Untitled Quiz

Muscles Around the Oral Opening

• Sides ("Smile"):

  • Zygogmaticus Major: Raises the corners of the mouth, major muscle in smiling.
  • Zygogmaticus Minor: Raises the corners of the mouth.
  • Risorius: Draws the angle of the mouth laterally, aiding in smiling motions.
  • Levator Anguli Oris: Raises the angle of the mouth.
  • Levator Labii Superiores: Raises the upper lip.
  • Depressor Anguli Oris: Lowers the angle of the mouth.
  • Depressor Labii Inferiores: Lowers the lower lip.

• Lateral Wall of Oral Cavity ("Satisfaction"):

  • Buccinator Muscle: Compresses the cheek, important for blowing and sucking.

• Lips ("Kissing Muscle"):

  • Orbicularis Oris: Closes and purses the lips, crucial for kissing and whistling.
  • Marginal Part: The outer part of the lips.
  • Labial Part: The internal part of the lips.

• Chin ("Muscle of doubt"):

  • Mentalis: Raises and wrinkles the chin.

Muscles of the Upper Limb

• Muscles of the shoulder joint:

  • Deltoid: Abduction, flexion, extension of the arm, and external rotation.
  • Subscapularis: Internal rotation of the arm.
  • Supraspinatus: Abduction of the arm.
  • Infraspinatus: External rotation of the arm.
  • Teres Minor: External rotation of the arm.
  • Teres Major: Adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm.

• Muscles of the arm

• Muscles of the forearm

• Muscles of the hand

Muscles of the Shoulder

• Deltoid (musculus deltoideus):
  • Origin: Spine of Scapula, Acromion of Scapula, Clavicle
  • Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus
  • Function: Abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, flexion, extension of the arm, and other combined actions.

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Biceps Brachii

• Biceps Brachii (musculus biceps brachii):
  • Origin: Supraglenoid Tubercle (scapula), Coracoid process (scapula)
  • Insertion: Radial Tuberosity (radius), intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus,
  • Function: Flexion and supination of the forearm, flexion and abduction of the arm.

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Triceps Brachii

• Triceps Brachii (musculus triceps brachii):
  • Origin: Diaphysis of Humerus (medial head and lateral head), Infraglenoid Tubercle (scapula).
  • Insertion: Olecranon of Ulna.
  • Function: Extension of the forearm, extension and adduction of the arm

Muscles of the Upper Limb- Anterior group (Flexor)

• 1st Layer: Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• 2nd Layer: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
• 3rd Layer: Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus
• 4th Layer: Pronator Quadratus

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Posterior group (Extensor)

• Superficial Layer: Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Deep Layer: Abductor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Indicis.

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Anterior Group

• Iliacus Muscle (musculus iliacus):
  • Origin: Iliac fossa.
  • Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of Femur
  • Function: Flexion, adduction, and external rotation of thigh; flexion of trunk.
• Psoas Major (musculus psoas major):
  • Origin: Vertebral bodies of T12-L5.
  • Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of Femur.
  • Function: Flexion, adduction, and external rotation of thigh; flexion of trunk.
• Iliopsoas Muscle (musculus iliopsoas): Combination of Iliacus + Psoas Major muscles.
• Function (Iliopsoas): Flexion + adduction of Femur; External rotation of Femur; Flexion of trunk.

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Posterior Group (Deep)

• Piriformis (musculus piriformis): Lateral rotation of thigh.
• **Obturator Externus (musculus obturatorius externus):**Lateral rotation of thigh.
• Obturator Internus (musculus obturatorius internus): Lateral rotation of thigh.
• Gemellus Superior (musculus gemellus superior): Lateral rotation of thigh.
• Gemellus Inferior (musculus gemellus inferior): Lateral rotation of thigh.
• Quadratus Femoris (musculus quadratus femoris): Lateral rotation of thigh; adduction of thigh.

Muscles of the Hip Joint - Posterior Group (Superficial)

• Gluteus Maximus (musculus gluteus maximus): Extension, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh; external rotation of the hip

• Gluteus Medius (musculus gluteus medius): Abduction, medial rotation, and some flexion of the thigh

• Gluteus Minimus (musculus gluteus minimus): Abduction, medial rotation, and some flexion of the thigh

• Tensor Fasciae Latae (musculus tensor fasciae latae): Abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thigh

Muscles of the Thigh - Anterior Group

• Quadriceps Femoris (musculus quadriceps femoris): Extension of the leg; flexion of the thigh.

