Poultry Farming Guide PDF

POULTRY FARMING Introduction The chapter is basically aimed at providing basic insight on poultry farming, the different type of poultry farming, housing, feeding, disease control, treatment, farm record keeping and routine management. Objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able t...

POULTRY FARMING Introduction The chapter is basically aimed at providing basic insight on poultry farming, the different type of poultry farming, housing, feeding, disease control, treatment, farm record keeping and routine management. Objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Define poultry farming 2. Identify major area of poultry production 3. Know how Day old chick (Doc) are produce 4. Explain how the brooding room is prepared 5. Identify and provide solution to poultry diseases 6. Explain the vaccination process 7. Explain the different housing method 8. Explain farm record keeping and routine management DEFINITION OF POULTRY FARMING Poultry farming is the science and also an art of raising birds for man’s utilization, it is scientific because it involves the use of scientific approach in getting these animal to have optimal production, while is also an art due to the fact that it has to do with creative analysis and good decision making for optimal production. There are two major areas of poultry production: 1. meat production 2. egg production The importance of poultry sub sector is chiefly in the provision of meat and egg as well as provision of employment either directly or indirectly and the contributiion to the revenue (gross domestic products) of the country (Adebayo & Adeola, 2005). The type of poultry that are commonly rear in nigeria are chicken, duck, guinea fowls, turkey, peagoen and most recentry ostriches. Those that are of commercially or economic importance giving the trade in poultry, however are chicken, guinea fowls and turkys, amongs which the chickens predominate (Adene and Ogunta, 2006). 1 For broiler chicken production, the rapidity of turn over is very high and the current projected profit per broiler is N300 (Abiola 2007). The cost of day old chick, house and equipment apart from fixed capital. BROILER LAYERS TURKEY DUCK DOC Production (Day old chick) Fertilize egg are taken to the hatching and after 21 + 1 day these eggs are hatch, with the use of an incubator at a temperature of between 37.50c to 39.50c. The process of checking if an egg is fertilize is called candling it involves the passage of light through the egg to determine if it has an embryo. Methods of egg fertilization There are two methods by which an egg can be fertilize: 1. Natural mating 2. Artificial insemination Natural mating has to do with the introduction of a cock with high genetic value to mate maturely with the hen thereby fertilization taken place while artificial insemination is the collection of semen from a cock of high genetic value and timely inseminating the hen after proper semen evaluation. Semen can be collected from a cock when you massage the back down word for few minute. Brooding room The brooding room is a room with control temperature where DOC (day old chick) are kept of a maximum period of 4 weeks before taken to the poultry house. 2  BROODING HOUSE NOTE: Turkey should be brooded alongside with boiler for the boiler to teach them how to feed and drink water. Preparation of the brooding house Before the arrival of the DOC the farmer should make sure the brooding room is in good condition. The following are some things to put in place in the brooding room. 1. The brooding room should be well disinfected using germicide 2. There should be an active footbath at the entrance of the brooding room 3. Feeder and drunker should be washed and disinfected 4. The heat source should be taken into consideration (electric bob or charcoal) 5. Wood shaving or newspaper should be provided at the floor 6. Good lighting system should also be available Arrival of DOC On arrival of the DOC (day old chick) the farmer should provide water containing glucose to help ease transportation stress, feed (starter mash) should also be made available, the heating system should be well controlled by the farmer through proper observed. The following should be observed: 1. When the birds are cluster together is a sign that the heat is too low 2. When the birds isolate themselves from heat source is a sign that the heat is too high 3. When the birds are evenly distributed round the brooding house is a sign that the heat is okay Day 2 (Two) 3  On the second day antibiotics should be administered via drinking water with recommended dose to prevent and treat bacterial infection, antibiotics such as doxygen, tylodox extral, keprocyril etc has be found effective against bacterial infection in young chick treatment should be done between three to five days. Day 7-10 The first vaccine at the brooding house should be administered. Infectious Bursal disease, (IBD) this vaccine should be administered with the use of skimmed milk (cowbell milk) which is added to the water for about an hour before mixing the vaccine with the water the milk will help to stabilize the chlorine content of the water for proper effectiveness. Young chick should be stave of water for about an hour to increase drinking appetite before the vaccine is administered, they should be allowed to drink for about an hour before fresh water is serve. Week 2 Anticoccidia drugs should be administered via drinking water for three to five days for the treatment and prevention of coccidiosis, drugs such as, coccifor, centre dicox, coccicare, amprolum, pantacox, etc the farmer should look at the dosage and administered accordingly, at the early stage. Anticoceida drugs should be administered every two weeks to avoid outbreak. Sign of coccidiosis 1. Loss of apatite 2. Ruffle feather 3. White dropping 4. In severe case blood stain on dropping 5. High motility 10-17 days The second vaccine should be administered against Newcastle disease (ND). This is administered using the same process as that of IBD. Note after this vaccine is administer the IBD should be re administered alongside the ND at a week interval to avoid vaccine failure. 