Anatomy PDF

 Axial skeleton It consists of all the bones which lie on the central axis of the body. The main frame-work of the body. Skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs constitute our axial skeleton. Appe...

 Axial skeleton It consists of all the bones which lie on the central axis of the body. The main frame-work of the body. Skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs constitute our axial skeleton. Appendicular skeleton The bones which are attached with axial skeleton form the appendicular skeleton. Shoulder bones (scapula), bones of arms (hummers, radio-ulna, carpals, etc. Hip bones (pelvic girdle) and bones of legs (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals etc.) form the appendicular skeleton.  Body Planes Sagittal plane (or) Median Plane:- - Divides the body into right and left halves. Transverse plane:- Divides the body into superior and inferior halves. Frontal (Coronal) plane:- Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. Term BODY POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS Superior Toward the head or upper part of the body. Inferior Away from the head or lower part of the body. Anterior Toward the front of the body. Posterior Toward the back of the body. Medial Toward the midline of the body. Lateral Away from the midline of the body. Proximal Closer to the point of attachment or origin. Distal Farther from the point of attachment or origin. Superficial Toward the surface of the body. Deep Away from the surface of the body. Supination Palm or sole faces upward or forward. Pronation Palm or sole faces downward or backward. Planter flexion Foot moves downward, toes away from the ankle. Dorsiflexion Foot moves upward, toes closer to the ankle. BODY MOVEMENT: Movement is the change in the position of a body part with respect to the whole body. It is one of the significant features of all living beings. Movement Description Flexion Decreasing the angle between body parts. Extension Increasing the angle between body parts. Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction Movement toward the midline of the body. Elevation Lifting a body part superiorly. Depression Moving a body part inferiorly. Circumduction Circular movement of a body part. Opposition Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips. BONE CELLS T h e The sternum Flat bone In total, how many bones are in the hand? 27  Carpal Bones Carpal bones (Bones of the wrist or Carpus) Proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate (She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her) Metacarpals (5) consist of Base (proximal)—articulate with distal row of carpal bones Body Head (distal)—articulate with proximal phalanges. Phalanges (14) Each digit has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal, except for Thumb (has two) Each phalanx has a base (proximal), body, and head (distal) Decrease in size from proximal to distal TYPES OF CARTILAGE In total, how many bones are in the foot? 26 Classification of Muscles