ANTH 111 Anthropology Notes PDF

22Jan 9th – English has the global language Pluricentric language  A language with several interacting codified (official) standard forms, often corresponding to different languages  Examples include Chinese English French German Korean and Spanish  While French is a plurecent...

22Jan 9th – English has the global language Pluricentric language  A language with several interacting codified (official) standard forms, often corresponding to different languages  Examples include Chinese English French German Korean and Spanish  While French is a plurecentric language the academies fraincaise has aided in maintaining a level of homogeneity in the language in France no such institution exists for the English language  The academies policies the French language, often deciding which iteration of French is right or wrong Two diasporas of the English language (kachu and nelson)  Diaspora – spread of people through groups and cultures (from one place to another  First diaspora - Migration of substantial numbers of English speakers from the UK to places like Australia, NZ and the Americas (settler colonialism)  Second diaspora - Transportation of the language as the language of rule and command but only a small migration of English-speaking people to places like Asia and Africa (colonial occupation)  South Africa was different due to the gold rush and people settling in Local and world english  Different dialects or varieties of English identified with the residents of specific places  Dialects should not be confused with accent. Streven defines dialect as differences of grammar and vocabulary” and accent as differences of pronunciation” (phonology)  “Commonly accepted varieties of English today include American and British of course”  There are many national varieties of English in the world  American and British are seen as proper and are put on top of the English hierarchy due to the economic prowess and influence they have Cross cultural misunderstandings  Mix-up in the interpretation of words being used   Rubber being seen as condom instead of an eraser  Differences in the importance of cultural items (cows and branding in America opposed to cows being sacred in India)  The localization of English in certain places Three groups of Sri Lankan English speakers (chitra fernado)  Group 1 - Elites with a highly anglicized lifestyle who speak a virtually uniform variety of English  Group 2 - Generally working class, while grammar and vocab may vary only slightly group G1 phonology is the crucial identifying distinction between the 2  Group 3 - Same social background as group 2 but low fluency and proficiency Power dynamics  English as a weapon used to humiliate  Show of classism and elitism as speaking in English is almost seen as a prerequisite for working at the cafe  Linguistic accommodation Black English  Code switch to tha dooooom Chapter 1 culture and meaning - 9 problems identified  Understanding human beliefs and behaviors require context Problem 1 – how can people begin to understand beliefs and behaviors that are different to their own  It is possible to rationalize different actions and behaviors that may even go against yours  How can other experiences be associated with and described Enculturation (midterm) - How we learn culture, its norms, its rights and wrongs  - Or even our core beliefs - Either implicitly or explicitly through means of censorship or the act of removing or banning content - home school social media, literature, religious affiliation Questions 1.1 1.2 etc. (copy down) 1.1 why do Anthropos  Human beings - Intelligence - Ability to critically think - More civilized than other species - Culture distinguishes us Logia - The study of or knowledge of Hominent  Anything from the lineage of upright walkers Anthropology types (will  Biological – concerned with study of humans as biological beings - Forensic Anthro  Archaeology  Sociocultural - The study if how societies are structured and how cultural meanings re created - Bronislaw malinowski “from the natives POV” IMPORTANT - Knowledge acquired by studying people's life's - Looking at a culture without bias  Linguistic anthropology - Study of relationship between language and culture What makes sociocultural anthropology so unique?   Focuses on differences and similarities in the ways that societies are structured, and cultural meanings are created  Helps us see beyond the parameters of our taken for granted world  Explores the universal and the particular  Incorporates the methodological analytical rigor of the sciences and the interpretative insights and the nuances of the humanities Wolf described the most scientific of the sciences Participant observation  Attentively engaging the same activities they're doing to get a feel of what you're watching and seeing Question 1.1  Society - The social structures and organization of a group comprised of people who share a territory or culture - Members of a society view the world in. A similar way because they share the same culture  Culture (more important and will be on