Anatomy. Respiratory System Chapter_29. 5th E.ppt

CHAPTER 29 The Respiratory System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole...

CHAPTER 29 The Respiratory System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 29.1 Describe the structure and function of each organ in the respiratory system. 29.2 Describe the events involved in the inspiration and expiration of air. 29.3 Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 29.4 Compare various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems. 29.5 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the respiratory system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-4 Introduction CO2 Function O2 – Move air in and out of lungs – Delivers oxygen (O2) O2 O2 CO2 gs CO2 n u L – Removes carbon dioxide (CO2) External respiration – in the lungs Internal respiration – within the hemoglobin © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-5 Organs of the Respiratory System  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchial tree  Lungs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-6 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Nasal Cavity – Nasal septum – Nasal conchae – Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air – Cilia eliminate particles To Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-7 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Paranasal Sinuses – Air-filled spaces within the skull bones – Equalize pressure – Reduce the weight of the skull – Give the voice its tone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Pharynx Larynx – Moves air in and out of the trachea – Produces sounds of the voice – Cartilage and muscle – Epiglottis Layrnx Reparatory system © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-11 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Trachea – Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle – Extends from the larynx to the bronchi – Lined with cells possessing cilia To Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-12 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Vocal cords – Between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage – Glottis~ the opening between the vocal cords – Upper ~ false cords – Lower ~ true vocal cords © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-13 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Bronchial tree – branches off the trachea – Bronchi Primary or main stem Secondary Tertiary – Bronchioles ~ branch off tertiary bronchi To Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-14 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Alveoli – Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries – “Working tissue” – Cellular respiration Carbon dioxide released into alveoli Oxygen released into the blood To Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-16 Lungs Cone-shaped organs Right lung – three lobes Left lung – two lobes The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels. To Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-17 Lungs Pleura – Membranes surrounding the lungs – Parietal pleura – Visceral pleura – Pleural fluid Surfactant – keeps alveoli from collapsing © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-18 Apply Your Knowledge True or False ANSWER: T The nasal conchae supports the mucus membrane and increases the surface area in the nasal cavity. F The larynx functions for both the respiratory and digestive systems pharynx T Lower vocal cords produce sound and are the true vocal cords. T Surfactant keeps the alveoli from collapsing between inspirations. alveoli F The bronchioles are the “working tissue” of the lungs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-19 The Mechanisms of Breathing Inspiration  The diaphragm contracts and flattens  The intercostal muscles raise the ribs  Air rich in O2 enters the lungs Breathing Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-20 The Mechanisms of Breathing Expiration  The diaphragm relaxes  The intercostal muscles lower the ribs  Air rich in CO2 exits the lungs Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists of inspiration and expiration. Breathing Diagram © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-22 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Respiratory center of the brain – Medulla oblongata ~ rhythm and depth of breathing – Pons ~ rate of breathing Other factors – CO2 levels in the blood – pH of the blood – Fear and pain – Inflation reflex © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-23 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Causes of altered breathing patterns – Coughing – Sneezing – Laughing – Crying – Hiccups – Yawning – Speaking © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-24 Apply Your Knowledge Indicated whether each statement refers to (I) inhalation or (E) exhalation: ANSWER: E The intercostal muscles lower the ribs __ I The diaphragm contracts or flattens __ I The intercostal muscles raise the ribs __ E The diaphragm relaxes __ I Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere __ E Air rich in CO exits the lungs __ 2 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-25 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Oxygen – Oxygen binds to hemoglobin – oxyhemoglobin – Bright red in color Small amount oxygen remains dissolved in plasma © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-26 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood (cont.) Carbon Dioxide – Binds to hemoglobin ~ carboxyhemoglobin – Most carbon dioxide goes into the plasma – RBCs convert it to carbonic acid used to regulate the pH of the blood © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-27 Apply Your Knowledge Describe what happens to carbon dioxide in the blood. ANSWER: Carbon dioxide can combine with hemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin. Most is converted to carbonic acid by RBCs. Super! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-28 Respiratory Volumes Different volumes of air move in and out of lungs with different intensities of breathing Measured to assess health of respiratory system © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-29 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Tidal Volume Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath Inspiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-30 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Residual Volume Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation Vital Capacity Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible Total Lung Capacity The total amount of air the lungs can hold © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-31 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: C Amount of air that moves during ___ a normal breath. B Amount of air that always ___ remains in the lungs. ___ A Total amount of air the lungs can hold. D Amount of air forcefully exhaled ___ after deepest inhalation possible. A. Total lung capacity B. Residual volume C. Tidal volume D. Vital capacity Good Job! