Anatomy and Physiology I Study Guide Chapter 2 PDF

Anatomy and Physiology I (BSC 1085) **Study Guide Chapter 2:** **Chemistry Comes Alive** **[Learning Objectives:]** 1. Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter. 2. Define atom, list the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, ch...

Anatomy and Physiology I (BSC 1085) **Study Guide Chapter 2:** **Chemistry Comes Alive** **[Learning Objectives:]** 1. Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter. 2. Define atom, list the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom. 3. Define atomic number, atomic weight and mass, isotope, and radioisotope. 4. Distinguish between a compound and a mixture. Define molecule. 5. Compare solutions, colloids, and suspensions 6. Explain the role of electrons on chemical bonding and in relation to the octet rule. 7. Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. 8. Compare and contrast polar and non-polar compounds. 9. Contrast synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions. 10. Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible. 11. Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates. 12. Explain the importance of water and salts to body homeostasis. 13. Define acid and base and explain the concept of pH. 14. Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 15. Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of organic molecules. 16. Describe the building blocks of proteins and contrast fibrous and globular proteins. 17. Describe the structure of enzymes, their general mechanism of activity, and how the activity can be controlled. 18. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 19. Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism. **[Key words and concepts, chapter 2]** matter and energy atom, molecule, compound, element, subatomic particles periodic chart (table) atomic symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, atomic mass electron energy levels isotopes radioisotopes half-life **[Key words and concepts, chapter 2, cont.]** types of mixtures chemical bonds covalent, polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen cations, anions chemical notation (symbols/subscripts) chemical equations categories of reactions decomposition, synthesis, exchange (exergonic, endergonic) inorganic compounds water, electrolytes acids, bases, buffers pH scale, measurements organic compounds organic reactions dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis carbohydrates mono-, di-, and polysaccharides lipids (fat) fatty acids and glycerol triglycerides (neutral fat) prostaglandins steroids proteins (contractile proteins, buffers, chaperones) peptide bonds primary, secondary, tertiary structure, and quaternary structures enzyme activation energy, substrate cofactors, coenzymes induced-fit model nucleic acids DNA and RNA nucleotide nitrogen bases high energy compounds (ATP, ADP, cAMP)