midterm) - A system of meanings about the nature of experience that are shared by a people and passed on from one generation another, including the meanings that people give things  Cultures (not as important) - Groups (society) that share a culture (system of meanings)  Clifford geerts notes: - Humans impose meanings on their experiences to help them comprehend these experiences and impose order - Without order, the universe would be a “chaos of pointless acts and exploding emotions” Culture is  Integrated  learned and passed through generation  Shared - Not restricted to one person   Symbolic  A tool for understanding shared experiences Culture is NOT (prolyl won't be on exam)  Singular quantifiable  Something that some groups have “more” of than others  Bounded, impervious to change or mutual influence  A possession (the people of X do ritual Y because it's a part of their culture); rather, by looking at ritual y, performed by people x, we see shared cultural understandings of Z The ethnocentric fallacy and relativist fallacy Ethnocentric fallacy  Our values are true  Others are wrong Relativistic fallacy  Moral judgements are wrong Ethnocentrism  Judging other cultures by our values Cultural relativism  Different behaviors are not wrong  Seeing differences as another perspective  Not in a comparison to your own but rather being a legitimate version of something else  Judging it by its own criteria Putting cultural relativism into practice  It's very easy to isolate turkey or Islamic society that place virginity really high but its that there are certain metaphors in agriculture that are used in our own society like when we talk about reproduction.  Seed and soil  Virginity testing in turkey and beliefs about production Putting cultural relativism into practice  Cannibalism among the wari and beliefs about death - The wari of Brazil have a practice of roasting and eating the dead  - The wari would view customs of burying the dead as horrific compared to their practices - The wari want to obliterate the painful memories of their loss and “separate the dead from the living - They think the ground is dirty and refurse to put anything of important on it or in it - Queen issabella ruled that spaniards and christians could condemn cannibals  When choosing research subjects should anthropologists maintain a moral distance from subjects and remain objective or should they engage in criticism of their beliefs and practices they encounter  Incest taboo - Likely to be on exam - Nasty ass ppl Objectivity and morality  Critical cultural relativism - An alternative perspective on cultural relativism - Questions cultural beliefs and practices - Who accepts them and why? - Who might they be disproportionate harm and benefit - What cultural power dynamics enable them? Deciphering the Balinese cockfight   A Balinese text filled with symbols (meaningful signs) that carry meaning about what is to be Balinese  Cultural text – a way of thinking about. A culture as text of symbols, such as words, gestures drawings and natural objects – all of which carry meaning  Getrtz ( something to do with cockfight on test) - Hella important  Gertz got that the cockfight is linked to social status and masculinity Applied anthropology  A sub discipline of anthropology that specializes in putting anthropological knowledge into practice  Anthropological knowledge and ethnographic expertise matter in the real world Applied anthropology examples  Indigenous issues  Legal anthropology  Political ecology  Medical anthropology  Corporate ethnography Conclusions Question 1.3  Time is money Quesiton 1.4  Ggj Beyond the book 1.5 What can we learn from a happy meal  Big emphasis on promoting the American beef industry  Ground beef could be up to 30% lard or fat Food desert  Areas in neighborhoods where there are no proper grocery stores meaning less access to healthier food Average child in NA America and Enviromental damage 35 times an Indian 280 an Asian Question 1.5 isn't that important Jan 21th Key problem: how do sociocultural anthropologists learn about culture Ethnographic field work  Rapport - Building relationships - Gather relationships as truthfully as possible  Ethnography - The written description and analysis of a particular group of people is the product of field work  Qual vs quantitative studies  Quant - Quant looks like numbers - Quant looks at the WHAT  Qual - Qual looks at the “HOW or WHY” - Direct participant observation  Long-term hands-on studying Types of perspectives  Emic inside - Perspective from the locals as it were  Etic outside - Outsider POV Participant observation  Getting involved in tasks of person being observed and writing notes on experiences Question 2.1  Edward Tyler - Hierarchy of knowledge - He would judge people on how much culture they have and rank accordingly - Rank and view them as lesser or more - Armchair anthropology: - Not travelling - Hard to get a true feeling Trovian island - Cultural relativism - Many different cultures and anthropologist must learn to look at each one in their own light Ethnography problems  