Hematologic System: Anemias PDF

—----------------- Hematologic System: Anemias —-------------- Structure and function of hematologic system Hematopoiesis: blood cell production ○ Occurs within the bone marrow Bone marrow: soft tissue that fills the core of bones...

—----------------- Hematologic System: Anemias —-------------- Structure and function of hematologic system Hematopoiesis: blood cell production ○ Occurs within the bone marrow Bone marrow: soft tissue that fills the core of bones There are 2 types: yellow(adipose) and red(hematopoietic; actively makes RBC’s) All cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It’s described as an immature blood cell that can self renew. Bone marrow responds via negative feedback for any blood cells that are needed in moment Blood: ○ Type of connective tissue that has 3 functions Transportation: O2 and CO2, hormones Regulation: fluid and electrolyte balance, acid/base balance Protection: maintaining homeostasis of coags, combating invasion of pathogens Plasma: contain water, proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste RBC’s/Erythrocytes ○ Assists with maintaining acid/base balance by transporting O2 and CO2 throughout the body ○ RBC’s are mainly composed of hemoglobin, a protein compound made of heme and globin. It binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide via iron on the RBC. ○ RBC production, Erythropoiesis, is regulated by O2 demands and is stimulated by erythropoietin (stimulated in the kidneys) erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow which in turn increases RBC production. This is important to know when you learn about the different types of anemia and how they originate ○ When there is a need for RBC’s the body utilizes nutrients like cobalamin(vitamin B12), iron, folate, and others. WBCs ○ Granulocytes: Phagocytosis ○ Lymphocyte: B cells and T cells ○ Monocyte: Cellular immune response Thrombocytes ○ Initiate clotting process Anemia Deficiency in number of erythrocytes (RBCs), quantity or quality and or volume of pRBCs Causes:  Manifestations of Anemia: caused by the body’s response to tissue hypoxia. Manifestations vary depending on how fast the anemia has evolved, its severity, and coexisting conditions. Mild Hgb 10-12g/dl Asymptomatic Response to heavy exercise: palpitations, dyspnea, mild fatigue Moderate Hgb 6-10g/dl: increase in cardiopulmonary s/s Fatigue, palpitations, bounding pulse, dyspnea Severe