Animal Production Notes PDF

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION Class: Aves Zootechnics Order Art of maintaining and improving animals under 1. Galliformes domestication that includes breeding,...

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION Class: Aves Zootechnics Order Art of maintaining and improving animals under 1. Galliformes domestication that includes breeding, o Do not have true phallus (copulatory genetics, nutrition, and housing organ Technology of husbandry o V-shaped breast o Chickens, peacocks, turkeys, swans Animal Science 2. Anseriformes Study of animals and their behavior o Have true phallus Tackles animal behavior, nutrition, genetics o V-shaped breast store of knowledge related to health, bodily o Waterfowls; duck, goose functions, reproduction and product care 3. Columbiformes management, and production of domestic o Secrete crop milk animals 4. Struthioformes o Have flat breasts Animal Husbandry Chick- Young baby chicken of either gender also known as animal production Pullet- Immature female chicken intended for egg deals with raising livestock and poultry production Livestock Hen- Mature female chickens, usually more than 10 farm animals raised for products and by- months old, that have started to lay eggs products for human consumption Cockerel- Male chicken less than one year Examples: Rooster- A sexually matured male chicken - cattle - goat Capon- Caponized cockerel: usually grown up to four - swine - sheep months and weighs up to three kilograms with - horses - camel more improved quality of meat Poultry Broiler or Fryer - a young male or female chicken, domestic fowls raised for products and by- tender meated with flexible breastbone products for human consumption cartilage, marketed at 6 to 8 weeks of age. Examples: Roaster - a young male or female chicken, tender meated with breastbone cartilage somewhat - chickens - quail less flexible than a broiler or fryer, usually - ducks - ostrich marketed at 7 to 10 weeks of age TERMINOLOGIES Type Age Poultry Chick 1-2 weeks Pullet 15-22 weeks all domestic birds that are reared for the Hen 22 weeks production of eggs and meat for the economic Laying Hen 1 year+ benefit of human beings Duckling- Young baby duck kept for food (meat and eggs), fiber (feathers), Duck- Adult female duck entertainment (racing, exhibition, hunting, etc.) or work (messenger pigeons) Drake- Immature male duck Taxonomy: Scientific name Colored Common Name Utilization ducks Domain: Eukarya Cairina moschata Colored Muscovy Meat ducks Kingdom: Animalia Anas platyrhyncos White ducks Philippine Mallard Eggs Pekin Duck Meat Phylum: Chordata Muscovy- for meat Stag- Male ox castrated after sexual maturity Mallard- for laying eggs Steer- Male ox castrated before sexual maturity Poult- Young baby turkey, either male or female Foaling- Act of giving birth to a horse Jenny- Young female turkey Foal- Young baby horse Jake- Young male turkey Colt- Young male horse; up to three years old Hen- Adult female turkey Filly- Young female horse; up to three years old Tom/Gobbler- Adult male turkey Broodmare- Female horse for breeding purposes Oviposition- Act of laying eggs Studhorse- Stallion used for breeding Plumage- Feathers of a fowl Mare- Mature female horse Incubation- Period when embryonic development Gedling- Horse castrated young takes place outside the body Stallion- Mature male horse Kidding- Act of giving birth to goats Ridgling- Stallion with only one testis or none in its Kid- Young baby goat scrotum Doe- Female goat Equitation- Horsemanship; riding on horseback Billy/Buck- Male goat Farrowing - Act of giving birth to pigs Wether Goat- Male goat castrated before the Boar- Castrated male swine kept for breeding secondary sex characteristics have developed Barrow- Castrated male swine raised for meat Lambing- Act of giving birth to sheep production Lamb- A young baby sheep Sows- Adult female pig Shearling- Yearling sheep with two teeth Litter- Offspring at one birth Ewe- A female sheep Dam- The sow that gave birth to piglets Ram- A male sheep for breeding purposes Weaning Piglets- Young pigs under the care of a Dam Wether Sheep- Castrated male sheep Gilt- Female swine for breeding Pelt- Wool and skin of sheep Shote- Young pigs Fleece- Wool covering the sheep Multiparous Sow- Female swine that farrowed Calving- Act of giving birth