Miscued context  Nuanced topics  Natives putting on a “show” or unnatural behavior  Participating in culture so much u loses your emic POV Boas anthropologist  Salvage Anthro Edward sap  Established the oncology division Regina darnel * Looks at indigenous language and culture Question 2.2 19th century  Subjects – nonwestern peoples and places  Anthropologist – upper class, educated western white men 20th century  Salvage anthropology – rescue indigenous peoples  Museums– collect artifacts  Focus – effects of globalization 21st century  Field site – multi sited; in own communities  Social media – interactions mediated by tech Fieldwork methods  Participant observation  Questionaries  Focus groups  Filming  Recording  Internet, zoom, skype etc. 2.3 challenges of conducting fieldwork  Culture shock - Weather and food in terms of homelessness  Awkward or embarrassing moments help anthropologist understand a culture  Facing beliefs and practices that we find incredible and troublesome Question 2.4  Ethic review - Any type of review on human subjects that needs to be reviewed by a committee or ethics board - Started because certain experiments were so wild, so they needed to be regulated (shock experiment) - Truly started after the holocaust  Informed consent  - Could be as simple as a yes or no Code of ethics AAA (usa)  Do no harm  Link research to promote well being  Be open and honest regarding research  Get informed consent  Maintain anonymity (give voice) give credit  Weigh competing obligation and responsibilities - (peoples, institutions, sponsors)  Make results accessible  Protect and preserve records  Maintain ethical and professional relationships Question 2.5  Example of starving African child  Ethnographic descriptions are representations and not merely depictions of raw data  They create knowledge about cultures and relay other people's stories about themselves to a wider audience  Our misrepresentations can have negative long-term impacts on culture Representation and culture  Culture is not homogenous  Yanno mami - Misrepresented as fierce people - due to gold rush which makes it more competitive for resources Applying anthropology  Jeremy Dutcher used music to challenge essentialist representations o his culture his work is an example of: - Collaborative efforts between anthropologist and the people studied - The use of indigenous methodologies - The application of anthropological methods to group sites and social issues  Toom boellstorff conducted field work for coming of age in second life, what can you learn about gaming culture by studying online gaming Conclusions  Anthropology has evolved from the speculations of armchair anthropologist and the study of nonwestern cultures  Anthropology now includes intense face to face and prolonged study of both western and nonwestern cultures using participant observation, focus groups and qualitative research methods  Also includes multi locale or multi sited research  Anthropologist study up (corporations) and down (the marginalized); research focus now includes online gaming and social media  Research, methods now include zoom and skype and another tech that is used to connect  Anthropologist might see the subjects of their research as collaborators and consultants and not as informants Chapter 3  Picture of Indian kid - Class disparity - Process of globalization - 1 percent of Indians owns 73 percent of the country's wealth What do we mean when we talk about progress  What's critical to this problem lies in how we describe progress - The idea that human history is a steady advance based on life through domination and natural forces  Progress: the idea that human history is the st Question 3.1. 3 stages of the switch from foraging to sedentary agriculture (IMPORTANT) 1. Foraging - Used own muscle power - More food per capita 2. Horticulture - as a subsistence strategy involving small-scale, non-industrial plant cultivation, is studied in anthropology to understand how societies organize labor, kinship, and land use, as well as how cultural values shape human-environment relationships 3. Agriculture - More energy used to produce less caloric output of food  - Agriculture, as a large-scale, intensive farming system, is examined in anthropology to analyze its impact on social complexity, economic stratification, and environmental transformation, often correlating with the rise of states, urbanization, and surplus economies. It also highlights cultural practices, labor organization, and technological innovations, illustrating how human societies shape and are shaped by their food production systems over time. - Marshall sahlins  Called foraging “the original affluent society” Theories of change  Morgan - Savagery - Barbarism - Civilization Believed every society HAD to go through 3 stages  White - Muscle power - Plough, water wheel, windmill - Coal, oil and gas The ju/ hoansi  Hunter gatherers in Nambians Kalahari Desert  Healthy diet of 60-80 percent plants; selective picking of preferred plants  2300 calories a day  Six hours per 2.3 days a week working  Lots of