First 100 Biology Past Paper PDF

1)Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? A)nervous B)muscular C)immune D)lymphatic Point: 0.40000000000000002 2)Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched.A) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. B) Microscopic...

1)Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? A)nervous B)muscular C)immune D)lymphatic Point: 0.40000000000000002 2)Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched.A) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. B) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. C) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth Point: 0.40000000000000002 3)Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains a. a static state with no deviation from preset points. b. a dynamic state within an unlimited range. c. a relatively stable internal environment within limits. d. the lowest possible energy usage Point: 0.40000000000000002 4)Which statement about enzymes is FALSE? A)Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements. B)Most enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute. C)Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. D)Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form Point: 0.40000000000000002 5)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in highernumbers B)Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. C)Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversiblechanges in shape. D)Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. Point: 0.400000000000000026)Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? A) phagocytosis b)exocytosis c)lysosomal degradation d) pinocytosis e)intracellular vesicular trafficking Point: 0.40000000000000002 7)In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the smooth ER B) the rough ER C) both smooth and rough ER D) the cytoplasm Point: 0.40000000000000002 8)The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. A) rRNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) ssRNA Point: 0.40000000000000002 9)A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached. B) swell and burst C) neither shrink nor swell D) shrink Point: 0.44444 10)Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell B) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae C) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma D) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell Point: 0.40000000000000002 11)Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? A) goblet cellsB) cilia C) mast cells D) macrophages Point: 0.40000000000000002 12)Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair? A) Formation of new stem cells B) Restoration of blood supply C) Regeneration and fibrosis. Supply D) Inflammation Point: 0.40000000000000002 13)Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A. Areolar B. Reticular C. Embryonic D. Dense Regular Point: 0.40000000000000002 14)Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place? Answer: skeletal muscle Point: 0.40000000000000002 19)Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ. A)hyaline cartilage B)stratified squamous epithelium C)cardiac muscle D)transition Point: 0.40000000000000002 20)A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________.a. the melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin with increased production. b. blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increased their metabolic activity. c. the heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising. d. the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin. Point: 0.40000000000000002 21)William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________. a. the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum. b. the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper. c. the stratum basale but not the dermal layers. d. the papillary layer but not the reticular layer. Point: 0.44444 22)The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity? a. Increased cooling of the skin. b. Increased oily appearance and more acne. c. Increased hair growth. d. Decreased vitamin D synthesis. Point: 0.40000000000000002 23)Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. a. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. b. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. c. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. d. Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. Point: 0.40000000000000002 24 )A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneumB) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum C) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale D) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum Point: 0.40000000000000002 25) Which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? a. Shoulder b. Hip c. Skull d. Upper limb Point: 0.40000000000000002 26)Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. a. Cartilage and compact bone b. Dense irregular connective tissue c. Osteogenic cells d. Chondrocytes and osteocytes Point: 0.40000000000000002 27)The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________. a. Volkmann's canals b. A bony matrix with hyaline cartilage c. Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers d. The struts of bone known as spicules Point: 0.40000000000000002 28)The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers Point: 0.40000000000000002 29)The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? a) amount of mineral salts and proteins in the bone. b) presence of osteoblasts in the bone.c) amount of mineral salts in the bone. d) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules. Point: 0.444444 30)The hypothalamus is a region of the brain controlling many aspects of the endocrine system. It works closely with the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is directly superior to the pituitary and is, therefore, ________. a)superior to the sella turcica b)superior to the crista galli c)the only region of the brain that is outside of the skull d)inferior to the cribriform plate Point: 0.40000000000000002 31)During concussion (a type of traumatic brain injury) the brain will move within the cranial cavity. Damage is caused to the brain as it crashes into parts of the bony cavity walls. Ironically one of the bone markings that can cause serious damage to the brain is the ________. This is ironic because one of the functions of this bone marking is to ________. A)crista galli; attach to the dura matter holding the brain in place B)perpendicular plate; separate the left and right halves of the nasal cavity C)styloid process; attach to and support the hyoid bone D)pterygoid processes; anchor important chewing muscles Point: 0.40000000000000002 32)Curvatures of the spine serve the body by ________. a) applying greater pressure to the intervertebral disks preventing them from slipping. b) providing space for soft organs in the various body cavities. c) giving additional springiness and flexibility to the spine which absorbs shock. d) limiting the flexibility of the