Anatomy Study Guide PDF

List the key structures and main functions of the 11 organ systems Skeletal system function: support and protection for internal organs. Key structures: bones, tendons, ligaments. Muscular system-Function: Movement and stabilization. Key structures: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Nervous...

List the key structures and main functions of the 11 organ systems Skeletal system function: support and protection for internal organs. Key structures: bones, tendons, ligaments. Muscular system-Function: Movement and stabilization. Key structures: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Nervous system-Functions: Collect process and respond to sensory info. Key structures: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Endocrine system-Functions: Protection and secretion of hormones. Key structures: Hypothalamus Cardiovascular system functions: Gas exchange and nutrient transport. Key structures: Heart blood vessels and blood Respiratory system functions: Gas exchange. Key structures: lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, diaphragm Digestive system functions: Break down food and absorb nutrients. Key structures: mouth, stomach, and intestines Urinary system functions: Maintains water balance. Key structures: kidney and bladder. Integumentary system-Functions: Acts as a barrier from the world. Key structures: skin, hair, and nails Immune and Lymphatic systems-Functions: Protect against infection. Key structures: spleen, blood, thymus Reproductive system-Functions: Produce offspring Key structures testes, penis, vagina, uterus, ovaries Compare and contrast the dorsal and ventral body cavities. The dorsal cavity has more protection but has less mobility but the ventral cavity has more mobility and less protection. Name the 4 types of tissue that make up the human body and state their function. 1. Epithelial-covers body surfaces 2. connective-support, protects 3. muscle-skeletal- smooth, cardiac 4. nervous-control- regulation, communication Classify epithelial tissue based on the number of cell layers and cell shape. Simple–1 layer stratified- more than 1 layer Explain the 3 ways the integumentary system protects the body. 1. physical: many layers of skin 2. chemical: natural antibiotics 3. biological immune cells Describe the function of the 4 types of cells in the epidermis. 1. keratinocytes- produce keratin 2. melanocytes- produce melanin 3. dendritic-activate immune system 4. tactile epithelial-touch List the 5 epidermal layers in order from bottom to top and state their function. 1. stratum corneum-protect 2. stratum lucidum-palms and soles 3. stratum granulosum- 1-5 cell layers 4. stratum spinosum- resist tension 5. stratum bosal- new cells Describe the role of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. epidermis- outer layers that protect. dermis- support and sensation hypodermis-cushions body Compare and contrast apocrine sweat glands eccrine sweat glands. apocrine-come in during puberty eccrine- most abundant Identify the 4 types of tissue found in bone. Connective nervous epithelial muscle 13. Explain the 6 functions of the skeletal system. 1. Support- framework of body 2. Protection-protects the bodies organs 3. Movement- tendons connects muscle 4. Storage- stores energy 5. Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis 6. Hormone production- maintain homeostasis 14. List the 4 types of bones and explain how their form dictates their function. 1. Long bones- longer than wider 2. Short bones- cube shaped 3. Flat bones- flat 4. Irregular- everything else 15. Name 3 differences between compact bone and spongy bone. 1.​ Compact bone is dense and smooth, while spongy a hard like structure. 2.​ Compact bone provides strength and support, while spongy bone helps reduce bone weight 3.​ Compact bone is found in the outer layer of bones, and spongy bone is located at the ends of long bones and in the center of others. 16. Describe how osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts maintain homeostasis through bone remodeling. First the osteoclast breaks down old bone osteoblast rebuild new stronger bones osteocytes are the overseer and tell them what to do 17. Define what a joint is. Joints are used to enable movement, provide support and stability 18. Describe the tradeoff between joint mobility and joint stability. The more stability the less mobility 19. Be able to determine if a joint is a synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis. Synarthrosis- immovable amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable diarthrosis- freely moveable 20. Explain why the structure of synovial joints allows them to be the most mobile. Synovial joints have a fluid cavity and flexible joint capsules 21. Know the movements allowed by each type of synovial joint. Hinge- flexion/extension Ball and socket- all directions Pivot-rotation Saddle-flexion/extension and abduction/adduction Plane-gliding 22. Be able to identify all of the muscles learned in class. 