AP World Notes PDF

Chapter 26 Page 586-591 Yuan - Ming - Qing ​ China struggles to Find political stability’ ○​ After Mongol rule during the Yuan dynasty ​ The plague declines the Yuan economy and Government ​ Finishes the decline of the Yuan ○​ Mongols...

Chapter 26 Page 586-591 Yuan - Ming - Qing ​ China struggles to Find political stability’ ○​ After Mongol rule during the Yuan dynasty ​ The plague declines the Yuan economy and Government ​ Finishes the decline of the Yuan ○​ Mongols replaced traditional chinese bureaucracy with other foreign rulers ​ After yuan dynasty ○​ China encourages confucian thought ​ Ming dynasty ○​ Native rule ○​ Hongwu founds Ming dynasty ​ Creates government tight around himself ○​ Government ​ Made use of mandarins and imperial official ​ Make sure the Emperor's orders carried out ​ Used Eunuchs (castrated males) to ensure that they wouldn't build power ​ around a family that would challenge the rulers authority ○​ Emperor Yongle ​ Launched Naval expeditions Zheng He ​ Moved The capitol from Southern nanjing to northern beijing to keep an eye on northern enemies ​ Great wall ○​ Protection from northern border (nomads)  ○​ Ming Put a lot into the finish of the great wall ​ Prioritized the great wall ​ Ming didn't start the great wall ​ Ming Strength ○​ Ridding china of mongol remains ○​ Re-made civil service exams ○​ Early ming emperors had very strong armies ○​ By mid 15th (1450s) century had lost effectiveness ​ Mongol forces massacred several chinese armies ​ Ming emperor briefly captured 1449 ​ Ming decline ○​ Pirates and smugglers along east coast ​ Blamed on japanese but mostly chinese smugglers and pirates ○​ Ming navy was ineffective ○​ Some 67 pirates went on a three month rampage ​ Looting ​ Killing more than four thousand people ​ Ming Collapse ○​ Series of famines ​ Not able to find recovery ​ Peasant revolts ​ Manchu invasion from the north ​ Nomadic farmers who settled in the new manchuria  ​ During the 1630s many generals discarded the ming dynasty because of its corruption ​ Confusion bureaucrats hated eunuchs because they dominated the imperial court ​ Manchu invade while Ming on a low point ○​ But ming rebels take beijing and ming officials allie with manchu to take beijing ​ Filial Piety ○​ Loyalty towards father and emperor ​ Confusion Gender relations ○​ Women subordinate to men ​ The Patriarchal Family ​ Filial Piety ​ Bloodlines were very important to families legacies ​ Son’s were more important to a family’s legacy than any other member of the family (other than father) ​ Gender Relations ​ Confucian principles subject women to the authority of men, in a family ​ Chinese parents prefer boys compared to girls ​ Ming and Qing dynasties made patriarchal authority over women tighter than ever before ​ Widows were discouraged from remarriage ○​ Seen as honorable to commit suicide after spouse passes and “follow them to the grave” ​ American Food Crops ​ Chinese had rice, wheat, and millet ​ The spanish introduced american food crops to the Chinese Via trade ​ Population Growth ○​ Chinese population rose ○​ 100 Million in 1500 - 160 Million 1600 ​ Fell to about 140 million in mid 17th century ​ Rose back up to 160 million by 1700 ​ Foreign Trade ​ Global Trade brought prosperity to China ​ Chinese workers increased silk production ​ Chinese imports were relatively small and not too often ​ After the reign of the Yongle, the ming government withdrew all funding for expensive maritime expansion ​ Trade and Migration to Southeast Asia ​ Chinese merchants worked individually or in a partnership ○​ Chinese merchants linked china to the global markets ​ Merchants were prominent in Manilla, they exchanged silk and porcelain silver for american silver ​ Chinese merchants visited southeastern Asian territories for trade as well ​ Government and Technology ​ China's economy grew during technology innovation ○​ Engineers created many new inventions during Tang and Song dynasties in China ○​ By Ming times technological innovation slowed ​ Imperial army adopted weapons like Cannons and new firearms ​ China also adopted the use of gunpowder for their military ​ The Qing dynasty ○​ Manchus relocated to beijing ○​ Chieftain Nurhaci (1616-1626) ​ Unified manchu tribes ​ Code of laws and organized powerful