spine and preventing hyperextension. Point: 0.40000000000000002 33)When looking at the range of motion of the various sections of the vertebral column the ________ has the most flexibility. a)cervical spine b)sacral spinec)thoracic spine d)lumbar spine Point: 0.40000000000000002 34)The range of motion as well as the direction of motion for the various regions of the spine differs. For example, the lumbar spine is capable of flexion and extension but little rotational movement, while the thoracic spine rotates with little flexion or extension. This is due to variation in ________. a. the arrangement of muscular attachment to the spinous processes b. the orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets c. the thickness of the intervertebral disc d. the composition of the intervertebral disks Point: 0.40000000000000002 35)The anatomy of the thoracic cage provides ridged support and protection but at the same time is also flexible and mobile. Of the list below, which feature does NOT aid in the flexibility and movement of the thoracic cage? A)the costal spaces occupied by costal muscle B)the costal cartilages C)the sternal angle D)the jugular notch Point: 0.40000000000000002 36)The axial skeleton includes ________. A) the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis B) arms, legs, hands, and feet C) the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage D) the skull, the scapula, and the vertebral column Point: 0.40000000000000002 37)Which vertebra does NOT have a body? A)axis B)atlasC)last cervical D)last lumbar Point: 0.40000000000000002 38)Which of the following bones is NOT weight bearing? A) femur B) tibia C) fibula D) talus Point: 0.40000000000000002 39)Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus? a)head b)calcaneus c)lateral malleolus d)medial malleolus Point: 0.40000000000000002 40)The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral girdle is a highly mobile joint. This mobility comes at a cost because ________..A) the blood vessels that lead to the arm and hand can easily be cut off by the free range ofmotion B) the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate C) muscles that span this mobile joint will only provide a reduced amount of power D) these type of joints are harder to control and coordinate Point: 0.40000000000000002 41)All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT ________. a. structure and shape of the articulating bone b.strength and tension of joint ligaments c. arrangement and tension of the muscles d.number of bones in the joint Point: 0.4444444 42)Performing "jumping jacks" requires ________. A) pronation and supination B) flexion and extention C) abduction and adductionD) inversion and eversion Point: 0.44444 43)Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________. A) pronation B) retraction C) adduction D) protraction Point: 0.444 44)Rigor mortis occurs because ________. A) sodium ions leak out of the muscle B) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules C) the cells are dead D) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions Point: 0.40000000000000002 45)The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. A) hemoglobin B) ATP C) myoglobin D) immunoglobin Point: 0.40000000000000002 46)The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________. A. microtubules B. myofibrils C. T tubules D. mitochondria Point: 0.40000000000000002 47)Sarcomeres are functional units of ________ muscle. A. smooth B. cardiac C. skeletal D. Band C onlyPoint: 0.4444444444444 48)What is the functional role of the T tubules? A) stabilize the G and F actin B) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction C) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle D) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction Point: 0.40000000000000002 49)During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. A) stearic acid B) hydrochloric acid C) a strong base D) lactic acid Point: 0.40000000000000002 50)When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? A) relaxation period B) refractory period C) latent period D) fatigue period Point: 0.40000000000000002 51)The ________ extends the great toe. A) gastrocneumius B)extensor hallucis longus D)tibialis anterior C)fibularis (peroneous) tertius Point: 0.40000000000000002 52)Which type of lever is exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle? a. First-class lever b. Second-class lever c. Third-class lever d. Fourth-class lever Point: 0.4000000000000000253)What muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop? A)extensor hallucis longus B)tibialis anterior C)fibularis tertius D) extensor digitorum longus Point: 0.40000000000000002 54)What is the major factor controlling how levers work? A. How much gravity is acting upon them B. The difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum C. The structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever D. The weight of the load E. The direction the load is being moved Point: 0.40000000000000002 55)Which of the following is NOT a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process? a. internal intercostal b. external intercostal c. latissimus dorsi d. diaphragm Point: 0.40000000000000002 56)What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle? A)the number of neurons innervating it B)the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction C)the shape D)the length Point: 0.40000000000000002 57)What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? A) an agonist B) an antagonist C) a synergist D) a fixator Point: 0.4000000000000000258)Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A)mechanically-gated channel B)leakage channel C)voltage-gated channel D)ligand-gated channel Point: 0.40000000000000002 59)Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? a)amplify or enhance the effect of ACh b)inability to release acetylcholine c)inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft d)stimulation of the production of acetylcholine Point: 0.40000000000000002 60)Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? a. innervation of cardiac muscle. b. innervation of skeletal muscle. c. innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract. d. innervation of glands. Point: 0.40000000000000002 61)Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. a) nuclei b) ganglia c) nerves d) tracts Point: 0.40000000000000002 62)The term central nervous system refers to the ________. a) spinal cord and spinal nerves b) brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves c) autonomic nervous system d) brain and spinal cord Point: 0.4000000000000000263)A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A)afferent neuron B)efferent neuron C)glial cell D)interneuron Point: 0.40000000000000002 64)Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. a) large nerve fibers b) erratic transmission of nerve impulses c) diphasic impulses d) the myelin sheath Point: 0.40000000000000002 65)The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. a. Thalamus. b. Pyramids. c. Limbic system. d. Reticular