Human Anatomy and Physiology I 2024 PDF

Sudan University of Science and Technology Biomedical Engineering department Human Anatomy and Physiology I 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Anatomy study of structure of body: the branch of...

Sudan University of Science and Technology Biomedical Engineering department Human Anatomy and Physiology I 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Anatomy study of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the physical structure of a human body Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  PHYSIOLOGY study of functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 A human body is composed of parts within parts, with increasing complexity. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Anatomical Position ◼ Standing erect ◼ Feet parallel ◼ Arms hanging at the sides ◼ Palms facing forward Anatomical position – body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. (It’s important to note throughout this course, most terminology refers to this position regardless of the position the body happens to be in at the time) Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Directional terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) – toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above Inferior (caudal) – away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below Anterior (ventral) – toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the backside of the body; behind Medial – toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral – away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Proximal – close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal – farther from the origin of a body or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Superficial (external) – toward or at the body surface. Deep (internal) – away from the body surface; more internal. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Examples: The heart is posterior to the breastbone The arms are lateral to the chest The elbow is proximal to the wrist The skin is superficial to the skeleton The forehead is superior to the nose The breastbone is anterior to the spine The heart is medial to the arm The armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder The knee is distal to the thigh The lungs are deep to the rib cage Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Cell Structure and Function Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Principles of Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation) Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 ❖Cells vary considerable in size, shape, and function. ❖The shape of cells in the body vary based on their function. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cell Size Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cell Organelles 1. Cell Membrane 9. Microfilaments and 2. Cytoplasm Mircotubules 3. Endoplasmic reticulum 10. Centrosomes (ER) 11. Cilia and flagella 4. Ribosomes 12. Vesicles 5. Golgi Apparatus 13. Nucleus 6. Mitochondria 14. Nuclear envelope 7. Lysosomes 15. Nucleolus 8. Peroxisomes 16. Chromatin Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Characteristics of All Cells A surrounding membrane Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid Organelles – structures for cell function Control center with DNA Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cell Membrane Extremely thin and semipermeable. The cell membrane contains many kinds of proteins, each with a special function. Function: The membrane allows some substances to enter and leave the cell but not others, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells. The membrane forms a boundary around the cellular contents,, and the basic structure of the cell membrane is a lipid-protein bilayer. Structure: The basic framework of the cell membrane consists of a (bilayer) double layer of phospholipid, with fatty acid tails turned in. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Plasma Membrane Contains cell contents Double layer of phospholipids & proteins Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cell Memebrane The Phosphate Head is HYDROPHILIC meaning "WATER LOVING". Because of its hydrophilic nature, the head of a Phospholipid will orient itself so that it is as close as possible to water molecules. The Lipid Tails are HYDROPHOBIC meaning "WATER-FEARING", the Hydrophobic tails will tend to orient themselves away from water. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Phospholipids Polar – Hydrophylic head – Hydrophobic tail Interacts with water Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Cytoplasm The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid called cytosol, a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles. Cell activities occur mainly in the cytoplasm, where nutrients are received, processed, and used. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Nucleus, nuclear envelope Is bounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope) containing relatively large nuclear pores that allow the passage of certain substances. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Movements through cell membranes Passive mechanisms Active mechanisms do not require energy. require cell energy. 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 1. Active transport 3. Osmosis 2. Endocytosis 4. Filtration 3. Exocytosis Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Movement Across the Plasma Membrane A few molecules move freely – Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen Carrier proteins transport some molecules – Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer – Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Passive Diffusion is the process by which molecules or ions scatter or spread spontaneously from high concentration to low concentration. Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse readily through the cell membrane. Equilibrium is reached. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Passive Substances that are not able to pass through the lipid bilayer need the help of membrane proteins to get across, this is called facilitated diffusion. Carrier molecules “revolving doors” are used to carry large molecules (glucose) across the membrane. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Passive Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids are called hypertonic. Solutions with a osmotic pressure equal to body fluids are called isotonic. Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids are called hypotonic. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Passive When fluid is forced through a membrane by hydrostatic or blood pressure, the mechanism is called filtration. Edema excess tissue fluid. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024 Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Active Active transport is a process that moves particles through membranes from a region of low concentration to high concentration. Equilibrium is never reached. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Active In endocytosis molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by portion of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded by a vesicle. 1. Pinocytosis is a form in which cells engulf liquids. 2. Phagocytosis is a form in which the cell takes in larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium. 3. Receptor-mediated is a form in which receptors bind specific particles, and they are drawn into the cell. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  The reverse to endocytosis is exocytosis. Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters – Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024  Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins – Identify cell type 4. Enzymes – Catalyze production of substances Anatomy and physiology , Dr.Mohammed Yagoub @SUST 2024