leisure time  Mongongo nut was their major food source - Lowkey important  Selective with what they ate  Referred to as bushman or sand people  Meat consumption around 20 percent is compared to advanced countries Sedentism  - means staying in one place for a long time instead of moving around. It started when people began farming and building permanent homes. Increase in population density means  Conflict of resources  Intensification of agriculture  Emergence of stratified society  Need for state organization - More complex division of order - Leads to hierarchy  Sabbath year - Farming for a certain number of years before u got to let the land rest Midterm on reading on language chapter 1-3 Miltiple choice 3ish short answer questions 40ish MP questions Jan 30th Machine pictures  Automation  Industrial revolution gives credit to England being richest country by the 19th century  Start of worker exploitation - Child labor used Random subheading  British in india  Trade with China - British had access through china through certain ports  Cotton slavery and trail of tears - Britain had its own reputable textile whatever - Increased tariffs in India so they were forced to buy from England   Was the major thing at this time so much so the British had a monopoly meaning they alone could sell and distribute opium  Almost 10 percent of the population China opium hooked on it - Resulted in the financial decline of china  Slavery - Globalization – british wondering where to get their resources - Exploited slave labor in the states u have the growth of cotton which was sent to the UK refined and sent to india and china Progress for whom  Colonialism and the industrial revolution produce great wealth for some  Cloal industries in the colonies were destroyed  Women's livelihoods declined  Colonies produced stimulants and other good to satisfy the consumer demands of the colonial countries Economic development  Imf or world bank made it really hard to pay loan  Money loaned in usd to countries which devalues that countries dollar and expect the country now with its lower value currency to pay it back  Would change terms of loan so it would be easier to pay Question 3.4  Biomed model = western medicine Illness and eq  Economic inequality  Lack of clean water  Environment  No access to cure How to die  Contact with pathogen or vector  Pathogen must be virulent (able to kill)  Able to evade immune system  Able to circumvent vaccines Stratified society  - Social hierarchy based on wealth and power Feb 6th, 2024 Slide question 3.4  Biomed model = western medicine - Viewing body as a machine that needs to be fixed periodically  Permanent settlements were a breeding ground for disease by means of increase of vermin  S Sars and covid  More women died due to women having a longer life expectancy meaning more old ladies in care homes being able to die - More healthcare's workers are also women  Deffo affected more minorities  Mental health affects Biomedical model vs interpersonal Interpersonal  Believed sickness is derived from lack of following social rules and attributed to witchcraft and curses as well Conclusion Around 10k years ago shift from foraging to agricultural due to population increase Life and debt notes  Higher exports and lower imports  As debt rises the capacity to export decreases  18k jobs due to companies choosing to get Chinese labor  Jamaica can be representatives of many countries in the global south  Montego bay vs kingston - The bay is a city that's comparable to Cancun very touristy - Kingston is a different Jamica then a tourist would see - Tourist based economy based for western consumption - Powerful passport = enter most country's without a visa  Currency devaluation - Jamaicans forced to devalue their currency and make things cheaper all the while the loans from the IMF are still in US  - Means jamaican taxpayer ends up paying the loans to the imf not at a rate of confounded interest but alot more simply due to inflation and devaluation of their coin and the strength of the us dollar  Greten woods New Hampshire = imf - To reconstruct the devastation caused be WW2 in Europe  US produces next to no tropical fruit but own tropical farming plants in countries near the equator  WTO  Jaimica when cant pay debt, they take out loan, so you are in a never- ending cycle of debt  Tons of food for the commercial business in Jamica come primarily from Miami  Locals couldn't compete with big organizations  Farming in NA is government subsidized  Correlation between poverty and crime ( crime and race but thats false)  Local labour laws arent respected in the labor zones  Replaced jaimcains that were payed in jaimican dollars with asians that got paid in US  Correlations in how asian workers in china are exploited - Foxcon makes alot of PC and iphone chips - In their plants they have workers liviing onsite in an almost prison like place with measures to even prevent suicide  Burgerking is called hungry jacks in australia Chapter 4 constructing realties feb 13th  Mount achea represents how scientific and religious WVs conflict