• Rectus Femoris: Extension of the leg; flexion of the thigh

• Vastus Lateralis: Extension of the leg.

• Vastus Medialis: Extension of the leg.

• Vastus Intermedius: Extension of the leg.

• Sartorius Muscle (musculus sartorius): Flexion of thigh and leg; external rotation of thigh;internal rotation of leg.

Muscles of the Thigh - Medial Group

• Gracilis (musculus gracilis): Adduction of thigh; flexion of the leg.
• Adductor Magnus (musculus adductor longus): Adduction of thigh.
• Adductor Longus (musculus adductor longus): Adduction of thigh.
• Adductor Brevis (musculus adductor brevis): Adduction of thigh
• Pectineus (musculus pectineus): Adduction of thigh; flexion of the thigh

Muscles of the Thigh - Posterior Group

• Biceps Femoris (musculus biceps femoris): Flexion of the leg; external rotation of the leg, extension of thigh (long head).
• , Semimembranosus: Flexion of the knee, internal rotation of the leg.
• Semitendinosus (semimembranosus): Flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the leg

Muscles of the Leg - Anterior, Lateral, Posterior Groups

• Anterior Group:
  • Tibialis Anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus
  • Muscles of the foot
• Lateral Group:
  • Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis
• **Posterior Group
• Deep layer: - Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Tibialis Posterior, Popliteus
• Superficial layer: - Triceps Surae (soleus and gastrocnemius), Plantaris

Muscles of the Foot

• Dorsal Group: Extensor Hallucis Brevis, Extensor Digitorum Brevis
• Medial Group: Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis
• Lateral Group: Abductor Digiti Minimi, Opponens Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
• Middle Group: Quadratus Plantae, Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Interossei (Foot)

• Dorsal Interossei: Abduction of toes, and flexion and extension of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints,
• Plantar Interossei: Adduction of toes, flexion and extension of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.

Axial Skeleton

• Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs: Forms the central framework of the body.
• Vertebral Structure: Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum and coccyx (fused)
• Thoracic Cage: Ribs (True, False, Floating ribs), Thoracic vertebrae, and Sternum make a protective cage for the important organs.

Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limb: Forms an attachment point to the axial skeleton with the scapula and clavicle. Humerus, radius and ulna form segments that make up the arm to the hand with carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
• Lower Limb: Pelvic girdle (hip bones and sacrum) provides attachment to axial skeleton. Femur, tibia, and fibula make up the upper segments of the lower limb. The foot forms the base via tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Bone Classifications

• Position: Axial (central) & Appendicular (attached)
• Shape: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and pneumatic
• Development: Membrane, cartilaginous, or membrane-cartilaginous
• Structural: Compact (dense) & Cancellous (spongy)

Bone Cells

• Osteogenic Cells: Develop into osteoblasts.
• Osteoblasts: Form bone tissue.
• Osteocytes: Maintain bone matrix.
• Osteoclasts: Resorb bone tissue.

Comparison of Compact and Spongy Bone

• Nature: Compact is dense, spongy is less dense
• Marrow Cavity: Compact has marrow cavity, spongy does not
• Location: Compact forms outer layer, spongy inner
• Structure: Compact has osteons, spongy has trabeculae

Body Planes

• Sagittal (Median): Divides body into left and right halves
• Transverse: Divides body into superior and inferior halves
• Frontal (Coronal): Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

Body Positions and Movements

• Superior: Toward the head
• Inferior: Away from the head
• Anterior: Toward the front
• Posterior: Toward the back
• Medial: Toward the midline
• Lateral: Away from the midline
• Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
• Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
• Superficial: Nearer to the surface
• Deep: Farther from the surface
• Flexion: Decreasing the angle
• Extension: Increasing the angle
• Abduction: Moving away from the midline
• Adduction: Moving toward the midline
• Elevation: Moving superiorly
• Depression: Moving inferiorly
• Circumduction: Circular movement
• Supination: Palm faces upward.
• Pronation: Palm faces downward.
• Dorsiflexion: Foot moves upward, toes closer to the ankle
• Plantar Flexion: Foot moves downward, toes away from the ankle
• Opposition: Thumb touches other fingers

Classification of Muscles

• Structure: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
• Control: Voluntary, Involuntary
• Function: Flexors (decrease angle), Extensors (increase angle), Abductors (move away from midline), Adductors (move toward midline), Rotators (rotate around axis)