military ​ Expelled ming garrisons 1630 ​ Sieged Beijing 1644 ​ Extending authority throughout china ​ Also captures korea ​ Full control of china at 1680 ​ Kangxi (1661-1722) ○​ Educated scholar ​ confucianism ○​ Appreciates chinese culture ​ Qianlong (1736-1795) ○​ Grandson of Kan ○​ Also scholar, confucianism ○​ Emperors afterwards begin to lose power ​ Economic and social changes ○​ Economic ​ Europeans wanted chinese products  ​ Foreign trade brings massive wealth to china ​ Indian ocean trade ​ Products compensated in silver, supported by their silver based economy ​ New world crops —- population growth ​ Maize, sweet potatoes ​ Better food—-- healthier people—--- larger population The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences ​ Neo-Confucianism and Pulp fiction ○​ Zhu Xi - prominent architect of neo-Confucianism ​ He combined confucian moral and ethical values, with logical rigor and speculative power of buddhist philosophy ○​ Zhu Xi emphasized values of self discipline, filial piety, obedience to rulers ○​ Cultural policies of the Ming and Qing led to neo-confucianism tradition the biggest imperial ideology from the 14th century to the 20th century ​ Confucian Education ○​ Ming & Qing emperors supported educational programs for confucian ideals ○​ Many Chinese emperors supported projects for education or other things related to education ​ Popular Culture ○​ Imperial courts promoted confucianism ○​ Lively culture came to place in the cities of China ○​ Urban residents did not have an advanced education, knew little about confucius, and didn’t know about Zhu Xi ​ Popular Novels ○​ Confucian scholars frowned upon popular novels, as they were dumb fiction to them ○​ Printing made it easier to mass produce books ​ This helped spread many novels ○​ Many novels had little to no literary merit  ○​ Many novels offered thoughtful ideas about the world and society ○​ The Novel “The Romance of the three Kingdoms” follows parts of after the collapse of the Han dynasty The Return of Christianity to China ​ Matteo Ricci ○​ Jesuits were prominent missionaries ​ Worked to strengthen the Roman Catholic Christianity throughout Europe ○​ Founder of mission to China was Jesuit Matteo Ricci ​ Matteo Ricci was an italian jesuit ○​ He had the ambitious goal of bringing christianity to China, and even converting China ​ He started with Ming emperor Wanli ○​ Ricci immersed himself in Chinese culture and language when he arrived there ​ His great memory helped him learn the language very quickly ○​ His mastery of the chinese language helped him drastically when talking to Chinese scholars and government officials ○​ The jesuits and others in Europe believed China was located on the center of earth ​ Confucianism and Christianity ○​ “Self-ringing bells” - spring driven mechanical clocks that kept somewhat accurate time, alerted for hours and quarters of an hour ○​ The Jesuits wanted to use European Science and technology to get the Chinese interested ​ There goal was still to convert them ○​ Portrayed Christianity as a faith ○​ The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven ​ Wrote by Ricci where he argued confucius and Jesus were very similar ○​ Despite the respect given the jesuits way they only attracted a handful of converts in China ○​ By mid 18th century there was about 200,000 Chinese converts ○​ Most of China did not consider it because the Jesuits made it seem as though Christianity was the only true religion, and everything before was not real ​ End of the Jesuit Mission ○​ Mission ended because of squabbles between the Jesuits and members of the Fransiscan in the Dominican Republic also looking for converts ​ Chinese religion ○​ neo - confucianism ​ Emphasizes self cultivation and society ​ Harmonious society and state ​ Being a good person for society and family ​ Buddhism and confucianism blend ​ confucianism —- way of life (Social structure/government) ​ Buddhism —---- religion (Gods) ​ Don't contradict each other ○​ Zhu xi (song) ​ Combined moral, ethical, and political values of confucianism with buddhist philosophy ​ Emphasized self discipline, filial piety ○​ Return of christianity to china ​ 7th century roman catholics — yuan dynasty ​ Collapses with native rule of ming ​ Returned in 16th century, roots planted