to cows and carabao Barrow- Male swine castrated before sexual maturity Ox- Ruminant member of the bovine family Stag- Male swine castrated after sexual maturity Bull- Male breeding ox Cryptorchidism- Defect involving one or both testicles to descend in the scrotal sac Bull Calf- Young male calf Estrus (or heat)- Period of the reproductive cycle Proven Sire- Bull whom one has a sufficient heifer Feed Conversion Ratio- The amount of food required Heifer- Young female ox, not yet given birth Average Daily Gain- The average amount of gain Cow- Mature female ox increased of pigs per day Caracow- Mature female carabao Carabull- Mature female bull Caraheifer- Young female ox INTRODUCTION TO POULTRY INDUSTRY Interesting Facts Popularity Earlobe color can tell you what color the egg the chicken will lay. Fast multipliers o Quick growers, prolific- o White earlobe- white-shelled egg o Relatively more efficient feed o Red earlobe- brown-shelled egg converters Development and Prospects o Source of eggs and meat ✓ Continuous increase in human population Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ✓ Rising demand for poultry and eggs conventional measure of livestock production ✓ Will cause the backyard growers to expand efficiency production, raising not only for household weight of feed intake divided by weight gained consumption but expanding an opportunity for business and livelihood by the animal. ✓ Intro to foreign breeds grown in commercial Lower FCR values indicate higher efficiency. farms Aquatic animals have fairly low FCRs ✓ Brighter prospects for the duck industry compared to land animals because they are ✓ More contract farms- integrators or companies buoyant and tend to be cold-blooded, saving that vertically integrate their operations energy. Current Problems of the Poultry Industry Animal FCR Beef cattle 6.0-10.0 1. High cost of production in relation to selling Pigs 2.7-5.0 price that most consumers can afford Chicken 1.7-2.0 2. High cost and unstable supply of good quality Shrimp 1.0-2.4 inputs Among the various species of poultry, chicken is the 3. Marketing system- efficiency of the marketing most popular. Duck is the second most popular for system balut, salted, and century eggs. Quail is the third most Lack of market info popular for its eggs. Unstable prices Poultry consumption Poor grading standard for eggs 4. Prevent and control of Diseases Filipinos eat an average of 12.8 kg of poultry 5. Climate- El Nino, too hot weather resulting in per year poor growth or efficiency Chicken Behavior 6. Insufficient funds 7. Lack of government prices for poultry products Cackling or singing, to communicate Sand or dust bath to dispose of insects from Poultry species the body Common name Scientific name Egg weight Incubation Scratching on the ground, for food and leisure (g) period Chickens Gallus gallus 58 21 Brooding or sitting on eggs to hatch them Ducks Preening or grooming from their oil glands Mallard Anas Pecking order or the fight for dominance platyrhyncos 60 28 (itik) Feather plucking Muscovy Cairina 70 35-37 Cannibalism Moschata (bibi) Turkey Meleagris 85 28 How do the baby birds and reptiles get out? gallopavo Quail Coturnix 12 16-18 Egg tooth coturnix japonica a small, pointed projection on the top of the Pigeon Columba livia 17 18 beak, near the very tip. Geese Cygnopsis 200 30-31 cygnoides Made out of the same hard material as the Swan Oior columbian 285 35 beak Ostrich Struthio 1400 42 camelus Peafowl Pavo cristatus 95 28 o New Hamsphire, Rhode Island Red, Pheasant Phasianus 32 23-24 Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya, colchicus Guinea fowl Numida 40 28 Cantonese meleagris 4. Fancy class o Frizzled, Bantams, Long Tailed 5. Fighting class Origin of Chicken o Ruble, Hulsay, Boston Roundheads, - Believed that the present chicken descended Texas from a common origin: STANDARD CLASSIFICATION o Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus)- from India 1. American class - Plymouth Rock - Wyandottes Development of Modern Breeds - Rhode Island Red - New Hamsphire ✓ Hen of the wild jungle fowl is 0.9 kg in weight - Lancaster and lays only a few eggs 2. Asiatic class ✓ Modern hen weighs 1.5 to 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of - Brahmas - Cochin age and lays as many as 320 eggs a year - Langshan - Cantonese - Nagoya Three other species