AP World Unit 1 PDF

Developments in East Asia Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasty Overview Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that was founded by Yang Jian (Emperor Wen) in 581 and ended with the assassination of Yang Guang (Emperor Gong) in 618. The Sui Dynasty is notable for reuniting C...

Developments in East Asia Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasty Overview Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that was founded by Yang Jian (Emperor Wen) in 581 and ended with the assassination of Yang Guang (Emperor Gong) in 618. The Sui Dynasty is notable for reuniting China under a single imperial rule after several centuries of political fragmentation, and for its role in the construction of the Grand Canal, which was a major engineering feat that linked the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers and facilitated trade and communication between northern and southern China. The Sui Dynasty was also known for its military campaigns, particularly the conquest of the Chen Dynasty, which led to the reunification of China. However, the Sui Dynasty was ultimately marked by internal conflict and a lack of stability, and it was succeeded by the Tang Dynasty in 618. Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 618 to 907. It is considered one of the greatest periods of peace and prosperity in Chinese history, and it is remembered for its cultural achievements and its strong and centralized government. The Tang Dynasty is known for its cosmopolitan culture, which was influenced by trade and cultural exchange with other parts of Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The Tang Dynasty is also known for its literature, art, music, and dance, which are considered some of the finest examples of Chinese culture. The Tang Dynasty is also remembered for its military conquests, particularly the campaigns against the Turks in Central Asia. However, the Tang Dynasty eventually declined due to a combination of internal conflicts, economic problems, and external invasions. It was succeeded by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 907. Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279. It followed the Tang Dynasty and was succeeded by the Yuan Dynasty. The Song Dynasty is known for its cultural achievements and technological innovations, which had a significant impact on the development of China and East Asia. The Song Dynasty is also known for its economic growth, which was spurred by an expansion of trade and the adoption of a paper money system. The Song Dynasty is also remembered for its military struggles, particularly the wars against the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty, which eventually conquered the northern part of China and established the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). The Song Dynasty is also remembered for its strong and centralized government, which implemented a number of reforms and was known for its bureaucratic and merit-based system of administration. Government Developments in the Song Dynasty The Sui and Tang Dynasties were able to reunite China after centuries of war. The Song Dynasty, starting in 960, was able to build on this stability and help advance the government of China. A bureaucracy is a large, complex organization that is characterized by a hierarchical structure, a division of labor, and a set of rules and procedures that govern the way it operates. Bureaucracies are typically found in governments, but they can also be found in other types of organizations, such as businesses, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations. The main features of a bureaucracy are: 1. A clear hierarchy: Bureaucracies are organized into a pyramid-like structure, with each level of the organization having a specific set of responsibilities and authority. 2. A division of labor: Bureaucracies are divided into specialized departments or units, each of which has a specific area of expertise or responsibility. 3. Standardized procedures: Bureaucracies have detailed rules and procedures that govern how work is to be done and decisions are to be made. 4. An emphasis on efficiency: Bureaucracies are designed to be efficient and to accomplish their goals in a systematic and organized way. 5. Formalized communication: Bureaucracies rely on formal channels of communication, such as written memos and reports, to convey information and coordinate activities. A meritocracy is a society or organization in which individuals are selected and promoted based on their merit, or their ability and talent. In a meritocracy, people are judged and rewarded based on their individual achievements, rather than their social class, wealth, or connections. The idea of a meritocracy is that it allows individuals to rise to positions of power and influence based on their abilities, rather than on their social status or family background. Meritocracies are often seen as more fair and just than societies that are based on inherited privilege, because they give everyone an equal opportunity to succeed. However, some critics argue that meritocracies can be elitist and can create a culture of competition and individualism, and that they can also perpetuate existing inequalities if the criteria for measuring merit are biased or unfair. The Civil Service Exam system started under the Han Dynasty and reemerged under the Tang and Song. Chinese men would spend years learning the Chinese classics like The Analects by the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius. Based on their abilities, they would take a series of exams that would award them greater power and influence. A person who passed any one level of these exams entered a new social class: the scholar gentry. The scholar-gentry, also known as the literati or shidafu, were a social class in ancient and imperial China that comprised well-educated individuals who were involved in the administration of the government. The scholar-gentry were typically members of the elite and were often drawn from the ranks of the aristocracy or the wealthy merchant class. They were known for their love of literature, art, and philosophy, and they played a key role in the cultural and intellectual life of China. The scholar-gentry were also involved in the civil service, and many of them held positions in the bureaucracy or served as advisers to the emperor. The scholar-gentry were highly respected in Chinese society, and they were often seen as a model of virtue and learning. However, they were also criticized for their privileged status and for their lack of practical experience. This approach to governing lasted until around 1900 Chinese Scholar Gentry. Image Credit: Wikipedia Economic Development The stability of the Tang and Song Dynasties allowed for the Chinese to economically develop. A lot of this development was based on their new technologies, regional trade, and their growing dominance. Below are a series of new developments that helped the Chinese to have the strongest economy between 1200-1450. Economic Developments in China, 1200-1450 | Grand Canal 🌅 | The Grand Canal is a massive engineering project that was built in ancient China to link the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers and facilitate trade and communication between northern and southern China. The Grand Canal is the longest and oldest canal in the world, and it stretches over 1,100 miles from Hangzhou in the south to Beijing in the north. The Grand Canal was built over the course of several centuries, beginning in the 5th century BC and continuing through the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was a massive undertaking that required the construction of hundreds of bridges and the excavation of thousands of miles of waterways. The Grand Canal was used to transport a variety of goods, including grain, timber, and minerals, and it played a key role in the development of the Chinese economy. It is still in use today and is an important transportation route in China. | | --- | --- | | Gunpowder 💣 | Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate that is used as a propellant or explosive. Gunpowder was invented in China in the 9th century and was initially used for medicinal and religious purposes. However, it was eventually discovered that gunpowder could be used as a weapon, and it was adopted for use in guns, cannons, and other types of firearms. Gunpowder revolutionized warfare and had a significant impact on the development of modern societies. It was also used for a variety of other purposes, including mining, fireworks, and rocketry. The Chinese kept the formula for gunpowder a closely guarded secret for many years, but it eventually spread to the Middle East and Europe, where it was further developed and refined. | | Champa Rice 🍚 | Champa rice is a type of aromatic rice that is grown in the Champa region of Vietnam, which is located in the central part of the country. Champa rice is known for its fragrant aroma and sticky texture, and it is often used in traditional Vietnamese dishes, such as xôi (sticky rice), and com (steamed rice). Champa rice is also popular in other parts of Southeast Asia and is often used in a variety of dishes, including desserts, snacks, and main dishes. In Vietnam, Champa rice is typically grown in the lowland areas of the Mekong Delta, which has a warm, humid climate that is well-suited for rice cultivation. Champa rice is typically grown using traditional methods, and it is often irrigated using water from rivers and canals. | | Coal ⛏ | Coal has been an important resource in China for many centuries. China has some of the largest coal reserves in the world and is one of the world's leading producers and consumers of coal. Chinese coal is primarily used to generate electricity, and it is also used as a raw material in the production of steel, iron, and other industrial products. Most of China's coal is mined in the