wiht each other  Nasa wants to build observatory on this mount and the indigenous people r protesting against that  Anthro at Uof hawaii acting as Liasson for this  Anthropologists are cultural mediators Overarching problem  Why do ppl believe diff things and certain that there view is correct and others r wrong - Religion Introduction   Worldview - An encompassing picture of reality based on shared cultural assumptions about how the world works  Tyler connected death and dreaming to the real world  Emile durkhein - Totenism E evans pritchach - Witchcraft on the azand Components of world views  Myth - A story or narrative that portray the meanings people give to their experience - Certain myths represent a way of reasoning behind certain things  Witchcraft - Refers to the belief that an individual can help or cause harm to others through the manipulation of powerful substances  Totenism - The use of a symbol, generally an animal or a plant, as a physical representation for a group, generally a clan Components of worldviews  Magic - Manipulation of words or substances to influence spiritual beings for good or evil purposes  Ritual - Dramatic rendering or social portrayal of meanings shared by a specific body of people in a way that makes them seem correct and proper  Rites of passage - Term coined in 1908 by Arnold van gennep for rituals that accompany changes in status, such as the transition from boyhood to manhood - Marriage drivers license graduating Question 4.1  Through metaphors we understand the abstract in terms of the concrete - Lakoff and johnson 1980 Borrowing meaning with metaphors  Metaphors - Direct attention to certain aspects of experience while downplaying or ignoring others - Reinforces our belifers and our understanding of reality kwakwaka'wakw  Cannibal dance No questions about zombies Covid and the meanings of face masks  Respect  Safety  Political meaning Feb 25th Birth ritual  According to david floyd our notion of time reflects in our birthing rituals by means of - Alot of the medication given is meant to increase the rate of the delivery - However the speed of the delivery is actually done to fit more births into a period of time Deneka in northern Alberta  They learn by doing  For example the kids choose their bedtime, going to sleep later leads to tiredness the next day  Less focus on formal instruction  They respect all lifeforms and animals are considered higher than human beings For midterm there will be 1-2 questions on midterm or final  Emphasize on learning Jainism   Practice in India in which they don't try to hurt nothing not even insects  No meat and go out of their way to not kill insects Cameroon  May use traditional cultural beliefs to understand new things  Witchcraft was seen as a valid accusation Quesiton 4.4  Shamanism - Cleanses ones spirit - Shamans consider themselves healers Rastafari in jamaica  Came from many Jamaicans living in extreme poverty  Projected values of a capitalist society Quesiton 4.5  Revitalization movements - The term suggested by Anthony Wallace for attempts by a people to construct a more satisfying culture - Wovoka which belongs to piaout in nevada - Reform movement  Syncretism - Term given by the combination of old beliefs or religions and new ones that are often introduced during colonization - Coping strategies within slavery and created a WV known to be CREOLE - Voudo Haitian voodoo  “white magic” not black magic  Syncretism - Crosses were worn - Engaging in assorted catholic rituals Question 4.6   Atheism - Lack of belief in a supernatural forces or beings  Secularism - Separation of political and economic realms of society from religion or spirituality - Separation of church and state (simple) Conclusions  Cultural life course - Wv - Metaphor - Rituals Chapter 5 – constructing families and social relationships Nuclear/traditional families  Mom, dad and kids Problem 5  Kinship or fam structure was often at the Centre  Organizing principle is seen as a principle ALL 3 ARE IMPORTANT FOR MIDTERM  Bilaterial jahasi  Matrilineal trovian islanders  Rural patrilineal chinese farm family Kinship  Refers to the anthropological cross-cultural study of family composition, marriage and descent patters Kinship  Bilateral kinship - A system in which individuals trace their descent though both parents (north americans; ju/ hoansi  Matrilineal kinship  - A system if descent in which persons are related to their kin through the mother only ( trobriands)  Patrilineal kinship - A system of descent in which persons are related to their kin through the father only (rural Chinese) Kinship  Kin type (etic) - Terms used by anthropologists to denote biological relationships among family members  Kin terms (emic) - Culture specific vocabulary to denote family relationships  These terms may or may not correspond to a anthropologist kin type Kinship symbols: a Canadian nuclear fam Question 5.1  Pair bond - Husband, wife  Nuclear family - Spouse, children  extended family - Nuclear family - Other generations 40-400 people  Dala/ matrilineal had its origin in a brother sis