Chapter 26: Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties

Christian boys taken from families by the Ottoman Empire and trained as elite soldiers, they were often converted to Islam and served as loyal warriors for the Sultan.

A religious and political system that ruled the Ottoman Empire, based on Islamic law (Sharia) and the belief that the Sultan was the supreme authority.

A unique system in the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim communities were allowed to practice their own religions and govern themselves internally while paying taxes to the state.

A type of tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic empires. It was seen as a tax for not converting to Islam and was an important source of revenue.

The practice of taking young boys from conquered territories and training them as soldiers, often converted to Islam and serving the Ottoman Empire.

A system in which individuals from different villages were forced to work in mines for a year, often under dangerous conditions.

A land grant given by the Spanish Crown, often accompanied by the Encomienda system, which imposed forced labor on indigenous populations.

The forceful exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas).

A large ship used for long-distance trading, particularly by the Spanish during the Age of Exploration. They were known for their size and capacity to hold a lot of cargo.

A type of business organization where investors pooled their funds to finance voyages and share the profits, reducing individual risk.

A person of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

A person of mixed European and African ancestry.

A person of mixed African and Native American ancestry.

The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples across sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in the spread of agriculture and ironworking.

The forced removal of Africans from their homes and their transportation to the Americas as slaves.

A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, emphasizing the importance of scripture and individual faith.

A belief that God has predetermined the fate of individuals, deciding who will be saved and who will be damned.

The persecution and execution of individuals, often women, accused of witchcraft, spurred by religious fervor and social anxieties.

Religious conflicts between Protestant and Roman Catholic forces, often motivated by political and territorial ambitions, which resulted in widespread violence and upheaval across Europe.

The major European conflict from 1618 to 1648 triggered by religious differences, highlighting the unresolved tensions between Protestant and Catholic powers.

Secular courts were seen as more dangerous during this time, potentially leading to harsher punishments like death. This contrasted with church courts, perceived as safer for individuals accused of witchcraft.

These wars were a major conflict in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, primarily between Protestant and Roman Catholic forces. Notable events include Philip II's Spanish Armada against England and the Dutch Revolt against Spain.

This war lasted from 1618 to 1648 and involved many powerful European countries, including Spain, France, Sweden, and Denmark. It was a complex conflict with religious, political, and territorial motives.

This peace treaty was signed in 1555, aiming to resolve religious tensions in the Holy Roman Empire. It allowed princes to choose either Catholicism or Protestantism for their territories, supposedly ending the bloodshed.

The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand imposed Catholicism on Bohemia, breaking the terms of the Peace of Augsburg and triggering the Thirty Years' War.

This treaty, signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War and established the idea of a balance of power between European nations. Although peace was achieved, it also led to a period of intense military development.

This period saw monarchs consolidating their power, often through new tax revenues, control of the military, and suppressing dissent. This included the suppression of Protestantism in Spain through the Spanish Inquisition.

The Spanish Inquisition, established in 1478, was a powerful institution used to suppress heresy and enforce religious uniformity in Spain. It used methods like imprisonment and executions to achieve its goals.

This describes monarchs like those in England, France, and Spain who achieved greater control and power by amassing wealth through new taxes like fines, fees, and confiscating land.

This refers to a system where the king held absolute power, claiming their authority was given by God. This was seen in countries like France, Spain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

This system, unlike absolutism, involves the king ruling alongside a parliament and constitution. The king's power is limited by these institutions, as seen in England and the Netherlands.

The Columbian Exchange led to significant population increases, urbanization, and improvements in nutrition due to new food sources like the potato. It also contributed to a reduction in mortality rates.

Capitalism is driven by the free exchange of goods in markets, where supply and demand influence price. It often involves individuals or companies seeking profits, leading to competition and innovation.

The rise of capitalism included the development of banks, stock exchanges, and joint-stock companies. Medieval guilds were replaced by the 'cottage industry' system, where workers produced goods at home.

This era was marked by a move away from religious explanations and towards scientific observation and experimentation. The scientific method was developed, challenging traditional beliefs.

The geocentric theory, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe, was challenged by the heliocentric theory, which correctly placed the Sun at the center of the solar system. This challenged the church's influence and authority.

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Its large armory included swords, lances, bows, knives, and a variety of clubs.

It sat on a lake in south central Mexico serving as a natural defence.

maize, beans, squash, tomatoes

A floating garden used by Aztecs (very fertile )

were strong enough to take down some neighboring states

Allied with the Texcoco and the tlacopan

Just captured other people and made them pay tribute. gathered armies when needed

Received land grants, received better food and very honored

no political influence, had high honor if had a warrior son, could not inherit property, essentially owned by their fathers or husbands

They were the keepers of the knowledge. They recorded law and historical events. Had special education

The capital city of the Incan Empire. Located in present-day Peru

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

indigenous people of New Zealand

The name given to themselves by the Aztec people

a pastoral people that controlled territory in present-day Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah; descendants of the Ancestral Pueblo or Anasazi, who built cliff dwellings

Inhabitants of the Pacific Islands that lie within a triangle formed by Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

central American society that was centered around the city of Tula.

Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa.

a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

castrated males who played an important role as palace servants

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Muslim traveler, visited and wrote of his experiences in the Muslim world (from Africa to India)

The most active of Roman Catholic missionaries in China

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

members of the elite class of civil servants in Chinese government

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

A judge in Islamic law

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

The period of rebirth of learning in Europe between about 1300 and 1600

Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.

Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions

Ming - China - collection of Chinese philosophical, literary, and historical texts.

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria, in what is now northeastern China

Mongol rulers of China who were overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368.

Chinese dynasty that followed the overthrow of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He.

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Founder of the Tokugawa dynasty, the last Shogunate in Japan; won control of the Daimyo

military government comprised of the shogun as ruler and emperor as figurehead

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

"Warring States," period in Japan similar to feudal system in Europe

an administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire used to organize religious groups.

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state.

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

two separate branches of Islam, both believe fully in the Quran, but disagree about certain historical issues; Iran - Shia, Saudi Arabia - Sunni

Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire

a branch of the Islamic religion that emphasizes mysticism

Capital of the Safavid Empire.

one of Akbar's attempts to reconcile Muslim and Hindu people; a combination of Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh

city planned by Akabar to be capital from 1569 to 1585; contained private residence for rulers along with a mint. Contained a mosque and mausoleum of guru Shaykh Salim Chisti; soon was abandoned

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.