northern and northwestern parts of the country, and it is transported to other parts of the country by rail and truck. | | Artisan 🍶 | Chinese artisans were skilled craftsmen and women who created a wide range of fine and decorative arts, including ceramics, textiles, woodcarving, metalworking, and painting. Chinese artisans were known for their high level of technical expertise and artistic skill, and their work was highly prized both within China and abroad. Chinese artisans often worked in guilds or workshops, where they learned their craft from master artisans and produced goods for sale. In ancient and medieval China, artisans were considered an important part of the economy and society, and they played a key role in the development of Chinese culture and technology. Many Chinese artisans were also involved in the production of luxury goods, such as jade, silk, and porcelain, which were highly prized by the elite and were often used as symbols of wealth and status. | | Public Works 🛣 | Throughout its history, China has undertaken a number of large-scale public works projects for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, transportation, flood control, and defense. Some notable examples of Chinese public works projects include: The Great Wall of China: This iconic fortification was built over the course of several centuries to protect the Chinese Empire from nomadic invaders. The Great Wall stretches over 13,000 miles and is one of the most famous public works projects in the world. The Grand Canal: This massive engineering project, which was completed in the 7th century AD, linked the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers and facilitated trade and communication between northern and southern China. The Dujiangyan Irrigation System: This ancient irrigation system, which was built in the 3rd century BC, is still in use today and has played a vital role in the development of agriculture in the Sichuan Basin. | | Tribute System 💰 | The tribute system was a system of international relations in which one state, typically a smaller or weaker state, paid tribute to a more powerful state in exchange for protection or recognition. The tribute system was common in ancient and medieval societies, particularly in East Asia. Under the tribute system, the tributary state would send gifts or other valuables to the receiving state as a sign of submission or respect. The tribute system was often used as a way for the tributary state to demonstrate its loyalty and avoid military conflict with the receiving state. The tribute system could also be seen as a way for the receiving state to exert its influence and control over the tributary state. However, the tribute system was often seen as exploitative and unbalanced, and it was eventually abolished in most parts of the world as states developed more modern systems of international relations. | | Paper 📜 | Paper was first invented in China in the 2nd century AD, and it played a significant role in the development of Chinese civilization. The Chinese initially used paper for a variety of purposes, including writing, printing, and packaging. The production of paper in China was initially a labor-intensive process that involved pounding and pulping plant fibers, such as bamboo, mulberry, and hemp, to make a pulp, which was then spread out on a mold and pressed to form sheets of paper. Over time, the Chinese developed a number of innovations in papermaking, including the use of animal hides and fishnets as molds and the use of bronze and iron tools to process the fibers. The Chinese also invented the world's first printing technique, woodblock printing, which was used to produce religious texts and other documents. The spread of papermaking and printing techniques from China to the rest of the world had a profound impact on the development of culture, education, and commerce. | Social Structures in China The social structure of China has been extremely stable since the Han Dynasty. This is because it is very hierarchical. A hierarchy is a system of ranking or organizing things in which people or things are ranked according to status or importance. Hierarchies can be found in many different types of organizations, including governments, businesses, and social groups. In a hierarchy, people or things are typically ranked according to a set of rules or standards, and those at the top of the hierarchy have more power, authority, or privileges than those lower down. Hierarchies can be based on a variety of factors, including job title, education, wealth, and social status. Hierarchies are often used to establish order and to assign roles and responsibilities within an organization. However, they can also create inequalities and lead to conflict if there is a perception of unfairness or favoritism.  China's social hierarchy circa. Han Dynasty Part of this hierarchy is the fact that China is a patriarchal society where men dominate most systems of power. Though women were charged with raising the children, they rarely were given political or economic roles. This is exemplified in the process of foot binding. Much like modern-day cosmetics, foot binding was done to make women more desirable for men as well as a sign of wealth. 🎥Watch: WHAP - China in the Global Middle Ages Periphery of China A core society impacts the societies in its periphery. Much like how the US impacts nations around it and New York City impacts communities around it, China has had a long-lasting impact on the development of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam: Post-Classical Japan, Korea, and Vietnam | Japan | This archipelago (series of islands) region has unique elements to it like the religion of Shintoism, stories like The Tale of Genji, and a unique feudal hierarchy. The Emperor and Shogun (military leader) would rule over various Daimyo (landowners) who would all hire Samurai to protect their land. The Samurai would practice a unique brand of chivalry called the Bushido Code. Though feudal and largely decentralized, Japan was able to develop its own unique society.Though Buddhism did spread to Japan, the Japanese government did not embrace the civil service system nor did the society accept Confucianism. | | --- | --- | Korea Korea has been the most influenced by China, adopting Confucianism, Buddhism, and the civil service system. However, the aristocracy in Korea did not allow for social mobility or true unity of the Korean peninsula. Vietnam Vietnam has tried very hard to maintain its own independence from China. Though closely translating to ‘southern people’, the Vietnamese do not think of themselves as Chinese. They do not have as a hierarchical society; rather life is dominated by villages and smaller nuclear families. Though Confucianism and Buddhism spread there, the impact of Confucianism is limited. Developments in Dar al-Islam Overview of Islam Islam is a monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the prophet Muhammad. Islam is based on the belief in one God (Allah) and the teachings of Muhammad as recorded in the Quran, the holy book of Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last in a line of prophets that includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, and that the Quran is the final revelation from God. Islam is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing religions, and it is the dominant religion in many countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Muslims follow a strict code of conduct known as sharia law, which covers all aspects of life and includes rules for prayer, fasting, charity, and personal behavior. Islam also emphasizes the importance of social justice and the equality of all believers. What is Dar al-Islam? Dar al-Islam is an Arabic term that means "the abode of Islam." It refers to the lands where Islam is the dominant religion and Islamic law (sharia) is practiced. Dar al-Islam is traditionally contrasted with Dar al-Harb, which means "the abode of war" and refers to lands where Islam is not the dominant religion. According to Islamic tradition, the goal of Muslims is to spread Islam throughout the world and to establish Dar al-Islam as a global community. In the past, Dar al-Islam was used to refer specifically to the Muslim-controlled territories during the period of Muslim expansion in the 7th to 13th centuries. Today, the concept of Dar al-Islam is often used in a more metaphorical sense to refer to the global community of Muslims and the ideal of a unified Muslim society. Islamic expansion across North Africa and through the Middle East saw more connections because of trade. Muslim caliphates conquered and often tolerated different beliefs as long as non-Muslims paid a tax called a jizya. According to Islamic tradition, jizya is a form of protection tax that is paid by non-Muslims in exchange for the protection and security provided by the Muslim state. In some cases, the payment of jizya was seen as a sign of submission to Muslim rule, and it was required as a condition of living in a Muslim-controlled territory. In other cases, jizya was seen as a way to allow non-Muslims to continue practicing their own religion without interference. The exact amount of jizya that was required varied depending on the time and place, and it was typically based on the wealth and status of the individual paying it. The Battle of Tours, also known as the Battle of Poitiers, was a battle that took place in 732 between Frankish and Islamic forces in the region of Tours, France. The battle was fought between the Frankish leader Charles Martel and an Islamic army that had invaded the region and was attempting to expand its territory. The Frankish forces were able to decisively defeat the Islamic army and halt its advance into Europe. The Battle of Tours is considered a turning point in the history of Europe, as it marked the end of the Islamic conquest of the continent and the beginning of the Christian reconquest. The battle also had significant consequences for the spread of Islam in Europe, as it slowed the expansion of the religion and helped to consolidate the power of the Christian kingdoms in the region. Al-Andalus was the name given to the territory in the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) that was ruled by Muslim dynasties from the 8th to the 15th centuries. Al-Andalus was a center of culture, learning, and trade, and it was known for its advanced system of government, its sophisticated cities, and its diverse population. The Muslim rulers of Al-Andalus were influenced by a variety of cultures, including Arab, Berber, and Jewish, and they established a diverse and tolerant society that welcomed people of different religions and ethnicities. Al-Andalus was conquered by Christian kingdoms in the 15th century, but its legacy can still be seen in the art, architecture, and culture of the region. The architecture of Cordoba and the iron work of Toleda are directly related to this era of Islamic expansion.  