pair who claimed a plot of land  Dalla marriage is traced in the female line and individuals must marry someone from outside their own dala  Sister needs bro permission to have a kid  Considered incestuous to marry from within a dala Rural China placed importance on virginity of the woman Marriage prohibitions  Incest taboo  - Rule prohibits sexual relations between bro and sis parents and child or cousins  Exogamy - A rule that requires a person to marry someone outside their group - Like having to marry outside ur own dala  Endogamy - A rule that requires a person to marry someone within their own group ( a lineage, an ethnic group, a religious group) - Hindu cast system A johasi dude couldn't marry someone with the name of their own mother, its deemed incestuous Ju/hoansi  Women often used sexuality to get certain things from spouse or people  Woman isnt obligated to marry her BD Trobian  Unmarried women use sexuality to negotiate  Fertility is mad important  Trobian women's worth is measured by ability to collect yams  Wealth is needed to maintain position  Yam is used to maintain bride wealth Rural chinese  March 4th 5.3 Conjugal relationships  North american  Ju/ hoansi  Trobriand islanders  Rural chinese Quesiton 5.4 what threatens to disrupt the family unit  Ju/hoansi - Infidelity  - Jealousy when having more then 1 wife  Trobriand islanders - Threat to matrilineage - Threats to it can be sorcery  Rural Chinese - Lack of male heir - Son guarantees matrilineage and honors fathers honor after he dies - The son basically takes care of the parents - Pardigal inheritance - All property is divided among descendants ( may be just among sons) - Impar - All property is left to one descendent ( most often eldest son) Q5.4  IVF  Same sex marriage  Divorce  Greater public voice Marriage forms  Polygamy - Form of marriage in which a person is permitted to have more then one spouse  Polygyny - A form of marriage in which a man is permitted to have more then one wife  Polynadry - Women permitted to have more then one husband  Polyamory - Occurs in Tibet and south Indian cultures - Practice of engaging in consensual intimate relationships with multiple people Q5.5  Culture is never static  Canada doesn't recognize polygamous unions between people  However 3 non married poly ppl can still raise a kid and all be on the birth certificate Anthro perceptions of kinship  Hollywood pushes boundaries of whats socially acceptable in the sates and hence the world Families  Euro American paradigms  Emphasis on kinship  Ethnocentric view of gender  Hetero normative concept Feminist approach  gender stereotypes about mother bond  Women give birth so we make assumption that its her role to care for it Conclusion other factors Society love Chapter 6 constructing identities Social identity  The view that people have of their own and others positions in society  May include gender, sexuality, race class, nationalism and ethnicity  Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions they claim to occupy  Self identify and others identification of us  “Identity toolbox” (universal and particular” March 6th  Said bbal tends to be more multi-cultural - Bbal more unifed sport internationally then hockey?  Hockey as a family effort Imagined community  Term coined by benedict Anderson in 1983  Refers ti the fact that even in the absence of face to face interactions, as sense of community is culturally constructed by forces such as the mass media  Printing press standardized language and therefore helped the idea of nationally identity Beyond the book Nature vs nature Margert's needs * investigated nature vs nurture debate in the American Samoa Studied teenage girls to see if experiences were similar to American teens  Teenage body not as policed in the Samoans as compared to the Americans  Critques was she over sexualized the Samoan teenage girls Learning identities  Nature - Natural (its a boy/girl)  Nurture - Learned gender roles  Small Percentage of that there is a small percentage of of babies born without an assigned gender aphrodisiac  In Angola naming practices don't recognize persons as a separate entity but rather as a part of their community Types of society  Egocentric  Sociocentric - context dependent  Children taught in china that being connected is better then doing it alone Rites of passage  Seperation  Liminality  Reincorperation March 13th Gifts as communitcaitons We may communicate certain things through rtites of passage giving   Trobrian kula ring  Tsimshian potlatch  Chirstmasgifts Mouse a pholsiohper that influcned anthro in terms of gift giving - Giving creates obligation in sense that it needs to repaid Rituals of gift giving Differences between gift and commodity Movement  Me2 movement  Him2 – falsely accsued of SA Social movement  Ecaudor tim clark studying ==== when the gov wanted to  Papa gui Dan helping the natives, royalties were played to landlords Short film March 13 March 18th Social stratification/ hexarchy Top to bottom Race Gender Class Caste Ethnicity National; affiliation Other affiliation Question 7.1 Ascribed