that have contributed to the 3. Mediterranean class chicken we have today: - Most are egg type breeds - Gallus Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) - Produce large, white-shelled eggs - Ceylonese Jungle Fowl (Gallus lafayetti) - Leghorn - Minorcas - Javan Jungle Fowl (Gallus varius) - Anconas 4. English class WHAT BROUGHT CHANGE - Dorkings - Australorps 1. Genetic mutation - Cornish - Orpington Change in the genetic makeup of certain - Red Caps - Sussex individuals, also affected by the environment 5. Continental Class o Transmitted from generation to - Hamburgs - Campines generation - Lakenvelders - Barnevelders o Modified from time to time, as more - Welsummers - Bearded Polish factors and more individuals interact - Non-Bearded Polish with each other - Houdans - Faverollis 2. Selection - Crevecoeurs - La Fleche Natural selection- survival of the fittest 6. Other Standard Breeds o Climate differences, nutrition, and - Modern Game - Old English Games presence of predators - Sumatras - Malays Artificial selection- the interference of - Cubalayas - Phoenix man in achieving certain goals and - Yokohamas - Aseels personal ideas - Shomos - Sultans o For meat, eggs, fighting cock, and - Frizzles - Naked Necks fancy feathers - Araucanas - Ameraucanas 3. Crossbreeding Name Utilization Standard Picture Classification CLASSIFICATION OF CHICKEN BREEDS BASED ON Barred Eggs American Class UTILITY Plymouth Rock (brown- shelled) 1. Egg class Rhode Island Dual American Class o Leghorn, Anconas, Minorca, Mikawa Red (brown- shelled 2. Meat class White Leghorn Eggs Mediterranean o Brahmas, Cochin, Langshans, Cornish, (White- Class White Rocks shelled) 3. Dual purpose  Black Jersey Meat American Class Variety Giant Have the same plumage color and type of Ayam Cemani Meat/Cockfi All Other comb ght Standard Breed Undergone constant specific selection for Dragon Chicken Fancy/Meat Asiatic class (?) certain traits by a specified breeder for periods (Dong Tao) of about 5 to 8 years Australorp Dual English class Example: Breed Variety Onagadori Fancy Asiatic Class (?) Leghorn White, Single Comb, Brown, Rose Comb Cochin Fancy Asiatic Class Plymouth Rock White, Barred Banatam Compare and Contrast Broiler and Layer Chickens Frizzled Bantam Fancy Philippine and Java class Broiler (Asiatic class?) Silkie Fancy/Meat Asiatic class (?) Raised primarily for their meat Ready to be harvested around 6 weeks of age Crossbred of Cornish X White Rock Layers PHILIPPINE NATIVE CHICKEN Name Origin Characteristics Picture Begin laying eggs around 4 months of age Darag Islands of Typically yellowish-brown, A good hen lays 1 egg a day Panay, single comb, whitish earlobe, and grey shank Lay eggs year round Visayas Production slows in winter Banaba Batangas Black plumage color, yellow province, laced hackle, and grey shanks SPECIALIZED FIELDS IN POULTRY Calabarzon Bolinao Pangasinan Red plumage with black breasts 1. Breeding Farm province, and tail feathers. The hackle feathers are bright orange ✓ A system of researching or discovering the Ilocos region Paraoakan Palawan in Long legs, large body, large best combination of genes of parent stocks Mimaropa head, elongated neck, usually that will be the source of commercial Region black but can give reddish feathers. Mainly used for local chicks for the poultry produce. sports ✓ Philippines- multipliers farms of franchised Camarines Bicol Region White and orange patterned breeder farms from international breeders. plumage with hackles having an orange tinge, white earlobes ✓ Grandparents or parent stock flocks, a and single comb, alternating hatchery and a distribution system for patches of black and white scales on the legs, white and selling chicks. well-formed toes and the beak 2. Egg Farm is white with brown streaks Joloana Mindanao Deep orange plumage with a predominantly black tail, Two phases of operation: occasionally speckled, pea comb for both cocks and hens. 1. Raising pullets- rearing period Hens are predominantly dull 2. Keeping of layers- laying period buff brown with pale yellow legs ✓ All female egg-type chicks are obtained from a reputable hatchery. CLASSES BASED ON GENETIC MAKEUP ✓ No males are necessary in the flock ✓ Min product is the table egg Breed ✓ One year laying period Possesses certain conformation or shape of 3. Broiler Farm the body that distinguish them from others. ✓ Growing of meat-type chicken, boiler chicks are known for fast growth, meaty conformation, and good feed conversion.  ✓ 28 days – 45 days Newly hatched chicks are equal to day zero ✓ Both male and female chicks are grown Dependent on heat ✓ Males grow faster than female ✓ A raiser depends on the chicks supplied Cage type brooder from a breeder farm's franchised hatchery. - type of chicken cage used to raise baby Spin-off Industries chicks from birth to 7 weeks old 1. Feed milling industry Battery brooder 2. Medicine, feed supplements, and biological - housing system used by factory farms for preparation various animal production methods, but 3. Farm equipment manufacturing primarily for egg-laying hens 4. Poultry and egg processing, storage and distribution THE FIVE ESSENTIALS OF BROODING Culling 1. Light requirement- 24 hrs ▪ During the first few days of brooding, - Process of separating “unwanted” lighting the chicks throughout the night is individuals in the herd. favorable for growth because Breeders for culling ▪ The light in the brooder will encourage the birds to keep close to a source of heat - Diseased, too fat, poor growth, low egg production, small egg, poor quality, heavy Other sources of heat for brooders molting. a. Electricity PHASE OF POULTRY MANAGEMENT b. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) c. Infra-red lamp BROODING (start) d. Kerosene lamp e. charcoal - Growth and development 2. House Temperature - 0-6 weeks – important to maximize the ▪ 31- 32 °C at the first week then reduced by growth and development of the chicks in this 2 °C per week (should be maintained at 21 stage - 24°C at the end of brooding) GROWING 3. Feeds, Feeding and Watering ▪ Water, ad libitum (1 gal/100 chicks) - Maintenance ▪ The addition of 5-10% sugar in the drinking - 6-18 weeks water can be done for the first 6-8 hours - Phase of controlled growth: preparation for during the arrival of the DOC (day-old laying chicks). - 16-24 weeks – places of accelerated growth ▪ Supplementation of water-soluble vitamin- LAYING mineral antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too. - Focus is on the egg production and not body ▪ Feed must be provided after about 2-3 weight increase hours when the chicks have learned to - 24 - 78 weeks drink. Chick starter mash (broiler or PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT booster) ration must be provided. ▪ Gradually shift feeding ration after one BROODING MANAGEMENT week Period immediately after hatching when Day 7- 100% booster special care and attention is given to chicks to Day 8- 75% booster + 25% starter ensure their health and survival Day 9- 50% booster + 50% starter Day 10- 25% booster + 75% starter This lasts for four weeks Day 11- 100% starter o To prevent cold shocks o The hypothalamus is not well Types of Feed developed.  1. Good quality chicks 2. Proper temperature 3. Good ventilation 4. Adequate floor, feeding, and drinking spaces 5. Dryness and cleanliness 6. Protection from predators 7. Proper feed and feeding system 4. Floor Space Requirements- 100 chicks per sq GROWING MANAGEMENT meter 5. Vaccination, And Medication ▪ Supplemental heat is no longer necessary ▪ Monitor body weight and uniformity in the flock Age medication Route Remarks ▪ Growth phase is controlled for layer and Day Mareks vaccine for Mass For the breeder- breeder but not for broilers (maintenance old fowl paralysis or method/spray type chicks neurolymphomatosis phase) 5-12 Noncommunicable Intranasal/ For chicks of non- ▪ Acceleration of body weight increases to attain days Disease (NCD) or intraocular vaccinated sexual maturity with good body confirmation avian pest Vaccine parents, as early as days (preparation to lay) 21 NCD Mass method 1. Systems of rearing days (drinking water) After the brooding stage, the chicks are 6-8 Fowl pox Wing web In areas where transferred to the grower bouse or provided week fowlpox s outbreaks are with a much wider floor space common Grower houses are no longer provided with 6. Beak Trimming- to prevent toe or feather heaters pecking I. Range system Oldest system Cannibalism Rearing of poultry by letting them loose ▪ A bad habit developed by some growing birds. on ground called as range ▪ It usually starts from feather or toe picking Foraging is a major source of feeding which may result in serious