The extent of Islamic expansion. Image Courtesy of Wikipedia The position of women in Dar al-Islam (the "abode of Islam") has varied throughout history and has been shaped by a variety of factors, including cultural, social, and political. According to Islamic teachings, men and women are considered equal in the eyes of God and are afforded equal rights and responsibilities. However, the interpretation and application of these teachings has varied widely across time and place, and women have often faced discrimination and inequality in practice. In some Muslim-majority societies, women have played a significant role in public life, while in others they have been largely confined to the domestic sphere. Women's rights in Dar al-Islam have also been affected by the influence of colonialism, modernizing reforms, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Overall, the position of women in Dar al-Islam is complex and varied, and it cannot be reduced to a single, monolithic experience. Periphery of the Abbasids Umayyad Caliphates The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major caliphates in Islam, following the Rashidun Caliphate. It was founded by the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from 661 to 750. The Umayyad Caliphate was centered in Damascus, Syria, and it extended its control over much of the Arab world, as well as parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Umayyads are known for their military conquests and for their cultural achievements, including the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the development of the Arabic language and literature. The Umayyad Caliphate is also remembered for its internal conflicts and for the persecution of certain groups, including the Shia Muslims and the People of the Book (non-Muslim monotheistic religions). The Umayyad Caliphate was eventually overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate in 750. Abbasid Caliphates The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the four major caliphates in Islam, following the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate. It was founded by the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled from 750 to 1258. The Abbasid Caliphate was centered in Baghdad, Iraq, and it extended its control over much of the Arab world, as well as parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Abbasids are known for their cultural achievements, including the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a major center of learning and scholarship. The Abbasid Caliphate is also remembered for its internal conflicts and for the decline of its power and influence in the later years of its rule. The Abbasid Caliphate was eventually overthrown by the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. The Umayyad and the Abbasid Caliphates helped develop and spread Islam from Spain to India. As the Abbasid Caliphate falls to the Mongol invaders, new Islamic powers emerge: 🎥Watch: WHAP - The Islamic World[ ](https://app.fiveable.me/ap-world/unit-1-the-global-tapestry/the-islamic-world/wat ch/0tdXks7BWu6ThWwNjyai)**New Islamic Powers** Egyptian The Mamluks were a warrior caste in Egypt that originated in the Mamluks 13th century. They were originally slave soldiers who were brought to Egypt from the Caucasus region and trained as soldiers. The Mamluks eventually rose to power and established themselves as the ruling class in Egypt, ruling the country from 1250 to 1517. The Mamluk Sultanate was a strong and centralized state that was known for its military prowess and its cultural achievements. The Mamluks were a diverse group and included people from a variety of ethnic and religious backgrounds, including Turkish, Circassian, and Georgian. The Mamluk Sultanate was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, but the Mamluks left a lasting impact on the history and culture of Egypt. Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turks were a Turkish-speaking people who originated in Central Asia and established a vast empire in the 11th and 12th centuries. The Seljuk Empire included parts of modern-day Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan, and it was known for its military prowess and its cultural achievements. The Seljuk Turks were instrumental in spreading Islam and Islamic culture in the region, and they established a number of influential institutions, including madrasas (Islamic schools) and hospitals. The Seljuk Empire was eventually divided into a number of smaller states, and it declined in  the 13th century. However, the Seljuk Turks had a significant impact on the history and culture of the Middle East, and they are remembered for their contributions to Islamic civilization. Delhi The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of India Sultanate from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The Delhi Sultanate was founded by the Turkic general Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1206, and it lasted until 1526, when it was conquered by the Mughal Empire. The Delhi Sultanate was known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of the Qutb Minar tower in Delhi and the development of the Indic language and literature. The Delhi Sultanate was also marked by political instability and internal conflicts, and it saw a number of invasions and conquests by foreign powers. Despite these challenges, the Delhi Sultanate played a significant role in the history and culture of India, and it left a lasting legacy on the region. 1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia South Asia South Asia is a region located in the southern part of the Asian continent. It is composed of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia is a diverse region with a rich cultural and historical heritage, and it is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, languages, and religions. The region is known for its ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization and the Maurya Empire, and it has been at a crossroads of trade and cultural exchange for centuries. South Asia is also a region with a significant economic and strategic importance, and it is home to some of the world's largest and fastest-growing economies. It is also a region that has faced numerous challenges, including poverty, conflict, and political instability. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Continuities in South Asia Post 1200-CE Post-Classical South Asia Social The Hindu caste system created a hierarchy of power that was both religious and inherited. Hindus, born into a caste, typically had to remain in that caste until their death and hopeful reincarnation. This promoted stability, though it also allowed for the stagnation that emerges when there is no competition for power. Generally, a woman within the Hindu caste system had more in common with men of her caste than women in other castes. As Islam spread to the region, social roles became more gendered. Political Since the fall of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires, South Asia has broken into various kingdoms. Various Hindu Rajput Kingdoms emerged in northern India, keeping a centralized power from emerging for hundreds of years. They competed with each other, allowing for Islamic armies to start to expand into Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Rajput kingdoms were a group of Hindu princely states in India that flourished between the 8th and 16th centuries. The Rajputs were a warrior caste that originated in the northwestern region of India and played a significant role in the history and culture of the Indian subcontinent. The Rajput kingdoms were known for their strong military traditions and their resistance to foreign domination. They were also known for their patronage of the arts and their cultural achievements. The Rajputs were a diverse group, and the Rajput kingdoms varied in size and power. Some of the most notable Rajput kingdoms include Mewar, Marwar, and Mewat in the western part of India, and Magadha and Mithila in the eastern part. The Rajputs were eventually conquered by the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, but they continued to play an important role in the politics and culture of India. The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries. It was founded by the Turkic slave-general Qutb al-Din Aybak in 1206, after he seized power following the death of his master, the Ghurid sultan Muhammad of Ghor. The Delhi Sultanate was initially centered in the city of Delhi, but over time it expanded to include most of northern and central India. The Delhi Sultanate was a powerful  and influential state that was known for its military might and its cultural achievements. It was also a period of great political and social upheaval in India, as the Delhi Sultans struggled to maintain their power in the face of challenges from rival kingdoms and from within their own court. The Delhi Sultanate was eventually weakened by internal conflicts and by the rise of the Mughal Empire, and it came to an end in the 16th century. Cultural Though still predominantly Hindu, South Asia’s development was largely impacted by Buddhism and Islam. Hinduism is a polytheistic faith that is probably best known because of its belief in samsara, or reincarnation. The vast majority of Indians are Hindu. However, unlike many polytheistic faiths, Hinduism is very decentralized. Islam, spreading from the Middle East, is a monotheistic faith that is more cohesive since it blended political leadership with religion. By 1450, Islam has spread to northern India and helped the Delhi Sultanate create a stable regional empire. South Asia has seen many world religions because of its positioning on both land and water-based trade routes. Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a region located in the eastern part of the Asian continent. It is composed of the countries of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Southeast Asia is a diverse region with a rich cultural and historical heritage, and it is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, languages, and religions. The region is known for its ancient civilizations, including the Khmer Empire and the Srivijaya Empire, and it has been at a crossroads of trade and cultural exchange for centuries. Southeast Asia is also a region with significant economic and strategic importance, and it is home to some of the world's fastest-growing economies. It is also a region that has faced numerous challenges, including political instability, conflict, and environmental degradation. The people of Southeast Asia have been heavily influenced by China to the north and the trade with the west within the Indian Ocean Trade Network. The Indian Ocean trade network was a network of maritime trade routes that connected the countries of the Indian Ocean region to each other and to the rest of the world. The network emerged in the 1st century AD and reached its peak of prosperity in the 15th and 16th centuries, during the Age of Exploration. The Indian Ocean trade network was centered on the Indian Ocean, but it also included trade routes that extended to East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The network was used to transport a wide variety of goods, including spices, textiles, gold, silver, and other luxury goods. The Indian Ocean trade network was a key factor in the economic development of the region and played a major role in the spread of ideas, culture, and technology. It was also a major factor in the emergence of the global economy and the colonization of the New World. Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Before the modern-states of Southeast Asia, there were various empires, both land-based and sea-based, that helped unite the people politically, economically, and religiously. The Khmer Empire was a powerful state in Southeast Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the land-based empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam. Its capital, Angkor Wat, was originally a Hindu temple, developed over time into a vast Buddhist temple. The Srivijaya Empire was a Indonesian Hindu empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important center for trade between China and India as well as for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century. The Majapahit Kingdom was a smaller Javan Buddhist kingdom that controlled the shipping lane leading to and from the Strait of Malacca. Southeast Asia benefited economically from the Indian Ocean Trade Network, while it also became very diverse. Islamic merchants and Sufi (mystical sect of Sunni Muslims) missionaries brought their faith to Indonesia, making it the most populated Islamic nation in the world today. This trade network and the missionaries traveling with it is one of the most important factors in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Southeast Asia in the Global Middle Ages Key Questions What makes Southeast Asia a distinct region? There are several factors that make Southeast Asia a distinct region: 1. Geography: Southeast Asia is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent and is composed of a group of countries that are located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The region is characterized by a tropical climate and is home to a wide variety of landscapes, including mountains, forests, and coastal areas. 2. Culture: Southeast Asia is a region with a rich and diverse cultural heritage, and it is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, languages, and religions. The region has a long history of cultural exchange and has been influenced by a variety of cultures, including Indian, Chinese, and European. 3. Economics: Southeast Asia is a region with significant economic and strategic importance, and it is home to some of the world's fastest-growing economies. The region is known for its abundant natural resources and its strategic location as a hub of international trade. 4. Political environment: Southeast Asia is a region with a complex political landscape, and the countries of the region have a wide range of political  systems, including democracies, authoritarian regimes, and military governments. The region has a history of political instability and has faced numerous challenges, including conflict and human rights abuses. What were the key factors shaping Southeast Asia? There have been a number of key factors that have shaped Southeast Asia over the course of its history. Some of the most significant factors include: 1. Geography: Southeast Asia's location as a crossroads of trade between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean has played a major role in shaping the region's history and culture. The region's tropical climate and diverse landscapes have also influenced its development. 2. Cultural exchange: Southeast Asia has a long history of cultural exchange with other regions, and it has been influenced by a variety of cultures, including Indian, Chinese, and European. This cultural exchange has contributed to the region's diversity and has played a key role in shaping its identity. 3. Political and economic developments: The political and economic developments of Southeast Asia have been shaped by a variety of factors, including the rise and fall of empires, the influence of colonialism, and the emergence of modern nation-states. These developments have had a significant impact on the region's social, economic, and political landscape. 4. Environmental factors: The natural environment of Southeast Asia has also played a role in shaping the region's history and development. The region has been affected by a variety of environmental factors, including natural disasters, such as earthquakes and typhoons, and the impact of human activities, such as deforestation and pollution. How did world religions spread in Southeast Asian societies? World religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism, have spread in Southeast Asian societies in a variety of ways. Some of the key factors that have contributed to the spread of world religions in the region include: 1. Trade: Trade has played a major role in the spread of world religions in Southeast Asia. Merchants, travelers, and missionaries have brought religious ideas and practices to the region through their trade and travel. 2. Conquest and colonization: The spread of world religions in Southeast Asia has also been influenced by the conquest and colonization of the region by foreign powers. In some cases, religious beliefs and practices were imposed on the local population through military force or through the establishment of colonial rule. 3. Missionary activity: Missionaries have played a significant role in the spread of world religions in Southeast Asia. Missionaries have traveled to the region to proselytize and convert people to their faith, and they have established schools, hospitals, and other institutions to support their work. 4. Local adoption and adaptation: World religions have also spread in Southeast Asia through local adoption and adaptation. In some cases, people in the region have embraced new religious beliefs and practices and have incorporated them into their own cultural traditions. How did Southeast Asian states develop and maintain power? There have been a variety of ways in which Southeast Asian states have developed and maintained power over the course of history. Some of the key factors that have contributed to the development and maintenance of power in the region include: 1. Military strength: Military strength has often been an important factor in the development and maintenance of power in Southeast Asia. States that have strong militaries have been able to defend their territory and expand their influence through force or the threat of force. 2. Economic power: Economic power has also been a key factor in the development and maintenance of power in Southeast Asia. States that have a strong economy, with abundant natural resources and a thriving trade network, have been able to exert influence and control over other states. 