that’s losing Overall, this draws attention away from Martin Luther, letting him continue to spread his message. What's happening to the movement as a whole? It’s growing, evolving, getting stronger Charles V has so much land, he’s probably the most powerful man in Europe at the time Martin Luther would be dead if he had Charles V’s full attention  Diet of Worms ○ Meeting called by Charles V to judge Martin Luther ○ Takes place in the year 1521 A.D.(CE) Holds meeting in Germany, in a city called Worms Condemnation of Luther during debate Luther Refused to speak Latin, only spoke German ○ (Luther can speak Latin Fluently) ○ Charles V doesn’t speak German, he needed a translator to understand what he was talking about Charles V had to have a translator Why wouldn't he make it convenient? Because he’s nationalistic, and is being protected by nationalistic German princes They dislike Charles purely for not being German Habsburgs infamous form a habsburg jaw Edict of Worms in 1521- Condemns Luther of Heresy, makes every catholics duty to turn him over to authorities, in order to kill him Bro has a bounty oh his head Hunted man, generates sympathy among German nobles Norman German princes follow Luther, Southern German princes follow Catholicism Martin Luther is Condemned German provinces split over Protestant Reformation Diet of Speyer 1526-> concessions to Pro Princes If caught harboring Martin Luther, you are guilty too  King of France allies with the Ottoman Empire France unites with Ottoman Empire to crush Charles V Charles V hates Protestants but needs them to help him in battle Reformation continues to gain in strength, getting closer to dethroning Catholicism from total dominance German Peasants, despite the majority of them being illiterate, get Luther’s message Resonates with the poor due to the opposition of expensive indulgences, and people of faith are equal If there is no Hierarchy in Heaven, why is there on Earth? German peasants’ Revolt 1524- 1526 Wrote 12 Articles, inspired by Luther Revolt against nobles, but for the first time, it had a theological/philosophical complaint added to it, which Luther condemns, despite them being in support of his ideas Noble support for Luther is at its highest point after the German peasant revolt 1530 Schmalkaldic League ○ Defensive Protestant alliance ○ Supported by Francis I because he is a Catholic Support for the reformation is going up because of opposition for Charles, a political reason instead of religious reason. Martin Luther can be perceived as an early Nazi No frq for nazi document  Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) “Priesthood of all Believers” -> creates division Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Switzerland is made up of twelve cantons, isn’t really a country YET Very decentralized Ulrich inspired by Luther One thing they DON’T agree with on is with the Eucharist No eucharist, no heaven Ulrich disagreement leads to split of Christianity and Protestant Christianity Catholics believe once they eat the bread and wine, it transforms into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, this is called Transubstantiation Lutherans believe in Consubstantiation consubstantiation-the doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. It doesn’t say anywhere in the bible that it’s really the body of Jesus, it’s just a symbol, and it doesn’t do anything (Lutherarism’s belief was a different interpretation, core idea is the same) Lent- 40 days before Easter you gave up something  Luther was using Nationalism to gain followers/supporters Sola Scriptura (Anyone can be a priest, leads to everyone interpreting the bible as they see fit, making many unique ideas and divisions within the general religion) Marburg Colloquy (1529) Luther sees different interpretations as an existential threat Luther wants to be the only one Luther is a “diva” Wants to stay unified because of “strength in numbers” Luther views Zwingli as a “dangerous radical” What’s radical today could be normal tomorrow (The idea of “radical” or “conservative” can change Ex: Civil Rights Movement made black rights an expectation instead of a radical idea) Anabaptists (Radical group of protestant Christians) Thomas Muntzer Rejection of Infant baptism in favor of adult baptism only Munster (A city) Rebellion of 1535 John of Leiden- Leader of Munster Rebellion  Ideas become very far fetched, becomes too much for everyone Rebellion put down Menno Simons ○ Mennonites Amish Crow cages at the top of Cathedral, used as a form of punishment. John of Leiden was up there for 300 years. John Calvin from France (1509-1564) Forced in exile, goes to Switzerland Extremely faithful Agrees on some ideas of Martin Luther His big idea was Predestination Thinks your fate is decided BEFORE birth (Fate of heaven or hell) ○ You have no free will ○ God knows everything, every decision you have to make, every obstacle you have to face, and your fate Radical idea  Living Saints- also called the Elect (People who are already destined to go to Heaven) This made people even more moral Calvin sets up shop in Geneva Laws itself promote religious morality Calvin sets up a Theocratic government in Geneva that promotes his ideology and holds religious values close Becomes a home to persecuted Protestants Calvinism is very strict Can be seen as making “fun” illegal Coming from chaos, these protestants come here and see complete order, a polar opposite to what they are used to Geneva become a home to persecuted Protestants They see an ultra-organized city, causing them to convert to calvinism Preach Calvinism further