Anatomy and Physiology Study Doc PDF

Anatomical Terms ​ Anatomical position; upright palms facing forward ​ Supine position; lying down on back ​ Prone position; lying down face forward ​ Left/right recumbent position; also known as recovery position is on either side ​ Fowler position: Sitting at a 45-60 degree angle...

Anatomical Terms ​ Anatomical position; upright palms facing forward ​ Supine position; lying down on back ​ Prone position; lying down face forward ​ Left/right recumbent position; also known as recovery position is on either side ​ Fowler position: Sitting at a 45-60 degree angle ​ Semi Fowler position; sitting at below a 45 degree angle ​ Shock position; same as supine but legs slightly elevated ​ Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right (doesn’t have to be equal) ​ Midsaggital plane: divides body down the midline into equal left and right ​ Transverse/horizontal plane: divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) at hips ​ Coronal plane/front plane: divides body into anterior(front) and posterior (back) ​ The midaxillary line: runs from the armpit to the ankle separating body into anterior(front) and posterior (back) ​ The midclavicular line is from the center of either collarbone down to the anterior thorax ​ Proximal/distal:Proximal is close, distal is distant ​ Medialmedial is towards middle/Lateral is sides ​ Word for back/spine and word for front (Dorsal is toward the back and Ventral is toward the front) ​ Plantar/Palmar: Plantar is sole of foot, Palmar is palm of hand ​ Abdominal Quadrants Body Systems ​ Musculoskeletal system: Muscles and skeleton and tendons and ligaments ​ The Skeletal System ➔​ The skull: consists of cranium and face ➔​ Cranium: The bones around the brain ➔​ Face: bones between the brow and chin ➔​ All bones in face immovable (Orbits (eye sockets), nasal bones, zygomatic bones (cheek bones) maxillae(upper jaw) except for mandible (lower jaw) ➔​ The spine consists of 5 sections with a total of 33 vertebrae ➔​ C1-C7 (Cervical) ➔​ T1-T12 (Thoracic) ➔​ L1-L5 (Lumbar) ➔​ S1-S5 Sacral Spine (back of pelvis) fused together ➔​ Coccyx (tailbone): fused (4) ➔​ Thorax: chest ➔​ Sternum (breastbone) ➔​ Ribs come from the spine in two sets of 12 and go around the thorax ➔​ Pelvis ➔​ Lower and Upper Extremities (upper and lower limbs) ➔​ Lower: Femur (thigh), Patella (knee), Tibia and fibula (Tibia is shin bone), Tarsals, Metatarsals and phalange  ➔​ Upper: Shoulder, clavicle, humerus (above elbow (proximal)), Ulna (from pinky) and Radius (from thumb),carpals, Metacarpals (hand bones in amount of fingers) Phlangae (finger bones 3 per finger, 2 for thumb) ➔​ Joints: Hinge joint (flexion and extension), ball and socket, gliding, saddle ​ The Muscular System ➔​ Three types of muscle: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac ➔​ Skeletal: Muscles controlled by nervous system; not automatic(Voluntary); striated ➔​ Smooth: Internal organs, involuntary; responds to stimuli such as heat, stretching, cold ➔​ Cardiac: Muscle only found in the heart and is unique but cannot tolerate interruption of blood supply even for a very short period ➔​ Vasodilation, Vasconstriction; there are blood vessels in the muscle that dilate and constrict therefore increasing or decreasing pressure ​ The Respiratory System ➔​ Consists of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs ➔​ Pharynx is nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) ➔​ Nasopharynx typically just air ➔​ Oropharynx is food, water, and air ➔​ Laryngopharynx is down ➔​ Larynx is the vocal cords (false vocal cords(protection) and true vocal cords) ➔​ Epiglottis blocks food and water from entering trachea ➔​ The Larynx will divert water to go down to the esophogus instead of trachea if it comes down trigger a cough ➔​ Larynx has the Adam’s apple (Thyroid Cartilage) and has the cricoid cartilage ➔​ Trachea is the wind pipe has 15-20 c shaped cartiligous rings ➔​ Bronchi are the tree trunks that go to each lung ➔​ Bronchioles are like the branches and they are coated with smooth muscle so they can constrict just like what happens in asthma attack ➔​ Alveoli are responsible for gas exchange and are lined with surfactant that reduces surface tension and prevents lung from collapsing ; alveoili: tiny air sacs enclosed in network of capillaries ➔​ Lungs expand to take in oxygen and then release it ➔​ Have visceral pleura which covers outer surface and parietal pleura which is thicker and more elastic tissue that covers the internal chest wall ➔​ Between the layers is the pleural cavity that is a tiny space with negative pressure that allows the lungs to stay inflated with air ➔​ In children they’re systems are not fully developed so if they tilt down or up too much it will block their airway. ➔​ Ventilation: diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract and increase size of chest cavity during inhalation where diaphragm controls 60-70% of ability to breathe and chest cavity other 30 ➔​ If injury to diaphragm happens (C3, C4, C5 keep diaphragm alive) then person needs artificial ventilation  ➔​ Adequate breathing is normal (8 or 28 you ventilate) ➔​ Inadequate means not breathing ​ The circulatory system ➔​ Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood ➔​ It is a closed system meaning everything circles around in it and loops back around like a figure 8 ➔​ The heart is a very efficient pump ➔​ Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cavae from the inferior and superior and go through the right atrium and the right ventricle then pumps deoxygenated blood out the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs to become oxygenated. They then come back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the arteries, and the aorta pumps oxygenated blood into the body. ➔​ Valves prevent the backflow of blood in the heart and keep it moving in one direction: Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral/bicuspid valve, Aortic Valve ➔​ Arteries are usually always oxygenated, except for the pulmonary arteries. The coronary artery is the one that supplies the heart with blood supply ➔​ The heart contracts