wounding and for birds death. Shelter is usually provided with ▪ Possible causes of cannibalism are: temporary roofing supported by 1. Imbalance ration- high energy, low ordinary poles protein Stocking density: 300-400 birds per 2. Overcrowding and insufficiency of hectares feeding and drinking spaces II. Semi-confinement system 3. Extended period without feed and The birds are provided with a shed or water housing and an area to graze or 4. Poor ventilation pasture. E.i native chicken, organic 5. Excessive heat and too much light chicken production 6. May also be strain characteristic Houses may be simple with attached roof, littered earthfloor or slatted FACTORS AFFECTING THE LENGTH OF THE Stocking density:4-5birds per sq meter BROODING PERIOD in houses A. Weather/Climate Conditions III. Complete confinement - Longer during cold and rainy months; shorter Modern trend in raising commercial during dry and warm months strains of chicken B. Rate of Feathering Birds are totally confined to houses - Shorter for fast feathering either on ground/floor or on wire- breeds/varieties/strains; longer for slow nestling floor cages or on slats feathering; can be due to genetic make-up of The most efficient, convenient and nutrition of the birds. economical system for modern poultry production with huge numbers. Requirements for Successful Brooding TYPES OF COMPLETE CONFINEMENT HOUSING The feeder should be replenished 3-4 times a day to stimulate feed consuption a. Deep Litter System 3. LIGHT REQUIREMENT The poultry birds are reared on the floor Should not exceed 12 hours during the covered with litter the straw, saw dust or growing stage (4-18 weeks) of the leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches developing pullets The droppings of the birds generally combine with the materials used to build ONE CARDINAL RULE TO FOLLOW up the litter “Never increase light during the growing b. Slatted Floor Or Wire -Floor period and never decrease light during the laying Small houses with a slatted or wire mesh period.” floor Bird density : 6-8 per sq meter Reasons: c. Combination Of Slatted Floor And Deep Will hasten their sexual maturity Litter Will result in more small eggs 60% slatted area and 40% litter area Layers are prone to prolapse and shorter These area are raise above the concrete egg production cycle floor by 0.5 meters or more to accumulate 4. CULLING AND REVACCINATION manure below the slatted area Only healthy pullets will be transferred to the Waterers and feeders are placed on the laying house healthy pullets are: slatted area ❖ Vigorous and active Expensive and complicated management ❖ Have bright and alert eyes d. Cage System ❖ Prominent red combs and wattles Rearing of poultry on raised wire-netting ❖ Possess well-developed body and floor in smaller compartments exhibit deep yellow pigmented 75% of commercial layers in the world are beaks and shanks kept in cages The pullets must be revaccinated specifically Suitable for keeping high density of birds, against the New Castle Disease NCD or avian when space is limited. pest. 5. SIGNS OF SEXUAL MATURITY Floor Space Requirement ❖ The comb and wattles begin to increase in depends on the rearing system size and the color becomes red ▪ Litter- 2-2.5 sq. ft/bird ❖ The pullets become friendly and cackle ▪ Slat- 1.5 -2 sq. ft/bird ❖ She instinctively looks for a nest ▪ Cages- 0.75-1 sq. ft/bird ❖ Pullets become docile and gregarious 2. FEEDING REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING ❖ The vent and abdomen become large PULLETS ❖ The surest sign of sexual maturity is the Restricted feeding (layers) laying of the first egg 6-12 weeks grower ration 16% protein Too Early Maturity Leads To: 12-18 weeks pullet developer 14% protein ❖ Production of too many small eggs ration ❖ Tendency to obtain a lower egg production rate The growing ration may be given in during the whole production period mash, crumbles or pelleted form. ❖ Higher mortality- rate of the animals who are Pellets/crumbles are more expensive Feed wastage must be reduced to diseased /morbidity- rate of the animals who have diseases increase profit. Using conventional feeding trough and a mash ration, it has ❖ Higher incidence of prolapse found that when feeders are: LAYER FLOCK MANAGEMENT Completely full 30% of feed is wasted 1. HOUSING 2/3 full 10% ❖ The design and construction