to people back home Movement expands like wildfire Spreads in every major area Calvin starts it, but doesn’t lead it  Women’s rights expanded on, Calvinism seemed as a Utopia for women Seen as helpless people who need saving before Calvinism Calvinism holds rule of thumb is more equal education and social status (such as i being illegal to physically discipline your wife with a stick thicker than your thumb), making women more independent English Reformation Henry VIII ○ 6 wives (we don’t need to know all of them) ○ Tudor dynasty of rulers ○ Married to Catherine of Aragon, has child named Mary, but Henry wants a son ○ Needs an heir to his throne, because a woman wasn’t allowed to be the head of the country ○ Reformation Parliament (1529-1536) ○ (We only have to remember the first 3 wives) ○ 2 years earlier ○ Thomas Crammer and Thomas Cromwell were advisors that tried converting Henry to Protestantism,  bypassing religious control of the Roman Catholic Church to gain political power in the moment ○ (Reformation gains traction through a political reason) Henry becomes his own Pope Archbishop of Canterbury (Highest Bishop in new Church) Now that Henry has gained more religious power and thrown out the Roman Catholic Church, every single bit of Catholic church land was seized and given to the king (Consolidation of ECONOMIC power) Act of Supremacy- makes Henry the head of the Church Henry’s reason for taking religious power was originally to gain political power, and now that he has gained both those powers, it has led to economic consolidation for him. Mary I born (Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII) ○ Mary is a VERY devout Catholic 2nd Wife- Anne Boleyn ○ Elizabeth I born Still doesn’t have a male heir, so he keeps going End marriage to Anne by bringing her up on false charges  Anne executed for treason because of Henry VIII false accusations Jane Seymour ○ She dies in childbirth ○ Edward VI born ○ Only one that Henry VIII loved ○ Henry finally had a male heir EDWARD Marriage for a king was a way of securing political alliances (your children become political tools to secure alliances) Ex: some wars ended with a political-based marriage Anne of Cleves, his next wife, wasn’t as beautiful as the painting made her to be Next one was Catherine Howard Last one was Catherine Parr Happy birthday By the time Henry died, he was really fat and had his own gravitational pull. He pulled jupiter off its course Counter Reformation  Reformation of the Catholic church (what Luther wanted in the first place) Church is losing a tremendous amount of influence throughout Europe Establishment of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) ○ Ignatius of Loyola Founder of the Jesuit order Former Spanish Soldier, but he gets injured Spiritual soldier for the Church Creates a regiment on how to become a “SUPERpriest” SUPER educated in the bible, know it back and forth in many languages SUPER faithful ○ Spiritual Exercises 1524 Jesuit schools still exist Jesuit schools were the highest level of education Most of the people that went to Jesuit schools were the offspring of nobles  Council of Trent (1545-1563)- had a goal of finding out if there was any merit to what Martin Luther was saying about church practices ○ 3 major sessions ○ outcome Finds out lots of unholy things happening within the church’s regime When it comes to sacraments, they conclude there should be 7 Believed that only through a priest can a Ucharist be done Didn’t change anything at the core of the religion, just a statement officially Church silent on issues, people led to make up their mind for 47 years Schools set up for priests to attend for a standard level of education to make sure that all priests are on the same page (Not quite as educated as Jesuits, more like a 4 year college) Huge of increase of protestantism, slowly decreases due to the Catholic church’s pushback (seen as successful)  Jesuits strategy was effective to turn people back to Catholicism because they knew what they were talking about more so than most Protestants Most Jesuit Priests have not one, but multiple PHDs, making the counter reformation more credible than the reformation itself Protestant Reformation is about 20 years old, Catholicism is about 1500 years old Schmalkaldic War 1546 - 1547 Schmalkaldic league was the group of people that supported Luther Schmalkaldic league defeated after Charles V’s attack Now, wants to force Protestants to re-Catholicize  Wanted to send the message that he has a leash on everyone, in attempt to put European civilization in its place Aftermath of Schmalkaldic War Augsburg Interim 1552 Charles V’s forces clash with Schmalkaldic League again This time, Francis Ist son is a much better military leader, Henry II of France Charles V loses, realizing that he won't be able to re-catholicize Europe, backing him down and damaging his massive ego The league came back together because Charles V was so lenient, wasn’t paying attention enough, allowing the league to re-strategize (Ignorance was Charles V’s mistake) Diet of Augsburg Political Consolidation of reformation ○ Diet of Augsburg P.R spreads even further to Sweden and Denmark ○ Peace of Augsburg -> 1555  “Cuius regio, eius religio” Whose realm, his religion Establishes that Europe cannot be religiously united ever again ○ Religious division now permanent, making Lutherans happy, and Protestants legal It’s only illegal to be a Annabaptist, or Calvinist, etc…. Link between Calvinism and religious wars outside of Europe was because of the way in which it spreads through city influence ○ Inspiration from Geneva