3. Political stability: Political stability has also been important for the development and maintenance of power in Southeast Asia. States that are able to maintain a stable political system, with strong and effective institutions, are more likely to be able to maintain power over time. 4. Ideology: Ideology, or a shared set of beliefs and values, has also played a role in the development and maintenance of power in Southeast Asia. States that have been able to cultivate a sense of national identity and purpose have been able to rally support and maintain power. How was Southeast Asia a part of "Global Middle Ages?" Southeast Asia played a significant role in the "Global Middle Ages," which refers to the period from the 5th to the 15th centuries, when the world was connected through a network of trade and cultural exchange. During this period, Southeast Asia was an important hub of trade and cultural exchange, and it was connected to other parts of the world through a network of maritime trade routes that stretched across the Indian Ocean. The region was also influenced by a variety of cultures, including Indian, Chinese, and Islamic, and it played a key role in the spread of ideas, technologies, and religions. Southeast Asia was also home to a number of powerful empires and states, such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Majapahit Empire, which played a significant role in shaping the political and economic landscape of the region. Check out the AP World Unit 1 Replays,** watch the 2021 Unit 1 Cram, or play Unit 1 Trivia** Developments in the Americas Big Picture When talking about North, Central, and South America in the time period before 1200, the lack of unity and consistency needs to be understood. Because of its limited population and large amount of land, Native Americans were able to live in smaller, regional tribes. Some of these tribes developed into larger civilizations and even empires. The Mississippian culture is a civilization in modern-day southeastern United States. The Mississippian people created large earthen mounds demonstrating their unity to build large monumental structures. Instead of tracing family lineage through the father’s family, the Mississippian culture was matrilineal, passing social standing through the mother’s blood line. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Connections and Developments in the Americas Major Empires of the Americas The Maya and Aztecs each dominated a region of Mesoamerica between 250 CE and 1550 CE. The Maya thrived in the rainforest of the Yucatan peninsula. Largely a kingdom of city-states that worked for mutual benefit, the Maya were able to build large temples, cities, and trade networks. Because of internal conflict and lack of food, the Maya empire collapsed around 900 CE. Before they collapsed, the Maya thrived, building a famous accurate calendar, a complex writing system, and pyramids that rival those of the Middle East. The Aztec Empire came years after the collapse of the Maya and occupied modern-day Mexico City and south. Their capital, Tenochtitlan, is where Mexico City is today. The city was enormous, housing nearly 200,000 people at a time when London had 50,000! The Aztecs built a series of great pyramids in their city, demonstrating their power and authority. The amazing part of this city is that it was built on Lake Texcoco. Aztecs would build chinampas, or floating gardens, in the lake to grow a bounty of food. These chinampas would be filled in over time, creating a larger and larger city.  Aztec Chinampas. Image Courtesy of ancient-origins The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice. Many of the temples in Tenochtitlan were used for these rituals. The people sacrificed were either captured in battle or were tributes given to the Aztecs by neighboring city-states that did not want to be attacked. These prisoners and tributes were often sacrificed to the sun god, Huitzilopochtli. This process of human sacrifice was both part of their polytheistic religion and part of the political rule of the region. The Aztecs were very militaristic, had a thriving merchant class, and promoted education for many of its men. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Continuities in the Americas After 1200 CE The Incan Empire thrived around the same time as the Aztecs. They dominated a north to south region along the Andes Mountains in South America. They had a lot of clear contrasts with the Aztecs: 1. They were much more of a united monarchy, while the Aztecs were largely a city-state empire controlled by Tenochtitlan. 2. The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice as part of their religion. They believed that sacrificing humans to their gods would appease them and prevent natural disasters from occurring. The Aztecs also believed that sacrificing humans allowed the gods to renew their own strength, and that the sacrifice of humans would bring about the rebirth of the world. The Aztecs sacrificed prisoners of war, criminals, and slaves, as well as people who were chosen by the gods through a lottery system. The Aztecs believed that the sacrifice of humans was necessary for the continuation of the world and the maintenance of the natural order. The Inca also practiced animal sacrifice, specifically the sacrifice of llamas. Llama sacrifice was an important part of Inca religion and was believed to appease the gods and bring good fortune. Llama sacrifice was performed during important ceremonies and events, such as the coronation of a new ruler or the dedication of a new temple. The llamas were generally adorned with decorative items and  were given a special meal before being sacrificed. The blood of the sacrificed llama was collected and offered to the gods, while the meat was often shared among the people as a sacred offering. 3. The Aztec civilization, which flourished in Mexico from the 14th to the 16th centuries, had a complex and extensive trade network that stretched throughout much of Mesoamerica. The Aztecs traded a wide variety of goods, including luxury items such as feathers, jade, and gold, as well as practical items such as food, clothing, and tools. The Aztecs used a system of trade routes that connected their capital, Tenochtitlan, to other parts of the empire and to neighboring regions. They also established a number of markets, called tianquiztli, where merchants could buy and sell goods. The Aztecs traded with a variety of partners, including other Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Maya, and more distant regions, such as Central and South America. The Aztec trade network played a key role in the prosperity and expansion of the empire. The Inca Empire, which flourished in South America in the 15th and 16th centuries, was a state-led society that was characterized by a highly centralized and organized system of government. The Inca state was led by the Sapa Inca, who was the supreme ruler of the empire and was considered to be the descendant of the gods. The Sapa Inca was assisted by a number of officials and administrators, who helped to manage the affairs of the state and ensure that the laws and policies of the empire were enforced. The Inca state was also supported by a complex bureaucracy, which included a system of record-keeping known as the quipu, as well as a system of labor obligations known as the mita. The Inca state was able to exert a strong degree of control over its subjects, and it played a central role in shaping the culture, economy, and society of the empire. 4. Mita was a system of labor obligations in the Inca Empire in South America. Under the mita system, all male citizens of the empire were required to perform a certain amount of labor for the state each year. The labor that was required varied depending on the individual's age, occupation, and social status. The mita system was an important part of the Inca economy and was used to construct and maintain public works, such as roads, bridges, and irrigation systems, as well as to support the military and the bureaucracy. The mita system was also used to redistribute wealth and to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few wealthy individuals. The mita system was abolished by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, but it has had a lasting impact on the history and culture of the Andean region. 5. A quipu, also known as a khipu or talking knot, is a system of record keeping used by the Inca civilization in South America. Quipus were made of strings or cords that were knotted in a complex pattern to represent numbers and other information. Quipus were used for a variety of purposes, including keeping track of tax payments, census data, and records of military campaigns. Quipus were also used for communication, as they could be used to transmit messages over long distances. The quipu system was an important part of the Inca bureaucracy and played a central role in the administration and management of the empire. However, the quipu system was largely destroyed by the Spanish conquistadors, and today much of what we know about quipus comes from the accounts of early Spanish chroniclers.  6. Image Courtesy of Wikipedia 1. Both the Aztec and Inca were animists and polytheists. Animism is a belief system that holds that all objects, places, and creatures possess a distinct spiritual essence. According to animist belief, everything in the natural world, including animals, plants, and even inanimate objects, has a soul or spirit that is worthy of respect and reverence. Animism is an ancient belief system that has been practiced by indigenous cultures around the world for thousands of years. It is often associated with nature-based religions and shamanistic traditions, and it is based on the idea that the natural world is interconnected and that all living things are connected to one another through a spiritual network. Animism is a broad term that encompasses a wide range of beliefs and practices, and it has been influential in shaping the worldviews and cultures of many indigenous societies. This is why they both have sun gods (Huitzilopochtli and Inti). Polytheism is the belief in multiple gods or deities. It is a type of religion that worships multiple deities, each of which is believed to be responsible for a particular aspect of the natural or spiritual world. Polytheistic belief systems have existed throughout human history and have been practiced by cultures around the world. Some well-known polytheistic religions include ancient Greek and Roman mythology, Hinduism, and many traditional indigenous religions. Polytheistic belief systems often involve the worship of gods and goddesses through rituals and offerings, and they often include a complex mythology