ANTH205 Exam #2 PDF

Chapter 5: Turn-taking: Conversation is based on principles of turn-taking& influenced by context ○ All co-participants have a greater or lesser opportunity to participating ○ Current speaker selection or self-selection Adjacency Pair: selecting the next speaker through asking...

Chapter 5: Turn-taking: Conversation is based on principles of turn-taking& influenced by context ○ All co-participants have a greater or lesser opportunity to participating ○ Current speaker selection or self-selection Adjacency Pair: selecting the next speaker through asking questions, making requests, issuing invitations and offers ○ Sequence of interaction (Q&A, Request/grant/refuse, invitation- accept/decline) Tag Questions: an effective mechanism for ending a turn & begins with a declarative proposition, “exit techniques.” Interruptions: higher status tends to interrupt Listenership: signal their interest by words or vocalization ○ “Yeah’ “mmh” “uh-huh” ○ Meaningless, but show your interest Conversational Postulates: people have certain assumptions about the situation and the co-participant based on cultural and linguistic models of interaction ○ What can be said or not- be truthful, relevant & informative Directives: results in an action by the hearer Politeness: be clean & polite by not imposing, giving options, and be friendly ○ Positive: expresses solidarity, friendliness, and reciprocity ○ Negative: restraint and avoidance Honorification: use of respect markers with nouns, verbs, and modifiers towards addressing someone ○ Politeness is demonstrated through this in Japanese ○ Ano hito (plain) or ano kato (honored) Chapter 6: Caller-hegemony: caller who initiates an exchange, calls for something & never random Testese: abbreviated language used in online communication Digital divide: between people who can afford digital devices and those who can’t Synchronous: multiple people present and the communication can be read to anyone present ○ Through facial gestures and expression Asynchronous: e-mail, chat board, weblogs, not interactive with someone physically Chapter 7: Noam Chomsky: child's discovery is a deep and abstract theory Jean Piaget: role of individual cognition in language learning and due to cognitive maturation Ley Vygotsky: due to social needs of children as they expand their interactions with others First speech sounds: mama, papa, tata Holophrastic: each word expresses broad semantic and contextual meanings  Wh-questions: questions introduced by the 5 W’s Overregularizing linguistic rules: the application of grammatical rules to irregular words ○ Comed instead of came Negation: children's negative construction begins with neg +s and ends with the appropriate application Location Concepts: placement of object, person, and or event in space or time Instructional Strategies: function to culturally prescribe frames for language-learning, appropriate norms of communicative behavior, beliefs, entertaining/playful Journal Articles: The structure and use of politeness formulas How language and cultures use specific linguistic formulas to express their politeness The author examines the patterns in different societies and how politeness is structured and a significant part of language The politeness formula is essential in communication Connection What no bedtime story means: narrative skills at home and school. In The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology. Different communities/cultural practices use language and storytelling at home Which affects children's literacy development & performance at school Connection