by jesuits ​ Framsicans and dominicans compete with jesuits to convert people ​ Pope doesn't like the competition and ends all missions in china ​ Pg 599-606 ​ Unification of japan ○​ Early 16th century civil conflict and japan is split into a bunch of waring states ​ Era of “sengoku” ○​ Late sixteenth century and early 17 century (1580s-1610s or so) ​ Political unification ended civil war in japan ​ Tokugawa dynasty ​ Places strict regulations on daimyo ​ Prevent more civil war ​ Tokugawa leyasu ​ Ends civil wars ​ Head shogun of the new tokugawa dynasty that he created ○​ Tokugawa shoguns wanted long term political and social stability ​ Shogun —-- Military governor ​ Resulted in economic growth ​ Resulted in agricultural growth ​ Resulted in population growth ​ Restricting foreign influence ​ Restricting relations with other lands ​ Tight control over the little trade that was happening with asian and european countries ○​ Shoguns had all the military power ​ Emperor simply served as a figurehead ○​ Samurai and daimyo ​ Turned their talents to scholarship  ​ Tokugawa authorities wanted less professional warrior/military authorities ​ Similarities between european and japanese feudalism ○​ European​ ​ Monarch—---lords—--knights—----peasants ○​ Japanese ​ Emperor—-----shogun—-----daimyo—-----samurai—------peasants ​ Tokugowa culture ○​ Neo–confucianism from china ○​ Native learning ​ Tokugawa doesn't like foreigners ​ Establishes japanese identity ​ Glorified Japanese society ​ Ukiyo “floating worlds” ○​ Urban culture centers, escape from reality (teahouses, theaters, public baths) ○​ Dutch learning ​ Want to talk to the dutch secretly ​ Learning things about the outside world ​ Government doesn't like that ​ Government burns all the books ​ Regrets it and later finds it helpful to learn about dutch ○​ Improves Japanese society because people learned about medicine ​ Christianity In japan  ○​ 1587–1639 ​ Anti christian campaign ○​ 1612 ​ Rigorous enforcement of these decrees Chapter 27 ​ Ottoman empire ○​ 1289-1923 ○​ Osman led semi-nomadic turks to become ghazi (islamic warrior) ○​ Captured anatolia (turkey) with light cavalry and volunteer infantry ○​ Balkans: forced christians to surrender boys to devshirme ​ “Military service “ : often become jannasaries ​ Gunpowder empires ○​ Ottoman empire ○​ Safavid empire ○​ Mughal empire ​ Safavid empire ○​ Ismail (14 years old) 1501-1524 ​ Military leader (orphaned parents killed by enemies) ​ Founded an safavid empire ○​ Became shah, proclaimed twelver shiism official religion ​ Twelve infallible imams after muhammad twelfth imam in hiding ready to take power ​ Wore distinctive red hats—qizilbash (red heads ​ Mughal empire ○​ (1526—1857) ○​ 1523 zahir al–din muhammad ​ Babur the tiger ​ Invaded north india for plunder ​ Government was islamic and the people were hindu ○​ Gunpowder tech gave advantage ​ Persian for mongol ○​ Expanded through most of indian subcontinent ​ Agriculture and trade ○​ American crops —- less dramatic impact ​ Coffee and tobacco important (introduced in 1600s) ○​ Population growth reflected territorial traditions and losses ​ Caused by land acquisition more than agriculture ○​ Trade with joint stock companies ​ Cultural patronage of islamic empires ○​ Istanbul ○​ Cultural capitol of ottoman empire ○​ Massive monumental architecture ​ Isfahan ○​ Major persian city ​ Fatehpur Sikri ○​ Akbars choice, lack of water supply  ○​ Eventually abandoned ​ Taj mahal ○​ Most famous mughal monument How did these empires expand and establish large land based empires during these periods? Once they were established, what bureaucratic systems did they use in order to maintain their power? ​ Ottoman ○​ Osman ○​ Overexpansion decline ○​ Janasseries ​ Christian boys who were assimilated to muslim culture and usually turned to military officers ○​ Sunni ​ Best fit leader ○​ Ghazi ​ Muslim warriors ​ Safavid ○​ Economy wasn't very good ○​ Ismail ​ Very young leader started safavid ○​ Twelver shiism ​ Twelve muslim leaders related to muhammud ○​ Shia  ​ Muhammud descendants ○​ Lost the battle of chaldiran to ottomans ​ Ottomans checked their expanse How did rulers generate income necessary to run their highly centralized bureaucracy? ​ Jizya ○​ Taxing hindus ○​ mughals ​ Devshirme system ○​ Janissaries as tribute warriors ​ Trade ​ Millet ○​ Let different religions practice their religion and make their own laws as a small community ○​ They paid for this freedom Chapter 22 ​ Exploration of the worlds oceans ○​ Old world meeting the new world ○​ The portuguese kick off oceanic exploration ​ Motives of travel ○​ Land and resources ​ Ex. portuguese ​ Cultivation of cash crops ​ Demand of sugar ​ Lure and trade ○​ Establish new routes to asia ○​ Cut out muslim middle men ​ Missionary efforts ○​ Expanding christianity ​ Columbian exchange ○​ Religion ○​ Culture ○​ Crops ○​ Disease ​ Galleon ship ○​ Huge ass ship ○​ Hold a lot of stuff ​ Great for trade long distance ​ Trade ○​ Americas = raw goods ○​ europe = raw goods manufactured ○​ Spanish ships dominated all trade in pacific ​ Armed ships with valuable cargo ​ Ready to defend cargo ○​ Environmental effects ​ Humans exploit environment ​ Deforestation ​ Joint stock companies ○​ Say a voyage costs 1000 $ ​ A bunch of people divide it over each other ​ Lowering risk if voyage fails ​ Government support ​ Society in colonial americas ○​ Mestizo ○​ Mulatto ○​ Zambo ​ Hierarchies ○​ Social and gender ​ North american societies ○​ Differed from liberian colonies ​ Spanish empire silver mining ○​ Mita system ​ Every year people from different villages and make them work in the mines ​ When spanish were in control the mita system was very dangerous forced labor ○​ Global significance ○​ Powered spanish economy ​ Agriculture ○​ Hacienda  ​ Land grant ​ Given from the queen ​ Then implement the encomienda ​ Encomienda system ​ Forced labor system ​ Portuguese brazil ○​ Huge export of sugar ​ Originally enslaved indigenous but they all died of disease and hard work ​ They then turned to african slaves to grow the sugar ​ (engenho complexes) ​ North american fur trade and settelers ○​ Environmental and social conflict ​ Beaver wars 17th century ​ Original indigenous people moving west to look for more fur for the english and dutch and french ​ Meet other indigenous ​ Wage war over fur trade ○​ Early: tobacco plantations ○​ Later: rice, indigo and cotton ○​ Indentured labor and slavery​ ○​ Slavery prominent in south ​ Virgin of guadalupe ○​ An icon Chapter 25 ​ Bantu migration ○​ Use slash and burn farming ○​ Turns north/sub saharan africa into a desert ○​ Migrate south ○​ Disperse into different clans and kingdoms ​ Foundations of slave trade ○​ Original african slavery is ancient ​ POWs, criminals, clan outcasts ○​ Distinct from asia and europe ​ No private property, wealth defined by human labor potential ​ Slaves often assimilated into owners clan ​ African diaspora ○​ Impact of slave trade in africa ​ Social effects ​ Gender role imbalance ○​ Most males were captured ○​ More females ​ Population decreases ​ American food crops helped raise the pop some ​ Political effects ​ Weapons (europe) ○​ Raids, violence and war  ​ States begin to fail ○​ Europe settlers ​ Realites of the slave trade ○​ Plantation societies ​ Most slaves went to tropical regions (sugar) ​ Plantations heavily dependant on slave labor ○​ Regional differences ​ Slave traditions ○​ Carried on traditions to new world ​ Music ​ Dances ​ Food ​ Overall culture ​ Many different african societies in on place ○​ African diffusion among themselves Chapter 23 ​ Fragmentation of western christendom ○​ PRODISTANT reformation ​ Martin luther ​ German priest ​ Reads the bible a lot ​ Writes down the differences between how the church interpreted the bible and his interpretation  ​ Writes the bible in the vernacular (common language) ​ Common people start reading the bible ○​ Form their own opinions about the bible ​ More people are dissatisfied with the roman church ​ Causes the reformation ○​ Between roman catholics ○​ And protestants ​ Difference (PRODESTANTS DONT FOLLOW THE POPE) ​ (protest the pope) ​ 95 thesis dissing the church ​ Gutenburg printing press ​ Let common people mass produce bible written in common vernacular ○​ John calvin ​ Predestination ​ Before you are born you are already decided to go to heaven or hell ​ Makes people to want to look predestined to heaven ​ Makes people want to live a predestined life to be saved ​ Agrees with martin luther ​ Is a protestant ​ Goes to geniva switzerland  ​ Theism ​ John