vs achieved status  Ascribed - Born into, nepotism, cast, race  Achieved Cast as a form of social stratification: india Social hierarchy 1. From top to bottom 2. Brahmins 3. Kshatriyas 4. Vaisya 5. Sudra (servants) 6. Dalits (untouchable) Dowry  Illegal in india Race as a form of social stratification  Franz boax was one of the founders of anthropology and one of the first anthropologists to challenge racism and sexism in popular culture 7.2  Race  4 things - Ideologies - White priv - Intelligence - Anthropometric techniques - Ideologies - White skull social position – no basis for this basing as too much physical diversity sam morton did this and belived white ppl skulls were larger adn therefore had larger brains] Class, race and the social construction of intelligence  Intelligence doesnt equal innate ability  Intelligence = cultural construct  Francis galton carl pearson Fugitive slave act Harriet tubman  1896 worked as a nurse cook and spy  First woman in American history to plan and lead a military operation 7.3 How is gender a form of social hierarchy  Biological - Sex: male, female  Gender - Cultural: man, woman, third gender, transgender Constructing stratification by gender  Picture of sasm archive boards by micheal tab of a Mock wedding Gender stratification = the gendered body + language of gender  Key example of this is barbie - Full body ratios - Hair and skin color changes and inclusions  Emily martin - She found female body is almost described as a machine, as in sole purpose of woman body is reproduction - And that menstruation is “failed reproduction” - in contrast, sperm is described as strong  Gender bias exists in silence - Female body almost presented as 2nd class  Mimi necter - Found grisl talked to viewed body through 2 lenses - The dichotomy of fat vs thin - Thought body had to be slim and tall  - Simplified it to if girl was fat, she wasn't working hard enough to attain the desired body weight - And that fat was associated with lazy - Out of her research 90 percent of white teenage girls were uncomfortable with their bodies - Thought about weight all the time - Judged others based on appearance Beyond da book 7.1  Body shape has influenced how ppl is perceived Hegemonic masculinity (culturally encouraged) (japan)  Athleticism  Courage  Rationality  Heterosexuality  Male bonding, group memberships or frats  Male identity  Sexual abuse Phallocentric behaviors  Bonding activities  Pursuing women aggressively  Catcalling  Flirting  Engaging in competitive sports  Affirming status through female degradation Feminization of poverty  Race discrimination  Lack of income control  Poor access to education  Malnutrition  Job access  Titanic - Accounts of who was saved men and boys were saved over their counterparts and increased through social class  Most of the world's poor Are actually women  - “Culture of poverty”  2011 51 between 25 and 64 of indig had post second education comapredto 65 of non indig  Metis 57 percent had post  27 inuint  14 FN Quesiton 7.4  No bio basis on why one race is smarter then another  White features are associated with power  Brazil - Whitening the body - Brazilian women has one of the highest plastic surgery r ates ever and correlated so social class - Surgery no cost money in Brazil - In brazil beauty is privilege so Brazil gov covered plastic surgery through insurance for those who cant afford - Lower ppl often afro Brazilian women through surgery often made them seem more white ppl , like negeri nose” and skin bleaching, straightening hair  Pakistani women in canada - Sanitizing the body - Research suggests multiculturalism is about making ones self into something that wont be discriminated against - Instead of gov programs holding workshops saying ppl need to be more tolerant instead they would tell immigrant women to not wear traditional clothing or smell like food - Went as far as telling them to not even wear the hijab - Many Canadians enjoy south asian food, so enjoy the culture and clothing but prefer those things without the immigrant body Racism and new racism  Alt-right  George floyd  Identity south  BLM  Zero tolerance for barbaric cultural practices  Racism and identity soup (paris) - Racism based on biological difference like skin color something born with  - New racism : nothing to do with biology and is based on cultural difference - On days they served pork Muslims wouldn't eat so they served more pork soup - New Question 7.3  Carol Nagengast believed that anthropologists are the best prepared to deal with cultural variation and to understand complex community struggles  Anthropologists need to publicize human rights and abuses - Terence turner has been working to stop development grou - Robert Hitchcock in Botswana Anthropology and human rights Universal declaration of human rights  Right to be free of threat of torture or. Curel and inhumane treatment or punishment  Right to freedom of expression and opinion  Right to a standard of living adequate for health and well being  Right to security in the even of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond Paul farmer  Done work in haiti making healthcare availably  Stressed cultural context: voodoo religion appreciation is needed Hierarchy includes  Class  Caste  Race  Sex/gender  Ethnicity  Body Intersectionailty  refers to something done in a way that considers how different aspects of a person's identity—like race, gender, class, and sexuality—interact  and overlap to shape their experiences, especially regarding discrimination or privilege. March 25th Chapter 8 – the nation state globalization and neoliberalism Conditions  Young women prefer factory work over farm work even with the terrible conditions  Roxana Ain found 50 percent of the cloth making business are immigrants and 20 percent are women  Lower pay for women and immigrant in agricultural fields? P8 Globalization  The intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away, and vice versa (Anthony Giddens) Globalization across 5 interconnected dimensions or scapes  Mediascapes  Ethnoscrapes  Finiancescapes - Movement of mony - Things like tarrifs and certain policies that inhibit or prohibit the flow of money  Technoscapes  Ideascapes - Flow of ideas or ideology  Came up with this thinking in the early 90s - Each scape can be 1 more or multiple scapes combined Q8.1   A “state” is a political community that has a clearly defined territorial borders  A “ nation state” is a collection of people who share a common language, worldview and ancestry Market externality  The hidden costs that consumers don't end up paying - If a consumer paid the actual cost of a snicker it would be 10 bucks not 1.50 - Hidden cost isnt always monetary but sometimes the effect the produces have on the producers  Able to do this by taxing the population more or the big corporations less 8,2 Economic system- rules and laws outlining an economy  Rules  Mechanisms  System of relations  Institutions Neo liberalism  Minimal government involvement in the economy and. Greatly accelerated economic growth  Entrepeneur's operate a frame work of free markers and free trade April 1st 8.4 Ideas, commodities, images, collective identity all equate to homogenization Vanawato woman  Cultural exchange goes both ways Indigenism  International collab movement that aims to protect the rights of indigenous people Market externality   the unintended social or cultural effects—positive or negative—that market activities impose on communities, often altering traditional practices and relationships without compensation or consent Globalization  Activates new local cultural meanings  Devastates traditional modes of livelihood Anthropologists  Examine economic and cultural impacts  Analyze forms of resistance Public policy  Jopes to minimize market externalities Chapter 9 RESOLVING CONFLICT Peace making = war making  Two sides of the same coin Bryan ferg says peace is more than the absence of war April 3rd Charlotteville  Violence is justified as portraying as a fight against good and evil 9.2  Avoid conflictss over material resources  Feel obligated to help  Condemn those who boast  Sanction village monopolies in the production of certain goods  Place a negative value on aggression  Minimize violence and conflict through ceremony ( trance dance) Yaonomamo ( violent)  Became violent as a counter measure to Europeans   Hoasi Figure out and compare the yanomamo and a chicago street gang Sexism and violence  Sexism against women and violence are all linked to - Warrior sociétés - Polygynyl/ patrilineal - Male dominance and bias - Resource competition Applying anthropology: gender-based violence  Applied anthropology seek to go beyond simply documenting and naming various forms of violence and abuse; they seek to take measures to eliminate violence against women Beyond the book 9.3 Militarism + collective violence = competitive sports 9.4: whats the relationship between violence and the nation state  Ethnocide: purging the culture of the people  Genocide: elimination of said people Pierre van den berghe  Nation statea re gangs who use voilence to extract money from others Carol nagengast  George aditjondro Question 9.5 weapons   Supporters of nuclear weapons - Anarchy characterizes international relations - States must rely on self help - Nuclear weapons are the best form of self help - Little can be done short term to change the international system  Critiques - Anarchy doesn't characterize international relations - Rules and norms control aggression - Nuclear arms race is objective social madness - People must be in dneial and demonize others Place for anthro in military collabs?  US wanted military more culturally sensitive to populations - Human terrain system Activity  Techo what ever was used to mask the damage of what theyre making Question 9.6: How do anthropologists do fieldwork in the midst of violent conflict? Anthropologist Circumstance Ruth First (1982) South Africa – killed by mail bomb Arnold Ap (1984) Melanesia – tortured and killed David Webster (1989) South Africa – shot and killed Myrna Mack (1990) Guatemala – stabbed to death Ricardo Falla In exile George Aditjondro In exile