formation. Point: 0.444 66)Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A. glucose B. protein C. red blood cells D. potassium Point: 0.4444 67)REM sleep is associated with ________. a. decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure. b. decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex. c. temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm. d. decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex. Point: 0.444468)Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) protection from blows C) nourishment of the brain D) initiation of nerve impulses Point: 0.4444 69)Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) sleep disturbances B) loss of body temperature control C) dehydration D) loss of fine motor control Point: 0.40000000000000002 70)Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. a.Red nuclei.B. Vestibular nuclei. C. Reticular nuclei. D. Superior Colliculi. Point: 0.4444 71)Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory? A)prefrontal cortex B)hippocampus C)thalamus D)medulla oblongata Point: 0.4444 72)Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. A) always mediated by the brain B) rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses C) autonomic only D) involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behaviorPoint: 0.40000000000000002 73)Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________. a.) radial nerve b.) sciatic nerve c.) ulnar nerve d.) median nerve Point: 0.40000000000000002 74)A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. A) tendon reflex B) flexor reflex C) crossed-extensor reflex D) plantar reflex Point: 0.40000000000000002 75)Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body? A)proprioceptors. B) interoceptors C)exteroceptors D) photoreceptors Point: 0.40000000000000002 76)Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) Afferent nerves B) Efferent nerves C) Motor nerves D) Mixed nerves Point: 0.40000000000000002 77)After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. A) Wallerian cells B) Schwann cells C) Dendrites D) Golgi organs Point: 0.4000000000000000278)Regeneration within the CNS ________. A)is more successful than with the PNS B)typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C)is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars D)is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes Point: 0.40000000000000002 79)In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. A)extend B) also flex c) abduct D)adduct Point: 0.40000000000000002 80)Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation? a. increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera b. elimination of urine c. dilation of the pupils d. salivation Point: 0.40000000000000002 81)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar. B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS: parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served. C) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. D) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.Point: 0.40000000000000002 82)Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________. a. Inactivation of ACh is fairly slow. b. NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response. c. Preganglionic fibers are short. d. Preganglionic fibers are long. Point: 0.40000000000000002 83)Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra? A. second cervical B. third lumbar C. first coccyx D. first thoracic Point: 0.40000000000000002 84)Autonomic ganglia contain ________. a. the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons b. an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons c. both somatic afferent and efferent neurons d. synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors Point: 0.40000000000000002 85)The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerve stimulate many large glands in the head such as the nasal and lacrimal glands. a) trochlear (IV) b)facial (VII) c) oculomotor (III) d)optic (II) Point: 0.40000000000000002 86)Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________.A) white rami communicates B) gray rami communicates C) spinal nerves D) splanchnic nerves Point: 0.40000000000000002 87)Which of the following is NOT a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve? A)pulmonary B)cardiac C)esophageal D)inferior hypogastric Point: 0.40000000000000002 88)Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? A)any sagittal plane except in the midline B)any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions C)two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves D)a transverse cut just above the knees Point: 0.4444 89)Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? A) appendix B) stomach C) Liver D) intestines Point: 0.4444 90)The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane A) covering individual lungs B) lining the thoracic cavity C) covering the heart D) lining the abdominal cavity Point: 0.40000000000000002 91)Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. A) synthesisB) exchange C) decomposition D) reversible Point: 0.444 92)Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate? A)concentration of reactants B)time C)temperature D)particle size Point: 0.4444 93)Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? A) microvilli B) stereocilia C) primary cilia D) flagella Point: 0.444 94)Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? A)The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.B)The rate is independent of temperature. C)Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. D)The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate Point: 0.444 95)In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. A)gap junctions b)desmosomes c)connexons d)tight junctions Point: 0.40000000000000002 96)Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?(a) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. (b) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. (c) Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. (d) Reticular fibers form thick, rope-like structures. Point: 0.40000000000000002 97)Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue. (a) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. (b) Connective tissue cells are non-dividing. (c) Connective tissue does not contain cells. (d) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. Point: 0.4444 98)Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. C) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Point: 0.40000000000000002 99)Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. (a) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. (b) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. (c) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. (d) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another. Point: 0.444 100)Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. (a) It is composed mostly of the extracellular matrix. (b) Its primary function is nutrient storage. (c) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. (d) Most of the cel