calvin is the head of church and state ​ Repressive governence ​ ENGLISH reformation ○​ King henry V111’s act of supremacy ○​ His first wife cant give him a boy so he wa nts to divorce (queen catherine) ○​ Asks pope for an annulment (say the marriage never happened) ○​ Pope denys it ○​ King henry says fuck that shit and seperstaes from the catholic church ​ Creates the antigone church so that the king has more power the the pope ​ Also so he could divorce his wife ​ CATHOLIC reformation ​ Witch hunts ○​ Gender and social status ​ Church vs secular courts ​ You want to go to the church courts ○​ Safer to witches ​ Secular courts were more dangerous to witches ○​ Put to death ​ Religious wars ○​ Prodestant vs roman catholics ​ Philips 11 spanish armada -> ​ Went to england to stop them from being protestant  ​ ​ 30 years war ○​ Augsburg —-------------Westphailia 1648 ○​ Augsburg–freedom of religion ​ Witch Hunts ○​ Gender & social Status ​ Church vs. secular courts ​ you would want to go to the church court ○​ safer to the witches ​ Secular courts were more dangers ○​ put to death or people ​ Religious wars ○​ Protestant vs. Roman Catholics ​ Philip II’s Spanish Armada → England ​ went to england to stop them being Protestant ​ Dutch revolt against Spain → Independence ​ 30 year war ​ Princea palliates **** ○​ AugsbergI——————————-IWestopalia ​ Peace of Augsburg (1555) ○​ promese the princes to practise there Protestant or Catholicism ​ HRE Emperor Ferinand ○​ Forced Bohemian return to Catholicism ○​ Violated peace of Augsburg ​ By end → many forces involved  ○​ Spanish, french, dutch, german, swedish, Danish, polished, Bohemian, and Russian ​ Peace of Westphalia - 1648 ○​ Countries continued to militarize their countries after the peace ○​ ○​ Balance of power, military development ​ New monarchy and constitutional states ○​ The spanish inquisition​ ​ 1478: Founded by Ferdinand and isabella ​ Original task: search for secret practitioners of judaism/islam ​ Later — protestants —spread to colonial holdings ​ Imprisonment, executions ​ Intimidated nobles who might have considered proestantism ​ New monarchs ○​ Italy: well developed as economic power through trade, manufacturing, finance ○​ England, France and Spain: surged ahead in the 16th century with new tax revenues ​ Fines and fees for royal services; confiscated monastic holdings ​ Absolutist ○​ King chosen by god ○​ King has all power that was given to them by god ○​ France, spain, austria, prussia and russia ​ Constitutional monarchy ○​ England and the netherlands  ○​ Use a parliament and a constitution for the people ○​ King doesn't have absolute power ​ Colombian exchange population effects ○​ Population growth and urbanization ○​ Rapid growth in population ​ Improved nutrition ​ Potato replaces bread as diet staple ○​ While birth rates did not rise, mortality rates decrease ​ Better nutrition reduces susceptibility to plage ​ Epedemic disease mortality rates become insignificant by mid 17th century ​ Nature of capitalism ○​ Private parties sell goods in free markets ○​ Supply and demand determine price ​ Ex, dutch merchants buy cheap baltic grain and sell mediterranean during famine ○​ Evaded eastern europe, serfdom shapes in western europe ​ Cheap raw goods kept nobles wealthy and fueled production in western europe ​ Early capitalism ○​ Banks, stock exchanges, developed ○​ joint - stock companies built empires ○​ Medieval guilds discarded in favor of “cottage industry”  ​ Will remain fixture until industrialization in 19th century ​ Scientific reveloution ○​ Moving away from christianity and into scientific proof ○​ Scientific method ○​ Geocentric theory ​ Earth at center of univers ​ Nicolaus Copernicus ​ Geocentric—------- Heiliocentric ​ Church didnt like it cuz it didnt centurlize gods creation ○​ Heliocentic theory (challenging church) ​ Sun at the center of the solar system earth orbits ​ Scientific thinkers ​ Johannes Kepler (germany) 1571—1630 ○​ Planetary orbits are ellipsis ○​ Chatters the perfect circle orbit theory ​ Galileo Galilei italy, 1564—-1642 ○​ Reinforced Copernican model ○​ Imperfect substances of space (crators on the moon) ​ Church says everything in the uninvers is perfect but galileo says otherwise ○​ Put on trial by the church ​ Tries to use his scientific