through electrical impulses that start at the SA node and travel to the AV node. ➔​ Pulse is felt at points where arteries go over bone close to the skin ➔​ Arteries: pulse points (Radial (wrist), brachial (back of elbow), carotid (neck), Dorsalis pedis (foot)), Aorta ➔​ Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma ➔​ Red blood cells give the blood its color and have hemoglobin that carry oxygen ➔​ White blood cells come in various types and fight off infection ➔​ Platelets promote clotting which is important for not bleeding out ➔​ Plasma is the fluid and CO2 dissolves in it and a very tiny amount of oxygen ➔​ Gas exchange occurs at capillaries and in the lungs, o2 is changed to co2 but in the capillaries in the body, it is the opposite ➔​ Systolic blood pressure is when the heart contracts and diastolic is when it is at rest ➔​ Pulse is important for figuring out if blood is perfusing properly because the heart still contracts when you could be bleeding out. ➔​ Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted on the vessels and if increased too much fluid will leak out and could cause an edema; like a water pipe bursting ➔​ Aerobic metabolism is where you use oxygen and anaerobic is where you don’t ​ The Nervous System ➔​ The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system ➔​ The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord ➔​ The brain is split up into the cerebrum which controls thinking, emotions, sensation, speech, associative memory, etc and the cerebellum which reacts to  impulses from the eyes and ears and cannot contract muscles but can partially contract them and is known as the “small brain” think of it as small, and the cerebellum both have ll and the brain stem which controls the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla obloganta. The medulla oblongata has 3 major control centers: the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor (dilation and constriction of blood vessels) centers ➔​ The brain requires a lot of oxygen and a constant supply of glucose ➔​ The spinal cord gets signals from efferents and afferents where efferents are the motors and afferents are the sensory (think of touching a hot stove and reaction to pull away) ➔​ The nervous system is divided into the autonomic and the voluntary nervous system where the voluntary controls the skeletal muscles and the autonomic is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems where the sympathetic is “fight or flight” releasing epinephrine and the parasympathetic is the “rest and digest” where it releases norepinephrine. ➔​ The RAS (reticular activating system) is a group of nerves that controls consciousness and needs at least one of the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right side of the cerebrum) along with it for someone to be conscious ​ The Endocrine System ➔​ The endocrine system is glands that secrete hormones which are chemicals that go through the bloodstream dictate how different organs function ➔​ These hormones determine how people feel and act ➔​ There is the pituitary gland (master gland), The gonads ovaries and testes gland(Make you go nad/mad when you don’t get any action), thyroid gland (controls metabolism, growth, development), parathyroid gland (calcium and phosphorus in bones), adrenal glands (sit atop kidneys and produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, thymus gland (Thymosin hormone which develops immune system), pineal gland (sits behind thalmus and produces melatonin), isles of langerhans (In pancreas and makes insulin) ➔​ Epinephrine and norepinephrine released during sympathetic and parasymphatetic ➔​ Alpha 1 controls the constriction of blood vessels, Alpha 2 signals Alpha 1, Beta 1 controls the heart and Beta 2 controls lungs and breathing ➔​ Epinephrine releases all of the above ➔​ Norepinephrine causes alpha 1 and alpha 2 mainly ​ The Integumentary System (skin) ➔​ The skin protects body from harmful bacteria, helps with electrolyte regulation, and helps with body temperature regulation ➔​ It has 3 layers: The epidermis, dermis, and a subcutaneous layer ➔​ The epidermis has 4 layers of cells where the outermost 2 die and replenish and in the bottom there is the cells responsible for skin color or melanin production  ➔​ The dermis is much thicker and has sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, oil glands, and sensory nerves; the dermis gives skin its elasticity and strength ➔​ The subcutaneous layer varies in thickness and is fatty tissue ​ The Digestive System ➔​ The digestive system digests food and is mainly in the abdominal cavity except for the mouth and the esophagus (a tube that goes down to the stomach) ➔​ In the mouth saliva breaks down food ➔​ The digestive system consists of the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the pancreas, the liver, the spleen, the gallbladder, the small intestine, and the large intestine ➔​ The stomach (hollow organ) has acid that breaks down food ➔​ The pancreas helps break down fats with pancreatic juices and houses the isles of Langerhans which releases insulin and controls sugar regulation ➔​ The liver is the largest solid organ in the abdomen and produces bile which helps digest fat, stores sugars, produces components for immune function, blood clotting, and plasma production. Finally, makes toxic substances produces by digestion harmless. ➔​ The spleen(solid organ) doesn’t serve digestive function but filters has a reserve for blood ➔​ The gallbladder is a hollow pouch and is part of the bile duct leading from liver and empties into the small intestine through contractions and uses the bile to help digest fats ➔​ The small intestine completely breaks down food and absorbs nutrients ➔​ The large intestine is also called the colon and excretes waste and absorbs the water leaving and pushing out just the stool ➔​ The digestive process has both mechanical and chemical ➔​ Mechanical is like chewing, swallowing, physical breaking down food, and taking out waste ➔​ Chemical is releasing digestive enzymes that chemically break down food carbs into glucose, fats into fatty acids, proteins into amino acids