of houses for ½ full 3% layers should be such as to provide for: 1/3 full 1%  ✓ Top performance ❖ Must be started as to synch or coordinate ✓ Optimum environment control the time of maturity together with the time ✓ Maximum labor efficiency of the old birds to be replaced ✓ Satisfactory waste disposal ❖ Programs of replacement can vary from a ✓ Minimum housing and care cost per set of one flock every three months dozen eggs produced ❖ it can be as often as a monthly setup of ❖ Like the grower houses, layer houses can replacement stocks depending on the either be: program and availability of facilities. ✓ Litter floor pens, slat floor pens, POULTRY BREEDING combination of litter and slatted, cage system. Female Reproductive System: 2. TRANSFERRING THE PULLETS TO THE LAYER HOUSE Ovary ❖ Before pullets lay eggs, they must be Mature ovary consists of numerous developing transferred to the laying house follicles ❖ They should not be allowed to lay eggs on o Appears like a cluster of grapes the rearing floor to avoid the development o Follicles presents in hierarchal order of egg-eating habits. Produces the ovum ❖ Also, if they have started laying, transferring birds from the rearing pen to laying houses may affect the laying performance ❖ Done at 16-18 weeks or a month before laying. 3. DAILY ROUTINE OF WORK IN THE LAYER HOUSE. a. Feeding ❖ Dietary composition referred to as layer ration or breeder ration that generally contains 15-18% protein level. b. Water Infundibulum ❖ ad libitum receives yolk from the ovary, where sperms are c. Egg collection stored, and fertilization takes place ❖ One egg a day but egg production Stays for 15 min occasionally skips days ❖ Oviposition normally takes place as early Magnum as 7:00 AM to as late as 4:00 PM. However, secretes the thick white of the egg. Stays for 3 most hens lay their eggs between 10:00 hours AM to 12:00 noon. 4. DAILY ROUTINE OF WORK IN THE LAYER Isthmus HOUSE 2 shell membrane are placed around the yolk d. Egg sorting and thick white. ❖ Egg sizes and quality are major Stays for 1.5 hrs determination of profitability e. Lighting Programs Uterus ❖ Laying birds must be provided with light thin white and outer shell are added to the egg. during the entire laying period. Stays for 20 hours ❖ The recommended light hours four layers is 14 to 16 hours per day. Vagina 5. Culling The completed egg is stored for a short time till ❖ Can be executed at any time if it is laid. necessary Stays for 25-27 6. Flock replacement program MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM the practice of mating different genetic lines to produce offspring with improved traits B. Line crossing the practice of breeding different lines of the same breed of chicken a. Pen mating The usual method of pedigree breeding of chicken b. Stud mating mating a single female with a male in a Testicles pen or coop c. Flock mating produce sperm Two or more roosters go with the hens Vas Deferens in the pen Carries seminal fluid and sperm from testicles ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION to cloaca 0.2 ml semen of rooster, can be extended to be Papilla reproduced more 1. Semen collection The organ in the wall of the cloaca that places 2. Semen dilution the sperm inside the female’s reproductive tract 3. Insemination Cloacal kiss FERTILIZATION a mating ritual where two birds press their Location: infundibulum cloacae together to exchange sperm Time: within 5 mins following ovulation or before the SYSTEM OF BREEDING ovum enters the magnum 1. Inbreeding SPERM CELL STORAGE Mating closely related animals by descent. Related animals must have common ancestors A biological necessity to produce fertile eggs in within the first four to six generations the avian system a. Close breeding Sperm could live 2-15 weeks mating of closely related animals as FERTILIZATION CYCLE full bro and sis or parent and offspring mating Infertile and fertile eggs- having a c shape b. Line breeding- Blastodisc/ germinal disc selection of mates involving mating closely related animals to preserve desirable traits 2. Outbreeding mating of unrelated animals or it is the opposite of inbreeding a. Upgrading mating of an inferior to a purebred animal b. Outcrossing mating of unrelated animals of the same breed c. Crossbreeding Mating of different breeds 3. Other Breeding Practices A. Strain crossing