Anatomy Lec1.pdf

Introduction to human Anatomy Marwa Abdel-Samad Al-Gholam MD Anatomy and Embryology Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Menoufia University  Objectives (Ilos) Define anatomy List types of anatomy Describe l...

Introduction to human Anatomy Marwa Abdel-Samad Al-Gholam MD Anatomy and Embryology Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Menoufia University  Objectives (Ilos) Define anatomy List types of anatomy Describe levels of cellular organization Define anatomical position Enumerate the planes of the body Identify terms of that describe position and movements  Anatomy The Word Anatomy in Greek means : “cutting up or taking apart” Def: anatomy is a branch of medical science that deals with understanding the structural organization of the human body.  So, the doctor knows which structure is affected in the disease? Which structure is examined by him? Which structure is being cut during surgery?  Subdivisions of anatomy 1- Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy: study the structures of the human body that can be seen without a microscope (by the naked eye). Gross anatomy=dissection Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy Dissection is one of the techniques to learn gross anatomy and sometime dissection of cadavers by students is replaced by: ❑viewing previously dissected material and plastic models. ❑using computer teaching modules.  Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy Regional anatomy: all the Systemic anatomy: Study structures in a particular of a particular system e.g., region of the body are musculoskeletal - examined at the same time cardiovascular system. e.g. upper limb - thorax Anatomy is best learned by its connection to clinical medicine.  Other subdivisions of anatomy ❑Microscopic anatomy: (Histology): is the study of cells and tissues using a microscope.  Other subdivisions of anatomy ❑Developmental anatomy: traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. Embryology, a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth  Other subdivisions of anatomy ❑Surface anatomy: the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body. ❑Clinical anatomy: is the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment. Physical examination is the clinical application of surface anatomy. Palpation is a clinical technique for examining living anatomy  Other subdivisions of anatomy ❑Radiographic anatomy: studies the internal structures as visualized by X ray images or specialized scanning procedures. ❑Pathological anatomy: studies the structural changes caused by disease.  Organization of the human body Axial ✓Axial part: the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and Appendicular pelvis/perineum). ✓Appendicular part: paired upper limbs and lower limbs. Levels of Structural Organization of the human body Levels of Structural Organization of human body Chemical level: Atoms molecule macromolecules organelles the cell Cellular level: cell=the basic living unit cells tissues Tissue level: a group of cells functioning together Epithelial-connective-muscular- nervous Organ level: groups of tissues form organs. kidneys, individual bones, the liver & lungs Organ system: groups of organs functioning together Systems of the body The organism: systems functioning together to make up an organism which is the highest level of organization of the living human being  Anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location and the relationship of anatomical structures. ✓ Standing erect with his eyes looking forwards ✓ Arms resting by the side of the body and palms are facing forwards ✓ Feet are close together with toes pointing forwards  Directional planes of the human body Four imaginary planes (median, sagittal, frontal, and transverse) that intersect the body in the anatomical position A- Vertical planes i. The median plane or midsaggital plane divides the body into right and left halves  Directional planes of human body ii. The paramedian or parasagittal plane iii. The coronal or frontal plane are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to are vertical planes passing the through the body at right median plane angles to the median dividing the plane, dividing the body body into two into anterior (front) and unequal halves. posterior (back) parts. Sagittal = side view Frontal = Front view  M C Directional planes of human body B- Transverse or Horizontal planes T are planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.  Transverse section through the upper abdomen A planes B sections  Terms to describe location and position Superior: Above or higher in position; toward the head. Inferior: Below or lower in position; toward the feet. (Not used in reference to the limbs.) Superior Inferior  Cranial or cephalic". Cranial relates to the cranium In the embryo, In animals Caudal", i.e. nearer to the tail. Cranial or cephalic Caudal  Anterior: refers to a position on the front of the body or nearer to it. "ventral", and in the hand the anterior surface is replaced by the palmer surface. Posterior: refers to a position on the back of the body or nearer to it. "dorsal". Medial, Lateral and Intermediate - Medial: refers to a position nearer to the median plane. - Lateral: refers to a position away from the median plane. -Intermediate: refers to a position between a medial point and a lateral point. The heart is intermediate to the lungs Proximal and Distal -Proximal: refers to a position nearer to the origin of the limb, i.e. nearer to the site where the limb is attached to the trunk. - Distal: refers to a position away from the origin of the limb, i.e. nearer to the hand or the foot.  Ipsilateral: refers to the same side of the body Contralateral: refers to the opposite side of the body Ipsilateral Contralateral Superficial : refers to a position nearer to the surface of the body. Deep: refers to a position away from the surface of the body, i.e. towards the inside of the body. Internal: refers to a position nearer to the cavity of the viscous. External: refers to a position away from the cavity of the viscous.  The supine position: means that the ventral surface of the body faces up. The prone position: means that the ventral surface of the body is towards the ground.  Planter surface Dorsal surface Palmar Dorsal surface surface Anatomical terms related to movements - Flexion: decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body - Extension: Extension Flexion Elbow joint Wrist joint  Ankle joint Dorsiflexion describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the toes off the ground. Plantarflexion turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface Knee joint Extension Flexion -Adduction: is the movement of the limb medially towards the median plane. - Abduction: is the movement of the limb laterally away from the median plane.. Abduction Adduction - Circumduction : is a combination of a series of movements: flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction. Rotation -Medial rotation: Movement of a ventral surface toward the median plane. - Lateral rotation: Movement of a ventral surface away from the median plane. - Pronation : is medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand turns backwards. - Supination: is lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forwards.  Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. Reposition describes the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position Reposition Opposition Movements of the thumb - Protrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue. - Retrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. - Protraction and retraction are used most commonly for anterior and posterior movements of the shoulder. - Elevation raises or moves a part superiorly, - Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly - Inversion : The sole of the foot (its inferior surface) is directed inwards - Eversion : The sole is directed outwards.  1 Multiple choice question (MCQ) Choose the best single answer 2 1- Regarding the diagram, which is the highest level of organization of the living human being? A-1 B- 2 3 C- 3 D- 4 E- 5 4 5 2- Regarding the diagram, which is an anatomical term to describe the marked kidney border (a)? A- Proximal B- Cranial C- Lateral D- Inferior E- Posterior Kidney