Questions and Answers
What is the study of the body's internal and external structure called?
Anatomy
Which of the following is a specialization of anatomy that studies larger structures of the body?
What is physiology primarily concerned with?
What is homeostasis?
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The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is called a ______.
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What type of muscle is striated and under conscious control?
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How many bones does the average human adult have?
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The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, spine, sternum, and ______.
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Which skeletal structure protects the brain?
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Match the following parts of the skeletal system with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
- Anatomy involves studying the internal and external structures of living organisms. Originates from Greek meaning "to cut apart."
- Specializations include:
- Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy focuses on larger structures.
- Microscopic Anatomy examines small structures.
- General approaches:
- Regional Anatomy targets specific body areas.
- Systematic Anatomy looks at groups of structures with functional relationships.
- Distinction:
- Anatomy defines structure; Physiology explains function.
- Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions.
Structural Organization of the Human Body
- Hierarchical organization described as SPAMOCTOOOB:
- Chemical Level: Involves subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles.
- Cell Level: Smallest functional unit of life.
- Tissue Level: Group of similar cells performing a common function.
- Organ Level: Composed of multiple tissue types.
- Organ System Level: Groups of organs fulfilling complex functions.
- Organism Level: The complete person or living entity.
- Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings.
Functions of Organism
- Organization: Cells maintain distinct compartments; trillions of cells work harmoniously.
- Metabolism:
- Anabolism synthesizes large molecules using energy.
- Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.
- Responsiveness: Ability to adapt to environmental changes.
- Movement: Includes joint actions and cellular mobility.
- Development, Growth, & Reproduction:
- Development: Physical changes throughout life stages.
- Growth: Increase in body mass/size.
- Reproduction: Creation of new organisms.
Requirements of Human Life
- Oxygen: Essential for cellular reactions and survival.
- Nutrients: Vital substances found in food; includes vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and proteins.
- Temperature: Human body functions optimally within a narrow temperature range, typically around 37 degrees Celsius.
- Homeostasis: Importance of consistent internal conditions for overall health.
The Skeletal System
- Provides body shape, protects internal organs, offers muscle attachment, and enables movement.
- Strong connection to the muscular system, necessary for sports and physical activity.
Parts of the Skeletal System
- Skeleton: The bony framework that gives structure and protects vital systems (cardiovascular and respiratory).
- Skeletal Muscle:
- Striated (striped appearance) due to long fibers; controllable (voluntary).
- Joints:
- Diarthrosis (Synovial): Free movement.
- Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous): Slightly movable.
- Synarthrosis (Fibrous): Immovable.
- Ligaments connect bones; tendons link skeletal muscles to bones.
Skeletal Structure Composition
- Average adult: 206 bones; divided into Axial and Appendicular skeleton.
- Axial Skeleton: Long body axis; includes skull, spine, sternum, and rib cage.
- Major components:
- Skull protects the brain and supports facial structures.
- Spine (Vertebral Column) provides central support.
- Rib cage (Thoracic) encases vital organs like the heart and lungs.
- Major components:
- Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and girdles for movement.
- Components include pectoral girdle (shoulders), upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle (hip bones), pelvis, clavicle (collar bone), and scapula (shoulder blade).
Skull Structure
- Provides structural support, protection for the brain, and accommodates vital anatomical features.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, focusing on the study of both macroscopic and microscopic structures. It explores different specializations such as regional and systematic anatomy. Test your understanding of these basic concepts and terminology.