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-32 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System Snoring – Due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the palate, tongue, and throat relax – Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over the age of 40 – Causes daytime sleepiness – Severity of snoring © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-33 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Allergic rhinitis Asthma Atelectasis Description Hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation Collapsed lung; one symptom is dyspnea © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-34 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a cold; one type of COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Emphysema A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli; one type of COPD © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-35 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Influenza Laryngitis Legionnaire’s disease Description A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu An acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia) Acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacteria that usually grows in the standing water of air conditioning systems © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-36 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Lung cancer Pleural effusion Pleuritis / Pleurisy Cancer closely associated with smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke; four types of lung cancers A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity Inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs, known as pleura © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-37 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from years environmental or occupational exposure to different types of dust Pneumonia/ An inflammation of the lungs that Pneumonitis is most often caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection Pneumothorax A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-38 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolism Description A condition in which fluids fill spaces within the lungs, making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood A blood clot (embolism) that travels usually from the legs and blocks an artery in the lungs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-39 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Description Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation A viral respiratory disease that is very contagious and sometimes fatal © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-40 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Sinusitis Description An inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses of the skull Sudden infant A syndrome without characteristic death syndrome signs or symptoms; usually a (SIDS) baby with this disorder simply goes to sleep and never wakes up © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-41 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Tuberculosis Upper respiratory (tract) infection (URI) Description Primarily a respiratory disease caused by various strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coryza, or the common cold © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-42 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: F Syndrome caused by a lack of surfactant. B Obstruction of bronchial tree due to inflammation. A May cause daytime sleepiness. G Coryza D A collection of air in the chest. C Disorders that limit airflow to the lungs. A. Snoring B. Asthma C. COPD D. Pneumothorax E. Pleural effusion F. RDS G. URI E An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-43 In Summary 29.1 The function of the respiratory system is to move air in and out of the lungs in a process known as ventilation, respiration, or breathing. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which stretch between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels. The bronchial tree consists of the primary, secondary, and tertiary branches of the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-44 In Summary (cont.) 29.2 During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, increasing the space in the thoracic cavity. This decreases the pressure within the cavity so that the air outside the body passively flows into the thoracic cavity. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, pushing up into the thoracic cavity, and the intercostal muscles lower the ribs, forcing the air to flow out of the body. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center of the brain, located in the pons and medulla oblongata © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-45 In Summary (cont.) 29.3 Most of the oxygen in the bloodstream binds to the hemoglobin within red blood cells, resulting in oxyhemoglobin, although a small amount does not bind to hemoglobin and remains dissolved in the plasma. Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, resulting in carboxyhemoglobin. Most of the carbon dioxide that enters the blood reacts with water in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to form carbonic acid. As carbonic acid ionizes, it releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which attach to hemoglobin making its way back to the lungs to be exhaled. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-46 In Summary (cont.) 29.4 Respiratory volumes are measured to check the health of the respiratory system. The volumes are: tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. The normal capacities are found in the chapter © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-47 In Summary (cont.) 29.5 The diseases and disorders of the respiratory system are many and varied, as are the causes and treatments of these diseases. Many of the more common respiratory disorders with their individual causes and treatments are discussed in detail in the pathophysiology section of this chapter. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29-48 End of Chapter 29 The air of ideas is the only air worth breathing. ~Edith Wharton © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.