proff that the sun is in the middle  ​ Church isnt convinced ​ Find him guilty and imprison him and prohibit the selling of his book about the Heliocentric theory ​ He knows he is right ​ Put under house arrest and dies in house arrest ​ Isaac Newton ○​ Reveloutionized study of physics ○​ Culminated in single theory of motion ○​ Tried to make the balance with the church ​ Argument that God created the laws of physics and the laws of motion Chapter 28 ​ Revolutions and national states in the Atlantic world ○​ Enigntenment influenced by scientific reformation, renaissance, and protestant reformation ○​ Enlightenment ​ (age or reason) ​ Favor rational thought and scientific analysis ​ Center of enlightenment: France —- philosophes ​ Enlightenment thinkers ​ Natural laws of society and politics ​ Theory of progress ​ Impact of enlightenment ideas  ​ Mandate of heaven, divine right if kings —--- responsible for populations ​ How do people behave ​ What government systems work to make stable societies. ​ American revolution ○​ Start ​ Seven years war causes britan to be in a lot of dept ​ Britan needs to tax the colonies to get back the dept ​ Sugar act, stamp act, townsand act, tea act ​ “No taxation without representation” - Colonists ○​ If ur gonna tax us, we want a say in parlement ​ Bostan tea party ○​ Rebels boycotting the tea act and throwing tea in the harbor ​ July 4th ​ Declaration of independence ○​ Life liberty and the pursuit of happiness ​ Pre- french revolution government “Ancient Regime” ○​ Two Privileged estates ​ First estate ​ Roman catholic church clergy ​ Second estate ​ Wealthy nobility ○​ One unprivileged estate  ​ No rights or tax exemptions ​ Everyone else ​ Bourgeoise (Working class) ​ Workers and peasants ​ Only have a ⅓ say in change ​ Cant change stuff ​ Causes the french revolution ​ Forces of change in for french revolution ○​ Enlightenment ideals ○​ Economic troubles ​ In dept ​ Marie antwanette and king Luis Spend a ton of money on luxuries ​ While the people are starving ○​ A weak leader ​ King Luis weak ​ Taxed too much ​ Revolution begins ○​ King Louis calls meeting of estates ○​ The third estate claims to make their own government and name themselves the National Assembly ○​ They go to a tennis court ​ Third estate draft a new constitution ○​ Storming of bastille  ​ Rumors of violence escalated, people stormed the bastille for weapons ​ They release a lot of prisoners ​ And get a bunch of weapons ​ Influence of rebellions ○​ Haitian revolution ​ French colony or saint domingue ​ on of the wealthy caribbean colonies ​ sugar , coffee, cotton ​ Rebellions — marron communities ​ Slave revolt (august 1791) ​ Vodou priest boukman ○​ Important early ○​ Brings people together to fight in an organized way ​ Toussaint Louverture’s leadership ○​ Takes over after Boukman dies ○​ Organize and fight the french ​ Republic of haiti declared in 1804 ​ Influenced by other revolutions and reformations ​ Haiti is the only large scale successful slave revolt ​ Haiti island stats ​ 40,000 frenchmen ​ 28,000 free people of color (brought to fight with Boukman) ​ 500 african born slaves  ​ Huge numbers difference ​ Latin american revolution ○​ Creoles and everyone below fight against the peninsulares ​ Enlightenment ideals and slavery ○​ End of slave trade ​ Champaign began in the 18th century ○​ William wilberforce: parlement outlaws slave trade, 1807 ​ Other states followed suit, illegal trade continued until 1867 ​ Slavery ended in Haiti in 1804 ​ Mexico: 1829 ​ Britain: 1833 ​ France: 1848 ○​ Freedom vs. Equality ​ Gain freedom without equality ​ Property requirements, literacy tests, blocked voting ​ Enlightenment ideals and women ○​ Enlightenment thinkers —-- conservative stance on women's rights ​ Rousseau: educate women to prepare for domestic sphere ​ Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft ○​ Women and revolution ​ Lacked suffrage (right to vote) Chapter 29 ​ Industrialization  ○​ Pre industrialization products ​ Putting out system ​ In the household production ​ Ppl in the country side making clothes and such spinning cotton ​ Industrial revolution ○​ Def : a shift from agrarian/handcraft production to the mechanization of machinery. ​ Agrarian–agroculture ​ Agricultural revolution ○​ Getting better at