that explains the origin and nature of the gods and their relationships to one another and to the world. Polytheism is often contrasted with monotheism, which is the belief in one supreme deity. Both the Aztecs and Inca had hundreds of gods. 1.5 State Building in Africa Developments in Africa Tribe vs. Clan-Based Much like the Americas before 1450, Africa was largely tribal or clan-based. Tribal Africa refers to the many different indigenous cultures and communities that exist across the African continent. These communities have a wide variety of cultural practices, beliefs, and languages, and many of them have a long history that predates the arrival of Europeans on the continent. Many tribal African communities have a strong connection to their traditional ways of life and often base their cultural practices and beliefs on their traditional spiritual and religious practices. Some examples of tribal African cultures include the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania, the Himba in Namibia, the San in Botswana, and the Baka in Cameroon. Many African cultures are based on a clan or tribe structure, where people are organized into groups based on their family or kinship ties. These clans or tribes often have a shared history, language, and cultural practices, and they may have a traditional system of governance and social organization. In many African cultures, the clan or tribe is an important part of an individual's identity, and people often have a strong sense of loyalty and commitment to their clan or tribe. In some African cultures, the clan or tribe may be involved in decision-making processes and may play a role in resolving conflicts within the community. Key Definitions Islam Islam is a monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the prophet Muhammad. It is based on the belief in one God (Allah) and the teachings of Muhammad as recorded in the Qur'an. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the core religious obligations that must be followed in order to live a good and faithful life. These pillars are: 1. Shahada: the declaration of faith that there is only one God and Muhammad is his prophet. 2. Salat: the ritual prayer performed five times a day. 3. Zakat: the annual payment of a percentage of one's wealth to charity. 4. Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan. 5. Hajj: the pilgrimage to Mecca that must be made at least once in a lifetime. Islam is the second largest religion in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers. It is the dominant religion in the Middle East and North Africa, and has a significant presence in many other parts of the world. Trans-Saharan Trade Network The trans-Saharan trade network was a trade route that connected the Mediterranean region with sub-Saharan Africa. The trade network spanned the Sahara Desert and facilitated the exchange of a wide variety of goods, including salt, gold, ivory, and slaves. The trade network was established in ancient times and played a significant role in the economies of both Africa and the Mediterranean region. The trans-Saharan trade network was a key factor in the spread of Islam in Africa and the development of African kingdoms and empires. The trade network declined in importance in the 19th century with the arrival of European colonizers in Africa and the development of alternative trade routes. Indian Ocean Trade Network The Indian Ocean trade network was a network of trade routes that connected the East African coast with the Western Indian Ocean, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. The trade network was centered around the Indian Ocean and was an important part of the global trade system during the pre-modern period. The Indian Ocean trade network facilitated the exchange of a wide variety of goods, including spices, textiles, gold, and other luxury items. The trade network also played a role in the spread of religions, such as Islam, and in the exchange of ideas and cultural practices. The Indian Ocean trade network was an important factor in the economic and cultural development of the regions it connected. Around 1,000 CE and later, many empires did emerge. These kingdoms brought unity, continuity, and complexity to the regions they controlled. Post-Classical Africa Post-classical Africa refers to the period of African history that followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. During this period, Africa experienced significant changes in its political, economic, and cultural systems. The post-classical period saw the rise and fall of several African empires, such as the Kingdom of Ghana, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. The post-classical period was also marked by the spread of Islam throughout Africa and the development of a number of important trade networks, such as the trans-Saharan trade network and the Indian Ocean trade network. The post-classical period in Africa ended with the arrival of Europeans on the continent and the start of the colonial period. Ghana Ghana was an ancient kingdom located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. It was one of the first of the great West African empires, and it flourished between the 4th and 13th centuries. Ghana was known for its powerful army and its wealth, which was largely derived from the kingdom's control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. The capital of Ghana was located at Koumbi Saleh, and the kingdom was ruled by a king who held power over a number of vassal states. Ghana was eventually conquered by the Kingdom of Mali, which absorbed much of its territory and its cultural traditions. 300 CE - 1000 CE, Western African Trade gold for salt with North African Berbers (nomads) who were the middle men with Europe. No state religion. Not as unified as empires that come later. Mali The Mali Empire was a West African empire that flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. It was located in what is now Mali, and it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, and Niger. The Mali Empire was founded by Sundiata Keita, who established the empire's capital at the city of Niani. The Mali Empire was known for its wealth, which was derived from the empire's control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and other goods. The Mali Empire was also known for its scholarship and its cultural achievements, including the establishment of a number of important centers of learning. The Mali Empire declined in the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Songhai Empire. 1200 CE - 1400 CE, replaced Ghana, Islam unites Mali and those it conquers. Mansa Musa is a famous and powerful king who built mosques and famous libraries in Timbuktu (capital). Mansa Musa travels the Trans-Saharan Trade Network on his hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca in Arabia, exposing those along the way to Mali’s wealth and power. Songhai The Songhai Empire was a West African empire that flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was located in what is now Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, and it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Senegal, Mauritania, and Ghana. The Songhai Empire was founded by Sonni Ali, who established the empire's capital at the city of Gao. The Songhai Empire was known for its wealth, which was derived from the empire's control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and other goods. The Songhai Empire was also known for its cultural achievements, including the establishment of a number of important centers of learning. The Songhai Empire declined in the late 16th century and was eventually conquered by Moroccan invaders. 1400-1500, replaced Mali, Conquered Mali and then collapsed because of slave trade. Swahili The Swahili coast refers to the coastal region of East Africa that Coast stretches from modern-day Somalia in the north to Mozambique in the south. The Swahili coast was an important center of trade and cultural exchange for many centuries, and it was a crossroads for trade routes that connected the East African coast with the interior of the continent, the Middle East, and the Indian Ocean region. The Swahili coast was home to a number of city-states, each with its own ruler, and these city-states formed a loose confederation known as the Swahili culture. The Swahili culture was a blend of African, Arab, and Persian influences, and it is known for its vibrant arts, literature, and architecture. This region is along the eastern coast of Africa allowing its use of both the Trans-Saharan Trade Network and the Indian Ocean Trade Network. Its city-states were united in trade and variations of the Bantu language. Its largest city-state, Great Zimbabwe, was protected by a large wall demonstrating the unity of its people. Ethiopia Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the oldest independent country in Africa, and it has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic, and it is the second-most populous country in Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia  to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a diverse population and is home to more than 80 different ethnic groups. The official language of Ethiopia is Amharic, and the country has a long tradition of Orthodox Christian faith. This eastern kingdom was a lone Christian kingdom in a region converting to Islam. Mansa Musa. Image Courtesy of Wikipedia These African societies have many shared characteristics. Family and communal activities were the centerpieces of the clan or village. Music and dancing were a common way of both entertainment but also veneration of the dead. Most Sub-Saharan societies did not have a written language rather passed on their history, literature, and culture through oral tradition. Griots were storytellers who would make kings famous for generations. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Continuities in Africa after 1200 CE 1.6 Developments in Europe from 1200-1450 Feudal Society After the fall of Rome, Europe, specifically Western Europe, was dominated by smaller kingdoms and regional powers. Between 1200 and 1450, many of the modern states today were formed as powerful kingdoms replaced localism. In places like France and England, the people were feudal. Feudalism was a social, economic, and political system that was prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages. It was based on the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. Under feudalism, the king or monarch owned all the land in a country, and he granted parcels of land, known as fiefs, to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. The nobles, in turn, granted smaller parcels of land to vassals in exchange for their service or labor. This system of granting land in exchange for service or labor was known as the feudal system. The feudal system was a hierarchical one, with the king or monarch at the top and peasants at the bottom. Feudalism began to decline in the 15th and 16th centuries and was replaced by more centralized forms of government. At the top is the monarch, often a king. He basically “owned” all of the land and would grant land, called fiefs, to elites called lords. The lords would then grant some of their own land to other individuals. Those who were granted land were called vassals. Vassals owed food, labor, and military service to the lords above them. Many kings and lords, as well as the church, would hire knights to protect their wealth and power. Land was sometimes worked on by those who were not the lords to others. These serfs were not slaves but owned no land, thus were very tied to the lord who granted them permission to work the land. Serfs and the manors they worked on would practice the three-field system, where the farmers were careful to not overuse the soil by rotating wheat, beans, and/or let land lay fallow (unused) during the harvest. Image courtesy of ashlinbsocialstudies 🎥Watch: WHAP - Comparing Labor Systems in the Late Middle Ages Regionalism to Kingdoms Between 1200 and 1450, regional kingdoms of France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire became solidified. In the beginning, each power was tied to the Catholic Church and feudal. However, over time, the Catholic Church began to lose influence leading to the Reformation of the 1500s. Feudalism also weakened as monarchs like King Philip II of France created a larger bureaucracy that worked with a legislative body called the Estates-General. The Holy Roman Empire was a European political structure that existed from the 10th to the 19th century. It was a loose federation of territories in central and western Europe, and it was ruled by an emperor who was elected by the princes of the various territories. The Holy Roman Empire was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but rather a political structure that brought together a number of different territories under a single ruler. The Holy Roman Empire was founded in 962 by the German king Otto I, who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope. The Holy Roman Empire reached its peak of power in the 12th and 13th centuries, but it began to decline in the 14th century and was eventually dissolved in 1806. The Holy Roman Empire laid where modern day Germany is today. Unlike France, regional kingdoms with powerful princes and the church had a lot of power versus the central government. The Concordat of Worms (Worms is a German city) allowed the Pope of the Catholic Church to appoint bishops in HRE but gave the king the ability to veto those choices. Unlike France, English kings were being checked by the nobility. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, giving the people more rights in trials and taxation. Magna Carta, also known as the Great Charter, is a document that was signed in 1215 by King John of England. It was an agreement between the king and his subjects that established certain rights and freedoms for the English people and limited the power of the monarchy. Magna Carta is considered one of the most important documents in the history of English and American constitutionalism, as it established the principle that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and that the king was subject to the law. Magna Carta contained 63 clauses that dealt with a wide range of issues, including the rights of the Church, the rights of the nobility, and the rights of ordinary people. The charter was reissued a number of times in the 13th and 14th centuries and served as a model for later constitutional documents, such as the English Bill of Rights and the U.S. Constitution. The English Parliament will eventually form to be a strong legislative body. Over time, the competition for trade, land, and resources led the English and French to war. The Hundred Years War is an example of this type of conflict. The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453. It was a long and complex conflict that was fought over a number of issues, including control of the French throne, control of key territories in France and England, and the claim of the English kings to the French throne. The conflict was marked by a number of important battles, such as the Battle of Crécy and the Battle of Agincourt, and it had a significant impact on the political, economic, and cultural development of both England and France. The Hundred Years' War ended with the Treaty of Calais, which recognized French control over most of the territories in question and established the English Channel as the border between the two countries. Conflicts like this created a new spirit of nationalism and an end to feudalism. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Post Classical Europe Religious Conflict This era saw a lot of religious tension in Europe. The predominantly Christian Europe saw the spread of Islam up the Iberian peninsula as a threat. Charles The Hammer Martel stopped its advance at the Battle of Tours in southern France. By 1492, the Catholic Church had expelled the Muslims from Spain in the Reconquista. The Catholic Church started the Crusades in order to take the Holy Land back from the Muslims. The series of Crusades saw the Crusaders also attacking the Orthodox Christians in Constantinople. In the end, the Crusades failed to win back Jerusalem, rather it just weakened the Catholic Church and increased the power of regional monarchs. However, this cross-cultural contact did slowly awaken Europe to the science and mathematics that the Islamic world had been developing. The Renaissance By 1450, Europe saw an increase in literacy, urbanization, and connection to the global community. At one time, the only literate people of Europe were monks and other men tied to the Catholic Church. Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was a revolutionary invention that revolutionized the way information was disseminated in Europe during the Renaissance. The printing press was a mechanical device that used movable metal type to print books, pamphlets, and other documents. Gutenberg's printing press was the first machine of its kind to be used on a large scale, and it greatly increased the speed and efficiency of the printing process. Prior to the printing press, books and other written materials had to be copied by hand, which was a slow and laborious process. The printing press made it possible to produce books and other written materials much more quickly and inexpensively, and it played a key role in the spread of knowledge and ideas during the Renaissance. At one time, Europe was closed from trade with the rest of the world. The Crusades and Mediterranean trade will end this. This will see the beginning of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Renaissance is known for its revival of classical learning and the emergence of a new way of thinking that placed a greater emphasis on the individual. During the Renaissance, people began to question traditional ways of thinking and to explore new ideas in art, science, literature, and philosophy. The Renaissance is often considered a bridge between the Middle Ages and the modern era, as it marks the transition from medieval to modern ways of thinking. It is also considered a period of great cultural and artistic achievement, and it is known for the contributions of figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare. Some of the greatest authors, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. 