Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide.docx

Anatomy and Physiology/Medical Terminology 1\. Musculoskeletal System A. Skeletal Muscle (striated muscle) i\. Voluntary (contracted or relaxed by will of individual) ii\. Attached at one or both ends of bones by tendons B. Smooth Muscle (non-striated muscle) i\. Involuntary (automatic muscula...

Anatomy and Physiology/Medical Terminology 1\. Musculoskeletal System A. Skeletal Muscle (striated muscle) i\. Voluntary (contracted or relaxed by will of individual) ii\. Attached at one or both ends of bones by tendons B. Smooth Muscle (non-striated muscle) i\. Involuntary (automatic muscular functions) ii\. Found in the walls of tube like organs (respiratory tract, blood vessels) C. Cardiac Muscle i\. Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the walls of the heart ii\. Only muscle with the property of automaticity (ability to produce an impulse on its own) iii\. Own blood supply furnished by coronary arteries D. Function of musculoskeletal system i\. Protection of vital organs ii\. Movement 2\. Respiratory System A. Respiration-process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across cell membranes. B. Oxygenation- oxygen molecules move across a cell membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration C. Ventilation- Mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs. D. Inhalation-Active process that causes the diaphragm to contract downward. This increases the size of the thorasic cavity causing a negative pressure within the cavity forcing air to rush in E. Exhalation-Passive process in which the diaphragm relaxes, pushing on the lungs and decreasing the size of the thorasic cavity. This causes an increase of pressure within the cavity forcing air out. F. Upper Airway i\. Nose and mouth ii\. Pharynx (throat) iii\. Oropharynx iv\. Nasopharynx v\. Larynx (houses the vocal cords) G. Lower Airway i\. Trachea (wind pipe, carries air from nose and mouth to lungs, divides to form bronchi) ii\. Epiglottis (leaf shaped structure that protects the trachea) ii\. Bronchi (the 2 main tubes that branch off of the trachea into the lungs; right and left main bronchus) iii\. Bronchioles (subdivided off of the bronchus. Lined with smooth muscle that can constrict or dilate) iv\. Alveoli (at the ends of the bronchioles are these tiny grape shaped air sacs that are enclosed in capillaries. This is where gas exchange occurs (oxygen and carbon dioxide) v\. Lungs- Large lobed organs (2 lobes on the left and 3 lobes on the right). Houses the alveolar sacs 3\. Circulatory System A. Composed of the heart, blood vessels and the blood. B. The Heart i\. Atria: 2 upper chambers that receive blood from the veins ii\. Ventricles: 2 lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the arteries (The left ventricle is the largest as it pumps blood out to the body iii\. Valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic and aortic) C. Arteries i\. Carries blood away from the heart ii\. Aorta (largest artery in the body. Passes through the thorasic and abdominal cavities dividing into the iliac arteries carrying blood to the legs iii\. Coronary arteries supply the heart with blood iv\. Carotid arteries supply blood to the brain (central pulse) v\. Femoral arteries supply blood to the legs (central pulse) vi\. Dorsalis Pedis arteries supply blood to the foot and can be felt on the top surface of the foot (peripheral pulse) vii\. Radial arteries is the major artery of the arm distal to the elbow (peripheral pulse) viii\. Brachial arteries supplies the upper arm with blood (peripheral pulse) D. Arterioles E. Capillaries F. Venules G. Veins i\. Vessels that carry blood back to the heart H. Vena Cavae i\. Carry oxygen depleted blood to the right atrium 4\. Nervous System A. Central Nervous System i\. Consists of the brain and spinal cord ii\. The cerebrum is the outermost portion of the brain and controls body functions such as sensation, thought and associative memory as as well as conscious motor function iii\. The cerebellum is also know as the small brain that coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance iv\. The brainstem contains the Pons and the Medulla Oblongata. The Medulla consists of 3 major control centers to include the respiratory Cardiac and vasomotor centers B. Peripheral Nervous System i\. Voluntary Nervous System influences activity of skeletal muscle ii\. Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) influences the activities of the smooth muscles. Consists of 5\. The Endocrine System A. Made up of ductless glands and is responsible for secreting chemicals called hormones. It is the bodies regulator. 6\. Integumentary System A. Largest body system B. Responsible for protecting the body (environment, bacteria etc) C. Regulates temp D. Aids in the regulation of water and electrolytes E. Serves as a receptor for sensation F. Three layers i\. Epidermis: outer most layer of the skin ii\. Dermis: second layer of the skin. Is much thicker than the epidermis. Rich blood supply that supplies the skin, hair follicles sweat glands, oil glands and sensory nerves iii\. Subcutaneous layer: Sits just below the dermis and is a layer of fatty tissue that varies in thickness 7\. Digestive System (found in the abdominal cavity) A. Stomach: Hollow organ found in the left and right upper quadrants and Is the main organ of the digestive system B. Pancreas: Flat solid organ lying just inferior and posterior to the stomach Contains the ilets of Langerhans that are responsible for insulin production C. Liver: Solid organ in the right upper quadrant that does extend partially Into the left upper quadrant and lies just beneath the diaphragm. Is Responsible for bile production and stores sugar until it is needed D. Spleen: Solid organ located in the left upper quadrant and aids in filtering Blood E. Gall bladder: Hollow pouch that is part of the bile duct leading from the Liver that stores bile F. Small intestine: Made up of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Receives Food from the stomach and is where digestion occurs and food is completely broken down into a form that the body can use. It is a hollow organ G. Large intestine: Hollow organ also called the colon 8\. Medical Terminology Apnea: Without breathing Bradypnea: Slow breathing Tachypnea: Fast breathing Bradycardia: Slow heart rate Tachycardia: Fast heart rate Hypo: Below Hyper: Above Hemi: Half Hepato: Liver Tachy: Fast Brady: Slow A: Without Pnea: Breathing Cardi/o: Heart