4 Week 4 Chronic respiratory disease (C.R.D) should be prevented or treated using antibiotics such as tylosin, tetracycline, erytromycine etc for 3-5 days through drinking water. Sign of CRD 1. Standing in one position with eyes close 2. Difficulty in breathing 3. Mucus in the respiratory tract 4. Loss of appetite NOTE:after the treatment vitamin supplement should be administered for another 3-5 days to aid fast recovery. Week 7 Anti hermis drugs should be administered for the prevention and treatment of endo and ecto parasite. For endo parasite treatment should be done within 24 hours, using drugs like wormazine, leaverdex, zodex etc while for eto parasite treatment should be done for two days and repeated after two week, the reason is that after the first treatment thelaver of the parasite will reproduce after two weeks, in this regard treatment should be repeated to eliminate the newly produce leaver. Drugs such as cusimentin, ivermentin, animentin, etc should be mixed with ¼ percent of the drinking water with recommended does, after which fresh should be administered throughout the day. Week 8-12 Between weeks 8-12 for mostly layers and breeders the following operation should be carried out 1. NDVK vaccine 2. Fowl pox vaccine 3. Debeaking (1) The NDVK vaccine is administered intramuscularly at 0.5ml per bird, normal saline is used as delinent (2) Fowl pox vaccine, this vaccine usually comes with its own delient. It is administered via the wind using a fuck like niddle 5 (3) Debeaking; this is done to avoid cannibalism, it involves the removal of the beak using a debeaking machine Week 16 Tripple vaccine The three in 1 vaccine has these three major vaccine combine in one (1) ND (New castle disease), IB (infestious bursal), EDS (egg drop sydrom). This vaccine is administered intramusciourly at 0.5ml per bird. Week 16 and above From week 16 and above laying birds and breeders should have attain a body weight of 1.4 which is recommended for egg production. Once egg production begin the farmer should take bio-security very serious and maintain vaccine programme of every six week interval of ND vaccine which is administered orally, once vaccination is done vitamin should also be administered for 3-5. Antihermis drugs should be administered every 8-12 week to prevent endo and ecto parasite. Antibiotics should also be administered when necessary to prevent and treat bacterial infection. Diseases/ parasite, mortality, high cost of fixed inputs are said by Aromolaran (1999), give s poultry farmer serious challenge and thus hinder the poultry business. Feeding layer Week 1-8 chick mash Week 8-18 grower mash Week 18 and above layer mash Not a body weight of 1.4 must be achieve before pullet can produce egg and this is possible depending on the ability of the farmer to feed very well, with proper feeding it can be achieve by 16 weeks of age and once egg production begins layer mash can be used, for larger flocks the farmer should have between 10-20 percent production before using layer mash. BOILER FEEDING 1. Week 1-2 super starter mash 2. Week 2-6 starter mash 3. Week 6-8 finisher mash 6 Boiler should be of table size by eight week of age with proper feeding. HOUSING There are two methods of housing birds: 1. Battery cage system 2. Deep litter system The battery cage system is more preferred for layer than the deep litter system, while the deep litter system are more preferred for broiler than the battery cage system. BATTERY CAGE WITH LAYING BIRDS BOILER ON DEEP LITTER The table below is a summary of vaccination and medication program Age Vaccination Day 1 Mareks Day 10 Gumboro vaccine Day 17 Lasota vaccine Day 24 Gumboro vaccine Day 31 Lasota vaccine Week 8 NDVK vaccine Week 8-12 Fowl pox vaccine Week 16 Triple vaccine Age Medication 2-6 Day Broad spectrum antibiotics and vitamin Week 2 Coccidiosis Week 4 Anti CRD 7 Week 7 Ati hemis (dewormer) Week 7 Coccidiosis Week 9 Antibiotics Week 10 Dewormer Week 12 Anti CRD 8-12 week Debeaking ROUTINE MANAGEMENT 1. Changing the entrance footbath with disinfectant 2. Checking of mortality and situation of birds 3. Checking of temperature on the thermometer and the physical position of the flocks 4. Serving of feed and ensuring uniformity inside trough. 5. Washing and flushing of water trough/nipple drinking line/feeder with/out disinfectant 6. Serving of water with or without medications 7. Spaying the flock with bio-security product 8. Sweeping the floor 9. Maintenance of feacal dryness 10. Dusting the nets, roof and cages 11. Checking of nipples for water availability to the birds 12. Rubbing of feed constantly to stimulate birds to eat more 13. Prevent visitors and weed regularly 14. Grade birds at regular interval to sort runts/under weighted birds RECORD KEEPING Keeping daily record of all activities in the farm is very vital for a successful poultry business. Record keeping should start from day one of Doc reception. The template of the record card should give room for breed, source, date placed, number of chicks placed etc. Important Hint Average Daily feed consumption/bird = x 8 Mortality = x Livability = 100% - mortality Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Conclusion Poultry farming is highly profitable venture when properly manage. It is therefore advisable that farmers should follow all vaccination and medication process correctly when there is an outbreak the veterinary service should be consulted for proper diagnosis and follow up treatment to avoid unnecessary losses. Maqbool and Bukhsh (2007) reported that inadequate distribution of profit share was assumed to be one of the major obstacles in the expansion of the poultry industry. References Abiola S.S. (2007). Poultry farming: A veritable tool for employment generation and poverty alleviation. An Inaugural Lecture delivered at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. On Wednesday 3rd October 2007. Asebayo, O.O, Adeola, R.G (2005). Social-Economic Factors Affecting Poultry Farmers in Ejigbo Local Government Area of Osun State. J. Hum. Ecol. 18(1):39-41. Adene, D.F. and Oguntade, A.E (2006). The structure and importance of the commercial and village based poultry industry in Nigeria. FAO (Rome) Study, October 2006. Aromolaran AB (1999). Economics of Size in Poultry Egg Poultry Egg Production in Abeokuta Tropical J. Animal Sci. 2(2): 177 - 185. Maqbool, A.A., Bukhsh, K. (2007). Issues and Economics of Poultry: A Case of Study of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pak. Vet. J. 27(1): 27(1):25-28. 9 10