🎥Watch: WHAP - Europe in the Global Middle Ages 1.7 Comparisons in the Period from 1200-1450 8 min read Last Updated on June 18, 2024 A direct comparison is a method of comparing two or more things by looking at them side by side and examining their similarities and differences. A direct comparison can be used to compare almost anything, including people, objects, ideas, events, or concepts. When making a direct comparison, it is important to focus on the specific aspects of the things being compared and to consider how they are similar or different. A direct comparison can be useful in understanding the characteristics of something or in making a decision between two or more options. College Board will challenge students to find comparisons during the same period from dramatically different parts of the world. Here are a few: Direct Comparisons (Based on the Years) There were many significant changes and developments that took place in the period from 1200-1450, both within Europe and in other parts of the world. Some of the key comparisons and contrasts from this period include: Europe in the 1200s was marked by feudalism, while in the 1400s it was experiencing the early stages of the Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual movement that marked a shift towards greater individualism and humanism. In the 1200s, the Catholic Church was a powerful force in Europe and exercised significant influence over political and cultural life. In the 1400s, the Church was facing challenges from emerging Protestant movements that rejected many of its teachings and practices. In the 1200s, Europe was facing a number of external threats, including invasions by the Mongols and the Ottoman Turks. In the 1400s, these threats had receded, and Europe began to focus more on exploration and expansion overseas. In the 1200s, Africa and the Middle East were important centers of trade and cultural exchange, and the trans-Saharan trade network and the Indian Ocean trade network played a key role in the global economy. In the 1400s, Europe began to emerge as a major player in global trade, and the voyages of exploration undertaken by figures such as Columbus and Vasco da Gama had a significant impact on the global economy. Direct Comparisons (Based on Dynasties) While Song China had a large bureaucracy to rule, Japan was very feudal and regional. While the Abbasid Caliphate used religion to help solidify its power, Western European kingdoms were separate from the power of the Roman Catholic Church. While the Swahili Coast was very interconnected to trade routes, Western Europe was very slow to develop because it was outside these trade routes. While the Silk Road connected large empires of Song China and the Abbasid Caliphate, Western Europe had no land-based trade routes to help it develop. In Europe, the three-field crop rotation, and Champa rice in China promoted larger populations. Both the Mali Kingdom and the Abbasid Caliphate used Islam to unite peoples who were not united before. Both Song Dynasty and northern India kingdoms saw an increase in religious diversity causing political and religious conflict. Both Christianity and Buddhism saw various divisions in their faiths causing political and religious conflict. New States Emerged Mamluk Empire (Former Abbasid) The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm in the Middle East that lasted from the 13th to the 15th century. It was centered in Egypt and ruled by a series of slave soldiers, known as Mamluks, who had originally been purchased as children from various parts of the Islamic world. The Mamluks were able to overthrow their masters and establish themselves as the ruling class in Egypt, eventually expanding their territory to include much of the surrounding region. The Mamluk Sultanate is known for its military prowess and its cultural achievements, which included significant advances in science, literature, and the arts. The Mamluk Empire came to an end in 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Selijuk Empire (Former Abbasid) The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turkic empire that existed from the 11th to the 14th centuries. It was founded by the Seljuk Turks, a group of nomadic warriors who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East. The Seljuk Empire was characterized by its expansionist policies, and at its height, it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The Seljuk Empire is known for its significant cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its political and military impact on the region. It was eventually conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, and its remnants were later absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. Delhi Sultanate (Former Gupta) The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim empire in India that lasted from the 13th to the 16th century. It was founded in 1206 by the Turkic ruler Qutb al-Din Aibak, who established the city of Delhi as his capital. The Delhi Sultanate was known for its cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its military power. It was a period of great political and social change in India, as the Delhi Sultans, who were of Turkic and Afghan origin, introduced many new ideas and practices to the region. The Delhi Sultanate was ruled by a series of powerful dynasties, including the Mamluk dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, and the Sayyid dynasty. It eventually came to an end in 1526, when it was conquered by the Mughal Empire. Former Empires Were Revived Song Dynasty (Based on Han Dynasty) The Song Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279. It is also known as the Song Empire, and it is considered one of the most brilliant periods in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty was characterized by its economic, cultural, and technological achievements, as well as its political and social reforms. It was a time of great prosperity and progress in China, and many important innovations took place during this period, including the development of printing, the use of gunpowder, and the adoption of a paper currency. The Song Dynasty is also known for its artistic and literary achievements, including the famous novel "The Tale of Genji" and the poetry of Li Qingzhao. The Song Dynasty came to an end in 1279, when it was conquered by the Mongols. Mali Empire (Ghana Kingdom) The Mali Empire was a West African state that flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. It was founded by the Malinke people, and its capital was the city of Niani. The Mali Empire was known for its wealth, particularly its gold trade, and it was an important center of Islamic learning. The Mali Empire was ruled by a series of powerful kings, the most famous of whom was Mansa Musa, who is known for his extensive hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca in the 14th century. During his reign, the Mali Empire reached its peak of power and influence, and it extended its control over a large portion of West Africa. The Mali Empire eventually declined in the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Songhai Empire. Holy Roman Empire (Based on Kuman Empire) The Holy Roman Empire was a medieval empire that was centered in Central Europe and existed from the 9th to the 19th century. It was a complex political structure that included numerous territories and jurisdictions, and it was characterized by a large degree of decentralization. The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by an elected emperor, who held the title "Emperor of the Romans," and was considered the successor to the Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was a major power in Europe during the Middle Ages, and it played a significant role in the history of the continent. It came to an end in 1806, when it was dissolved by the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, following his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. Different Traditions Were Synthesized Japan (Chinese and Japanese), Delhi Sultanate (Hindu and Islamic), Neo-Confucianism Expansion in Scope Aztecs (Mesoamerica) The Aztecs were a Native American civilization that flourished in Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. They were not located in Mesopotamia, which is a region in the eastern Mediterranean. The Aztecs built a powerful empire that controlled much of central and southern Mexico, and they are known for their sophisticated culture, advanced system of government, and impressive architectural and artistic achievements. The Aztecs practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they developed a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Aztec Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors. Incas (South America) The Incas were a Native American civilization that flourished in South America in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were located in the Andes Mountains of South America and built an extensive empire that stretched along the western coast of the continent. The Incas are known for their advanced system of government, sophisticated architecture, and impressive agricultural and engineering achievements. They developed a complex system of roads and communication, and they built impressive structures such as the citadel of Machu Picchu. The Incas practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they had a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Inca Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors. City-States (East Africa) East Africa is a large region that encompasses a diverse range of cultures and societies. During different periods of history, various city-states and empires have emerged in East Africa. Some examples of city-states that have existed in East Africa include the Swahili city-states that flourished along the eastern coast of Africa from the 9th to the 16th centuries, and the city-states of the Kingdom of Aksum, which flourished in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the 1st to the 8th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in East Africa, such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. These city-states have played an important role in the history and development of East Africa, and they have contributed to the region's rich cultural heritage. City-States (Southeast Asia) Southeast Asia is a region in Asia that has a long history of city-states. Throughout history, various city-states and empires have emerged in Southeast Asia, and these city-states have played an important role in the region's politics, culture, and economy. Some examples of city-states that have existed in Southeast Asia include the city-states of the Kingdom of Funan, which flourished in present-day Cambodia and Vietnam from the 1st to the 6th centuries, and the city-states of the Srivijaya Empire, which flourished in present-day Indonesia and Malaysia from the 7th to the 13th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in Southeast Asia, such as Singapore and Brunei. These city-states have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of Southeast Asia and have played a significant role in the region's development. Important Videos 🎥Watch: WHAP - Comparing Labor Systems in the Middle Ages 🎥Watch: WHAP - Connections and Developments in the Americas 🎥Watch: WHAP - Review of the Post Classical Era using SPICE