23. State the main function of the muscular system. Movement 24. Explain what agonists, antagonists, synergists, and fixators are. Know What each of these would be for elbow flexion. Agonist- primary movers (Biceps brachii) Antagonists- oppose the agonist (Triceps brachii) Fixator- stabilize (Rotator cuff muscles) Synergist- assists (Brachialis) 25. Compare and contrast the 3 types of muscle tissue. They are all specialized, actin and myosin are present and require atp energy Different look, skeletal is voluntary and cardiac and smooth are involuntary 26. Explain what causes a sarcomere to shorten during muscle contraction. Myosin filaments pull actin towards the middle of sarcomere 27. In order for muscles to contract, access and energy are needed. Explain what this means. The muscle requires calcium to gain access getting through the block and atp is needed to power the cycle of relaxation and contraction 28. Name 3 ways muscles can increase their force of contraction. Motor unit recruitment, rate coding, length tension relationship 29. Define sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory input- the reaction of the stimuli to the object integration is the signal getting sent to the brain and making a decision motor output is what the body does in reaction 30. Draw a sketch of 2 multipolar neurons. Label 1 as the "presynaptic neuron" and the other as the "postsynaptic neuron." Then, for each neuron, label its dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, axon terminal, synaptic cleft. 31. Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS serves as the control center for processing and decision-making, while the PNS acts as the communication network connecting the CNS to the rest of the body. 32. State the functions of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, brain stem and be able to identify them on a diagram of the brain (side view). Frontal controls voluntary movements, and personality and behavior parietal lobe-sensory processing and spatial awareness occipital-vision temporal-learning cerebellum- balance and posture brain stem- basic life functions, reflexes 33. Compare the role of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS to that of the sensory (afferent) division. Motor (Efferent)- Sends commands from the CNS to effectors to produce a response. Sensory (Afferent)- Sends sensory information to the CNS to be processed and interpreted. 34. Explain why the parasympathetic division of the nervous system is called the "rest and digest" response and sympathetic division is called the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic is only active during resting times and the sympathetic is only active when faced with a possible threat 35. Compare and contrast innate and learned reflexes. Innate reflexes are natural reflexes that everyone has and learned reflexes are learned reactions or things to do, they are both reactions to something 36. Name the 12 cranial nerves and state whether they are sensory, motor, or both. 1.Olfactory- sensory 2.optic-sensory 3.oculomoter-motor 4. trochlear-motor 5. Trigeminal- both 6.Abducens-motor 7. Facial- Both 8. Vestibulocochlear- sensory 9. Glossopharyngeal- Both 10 Vagus- both 11. Accessory-motor 12. hypoglossal- motor 37. What causes depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization in an action potential? Depolarization is caused by excitation by sodium, repolarization is calming down by release of potassium, hyperpolarization is going back to neutral 38. Describe the general process of sensation. Detection, transduction, transmission and processing 39. Know the difference between general senses and special senses. General senses are senses that major of the body has, special senses are for specific paris like nose or tongue 40. Explain what photoreceptors detect and where they are in the body Light intensity, movement, color, they are in the retina of the eye 41. State the importance of the lens and predict what would happen if it were damaged. The lens is used for refined vision, if damaged there will be visual impairments 42. Explain why smell and taste are chemical senses. The use chemoreceptors 43. Describe why the ear is unique from other sensory structures in the body. It is used for hearing and balance. 44. Know the function of the auditory ossicles as it relates to hearing. They transmit and amplify sound waves 45. Compare and contrast the nervous system and endocrine system in terms of methods used for signaling, types of responses, and location of action. The nervous system uses electrical signals and endocrine uses chemical signals, the endocrine is slow responses and nervous is fast, nervous is local responses and endocrine is more widespread 46. Explain how an endocrine gland differs from an exocrine gland. Endocrine secretes hormones into the bloodstream exocrine is to specific hormones 47. Define humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli and provide 1 example of each. Humoral stimuli respond to changes in blood chemistry. PTH Neural stimuli rely on nervous system signals.-Adrenal medulla Hormonal stimuli depend on regulatory hormones from other endocrine glands. -T3 and T4 48. Explain why a hormone's chemical structure is important for its function. Solubility and transport in the body, target cell reception and binding, mode of action, metabolism and half life 49. Compare and contrast lipid-soluble (steroid) and water-soluble (peptide) hormones in terms of blood transport, blood half-life, receptor location, and action on target cells. Lipid-solubles are transported in the blood, have a longer half-life, and directly influence target cells. Water-soluble travel freely in the bloodstream, have a shorter half-life, and trigger intracellular signaling pathways to effect changes in target cells. 50. Classify the following hormones as lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones or water-soluble (peptide) hormones: thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, testosterone, estrogen, epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol. Lipid Soluble-Thyroid hormone, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, Soluble- Insulin, glucagon, Epinephrine/norepinephrine