farming with better machines ○​ Instead of a bunch of people owning little parts of farmland ​ One person owns a fuck load of land and farms one thing on it ​ Crop rotation seasonally for soil fertility ​ Better at farming—-less jobs in farmlands—-more jobs in cities (industrial revoloution)-----people move to cities ​ Industrialization begins in england ​ Why england? ○​ Land ​ Have a ton of coal ​ Iron ore ​ Use to construct machines and buildings ​ Rivers for inland transportation ​ Harbors for merchants  ○​ Labor ​ People from the agricultural refvouloution ○​ Capitol/money ​ Government had money they were willing to invest ​ Factory system ○​ Specialization of labor ​ One part of the production process in each building ​ People are specialized in only one step of the production process ​ Spread of industrialization ○​ Britain – birthplace of industrial revolution (1760s) ○​ 1850s — Belgium (first 1800) , France (wanted british workers), germany ○​ 1880s – Western europe ○​ Belgium ​ Coal ​ Iron ​ Glass and armaments ○​ France ​ Employed 15,000 skilled BRITISH workers ​ French engineers would take over and learn by 1850s ○​ Germany ​ After the Bismarck's unification fostered stability ​ North american Industrialization ○​ 1800: abundant land and resources but not enough people to work  ○​ 1820s— lured BRITISH workers to new england for textile industry ○​ 1860s—-Industrial northeast/ agricultural south ○​ 1870s iron and steel industries emerge ○​ 1900— USA transformed — Economic powerhouse ​ Industrial capitalism ○​ Trust ​ Ex). Standard oil company (Created monopoly by raising prices) ​ Multiple companies joined together ​ There is a board of representatives from each company that sees over all of the companies ​ Board decides the prices and creates monopoly which forces people to buy expensive oil cuz all the oil is from one company/trust ​ Goal is to eliminate competitors and reduce competition ○​ Cartel​ ​ Formal agreement between competing companies to control prices and market share by coordinating production or sales ​ Agreement to set prices between competing companies ​ Can result in a monopoly ​ Industrial revolution Social impact ○​ Pre industrial revolution ​ Really rich people ​ Really poor people ○​ Industrial revolution creates different jobs  ​ Managers ​ Engineers ​ Business owners ​ Banks ​ This creates the middle class ​ Middle class women stay home ○​ Working class ​ Unskilled labor working in factories, mines ​ Heavy labor, for low wages ​ Married women will still work ​ Working conditions bad ​ Work 6 days a week ​ 12-14 hour days ​ Fast paced, harsh supervisors —--maiming and fatal accidents ​ Industrial protest ​ Luddites (1811–1816) ​ Skilled artisans break a bunch of machines to stop the industrial revolution ○​ Obviously fail ​ Creates big economic gap ​ Rich get super rich ​ Poor get poorer ​ Socialist response of industrial revolution  ○​ Utopian socialists ​ Socialism first used in context of utopian socialism ​ Charles Fourier and robert owen ​ Opposed competition of market system ​ Attempted to creat small model communities ​ ​ Inspirational for larger social units ​ He had them get sat and sunday off ​ Less working hours ​ Children go to school and not work ​ Pay them more ​ Believe that wealth should be equitably distributed ​ Bourgeoisie ○​ Capitalist owners, purchasing and exploiting labor power ​ Proletariats ○​ Class of industrial workers who lack there own means of production and hence sell their labor to live ​ Communist manifesto ○​ Two conflict classes ​ Bourgeoisie ​ Proletariats ○​ Exploitative nature of capitalist system ​ religion : “opiate of the masses” ○​ Communist manifesto  ​ Argued for an overthrow of capitals in favor of a dictatorship of the proletariat ​ Says the low class workers will rise up in a bloody uprising and own all the factories and control the government ​ Transcontinental migration ○​ 19th and early 20th century ​ 50 million crossed atlantic ​ British: urban slums, irish: 1840s potato famines, jews: tsarist persecution ○​ Many entered the workforce of united states ​ Aided rapid industrial growth ​ Environmental toll ​ More industrialized than other countries and gives them the upperhand Russia ​ Crimean war ○​ Off the coast of the black sea ○​ Against ottomans ○​ the