ANAT1521-2111 Cardiovascular System PDF

ANAT2111/ANAT1521 Introductory Anatomy Cardiovascular System Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Anatomy Department / School of Biomedical Sciences / Medicine and Health UNSW SYDNEY [email protected] Learning objectives Introduction...

ANAT2111/ANAT1521 Introductory Anatomy Cardiovascular System Dr. Amaneh Mohammadiroushandeh Anatomy Department / School of Biomedical Sciences / Medicine and Health UNSW SYDNEY [email protected] Learning objectives Introduction to cardiovascular system, systemic and pulmonary circulation, orientation, location and surface anatomy of the heart in the thorax, and Pericardium. Identify chambers and valves of the heart and understand how they function and describe blood flow through the heart. Describe briefly the conducting system of the heart. Describe the major vessels arising from the aorta and systemic veins including superficial, deep, and portal veins  Cardiovascular System Heart Vessels ❖Artery ❖Vein ❖Lymph vessels Function Blood Pumping the blood Oxygen, nutrient, hormone Carbon dioxide, waste product, lymph  Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation The heart is the dual pump for two circulatory systems. Right side of the heart Right atrium receives low-oxygen, high-carbon dioxide blood from the body via the systemic circuit. Right ventricle pumps this blood to lungs via the pulmonary circuit to remove the carbon dioxide and replenish the oxygen. Left side of the heart Left atrium receives high-oxygen, low-carbon dioxide blood from the lungs via the pulmonary circuit. Left ventricle pumps this blood to the tissues of the body via the systemic circuit. Your heart pumps 6500L of blood every day, enough to fill 50 bathtubs! © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  The heart is located within the mediastinum between Location of heart two lungs On the superior surface of diaphragm.  Orientation of heart The heart is located within the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space. On the superior surface of diaphragm. Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to sternum, medial to the lungs. Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder. Apex points toward left hip. The heart resides within a double layered sac called the Serous pericardium and covered with Fibrous Pericardium outside. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Pericardium The heart covers by fibro-serous pericardium. Serous pericardium (Two layers sac) ❖ Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (or epicardium) layer produces serous fluid. ❖ Parietal layer of the serous pericardium produces serous fluid and attached to fibrous pericardium. Fibrous pericardium Outer layer is the fibrous pericardium protects and anchor heart to surrounding structures (e.g. diaphragm). © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Between the visceral and parietal pericardial layers is a thin space, the pericardial cavity, filled with serous fluid. This fluid filled cavity serves to provide a lower friction environment for the heart to move within.  The Heart wall Three layers of the heart wall 1. Epicardium= visceral serous pericardium. 2. Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac skeleton: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue. Anchors cardiac muscle fibers. Supports great vessels and valves. Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths. 3. Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels. Lines heart chambers and covers cardiac skeleton of valves. Learning objectives Introduction to cardiovascular system, systemic and pulmonary circulation, orientation, location and surface anatomy of the heart in the thorax, and Pericardium. Identify chambers and valves of the heart and understand how they function and describe blood flow through the heart. Describe briefly the conducting system of the heart. Describe the major vessels arising from the aorta and systemic veins including superficial, deep, and portal veins Chambers Four chambers Left and right atria located superiorly and posteriorly Left and right ventricles located inferiorly and anteriorly Interatrial septum: separates atria Interventricular septum: separates ventricles Interatrial septum Interventricular septum © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Surfaces and borders of heart ❖Anterior (Sternocostal surface) - All chambers / mainly right ventricle ❖Right border/ right atrium ❖Inferior border/ right ventricle ❖Left border/ left ventricle ❖superior border/ Left and right atria ❖Inferior or diaphragmatic surface - Ventricles/ Mainly left ventricle ❖Posterior surface or baes of heart - Atria/ Mainly left atrium  Surface features Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) encircles the heart, marking the boundary between the atria and the ventricles Anterior interventricular sulcus is the surface marking for the interventricular septum and anterior boundary between left and right ventricles Coronary Sulcus Anterior interventricular sulcus  Surface features Posterior interventricular sulcus is the surface marking for the interventricular septum and posterior boundary between left and right ventricles Posterior interventricular sulcus  Right atrium / Internal feature Thin-walled chambers; contribute little to propulsion of blood. Three veins return blood into the right atrium: Auricles: atrial appendages that increase potential volume. Superior vena cava (SVC): returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm. Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body. Inferior vena cava (IVC): returns blood from body Contains ridges formed by pectinate muscles. regions below the diaphragm. Fossa ovalis in interatrial septum Coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins. SVC Coronary sinus IVC  Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs. Pectinate muscles found only in auricle. SVC Four pulmonary veins return blood from lungs. Arch of Aorta Pulmonary trunk Right and left Auricles IVC  Ventricles Pulmonary trunk Right Ventricles Pulmonary valve Thicker-walled chambers Contain trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls papillary muscles project from the wall into ventricular cavity and anchor the chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves. Tricuspid Valve chordae tendineae Right ventricle Most of anterior surface of the heart. Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk. papillary Thinner wall compared to left ventricle trabeculae carneae muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Left Ventricle / Internal feature ❖ Posteroinferior surface of the heart. ❖ Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body). Aortic valve ❖ Thicker wall Bicuspid Valve Trabeculae carneae papillary muscles Heart Valves Ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart. Pulmonary valve Two major types of valves. Atrioventricular valves located Aortic valve between atria and ventricles. Semilunar valves located between ventricles and major arteries. Bicuspid Valve Tricuspid Valve (Mitral) © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid valve Chordae Chordae tendineae tendineae Two atrioventricular (AV) valves open as blood Papillary muscle flows from atria into the ventricles The AV valves are pushed shut by the blood when the ventricles contract (systole), preventing backflow into atria Tricuspid valve (right AV valve): made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle. Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle. Chordae tendineae: anchor cusps of AV valves to the papillary muscles that function to: Hold valve cusps in closed position. Prevent cusps from inverting back into atria.  Semilunar (SL) valves Two semilunar (SL) valves open as blood flows from ventricle into two major arteries. Each valve consists of three cusps that roughly resemble half moons The SL valves fill with blood during ventricular relaxation (diastole) causing them to shut, preventing backflow from the arteries back into ventricles Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta Pulmonary Valve Pathway of Blood Through Heart Learning objectives Introduction to cardiovascular system, systemic and pulmonary circulation, orientation, location and surface anatomy of the heart in the thorax, and Pericardium. Identify chambers and valves of the heart and understand how they function and describe blood flow through the heart. Describe briefly the conducting system of the heart. Describe the major vessels arising from the aorta and systemic veins including superficial, deep, and portal veins Conduction system of the heart Purkinje fibers The heart’s intrinsic nervous network SVC Sinoatrial node Aorta generates and propagates a nerve impulse to cause regular contraction of the cardiac muscle. Extrinsic nerve input from the parasympathetic Atrioventricular node (vagus CNX) and sympathetic nervous system input modulates the pace of this contraction. Sino-atrial (SA) node Atrioventricular bundle Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular bundle Right and left bundles Purkinje fibers Right and left bundles Conduction system of the heart (Not examined) Learning objectives Introduction to cardiovascular system, systemic and pulmonary circulation, orientation, location and surface anatomy of the heart in the thorax, and Pericardium. Identify chambers and valves of the heart and understand how they function and describe blood flow through the heart. Describe briefly the conducting system of the heart. Describe the major vessels arising from the aorta and systemic veins including superficial, deep, and portal veins  Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Carry blood towards the heart Carry blood away from the heart Blood is of a lower pressure Blood is of a higher pressure Have thinner walls Thicker walls containing elastic Frequently contain valves, and use the contraction fibers to resistance pressure of our skeletal muscles to aid in blood return Artery Vein Capillary Great Vessels Arch of Aorta SVC SVC Right pulmonary Aorta Arch of Aorta RPV LPV veins (RPV) RPV LPV Pulmonary trunk IVC Left pulmonary veins (LPV) IVC  Coronary Circulation Coronary arteries Both left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart Both encircle heart in coronary sulcus Branches descend in the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus Veins drains to coronary sinus Left coronary artery Coronary sinus Right coronary artery  Branches of the arch of the aorta Three major arteries emerge from the arch of the aorta to supply the head, neck and upper limb: 1. Brachiocephalic trunk This divides into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery 2. Left common carotid artery 3. Left subclavian artery Common carotid arteries (and their branches) supply the head, neck and brain  Blood supply of head, neck and brain Internal carotid artery Internal carotid R. External carotid artery artery Right Common Carotid artery Brachiocephalic artery Subclavian artery Arch of aorta  Common carotid Upper limb blood supply Subclavian artery Axillary artery The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery in the axilla, which becomes the brachial artery in the arm, each giving off branches to supply these respective regions. Brachial artery The brachial artery divides further into the radial and ulnar arteries in the forearm Radial artery Subclavian artery Axillary artery 1 2 3 Ulnar artery Brachial artery Ulnar artery Radial artery Thoracic Aorta Intercostal arteries  Coeliac trunk Branches of the abdominal aorta Renal arteries The descending aorta is termed the thoracic aorta in the thoracic region and, after passing inferior the diaphragm, the abdominal aorta once in the abdomen. Both give rise to many branches that supply structures of their respective regions. Abdominal aortic branches include: A pair of renal arteries that supply the kidneys. Coeliac trunk Three unpaired arteries that supply the digestive system The coeliac trunk, via its branches, supplies the Superior mesenteric artery accessory organs and foregut (from stomach to duodenum) Inferior mesenteric artery The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut (from ileum to prox. half of transverse colon) The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the hindgut (from distal half of transverse colon to rectum) Terminal branches of the aorta and Abdominal aorta Common iliac artery beyond External iliac artery The abdominal aorta finally bifurcates into two major vessels Internal iliac artery the left and right common iliac arteries. Femoral artery At the brim of the pelvis the common iliac artery spilt further into the internal iliac artery and external iliac artery. The internal iliac artery supplies structures of the pelvic cavity. The external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery The femoral artery supplies the thigh region and, via its terminal branches, the leg and foot regions of the lower limb  Systemic Veins Small veins drain into larger veins via branches called tributaries. Deep veins accompany their respective artery and follow the naming of the artery. Brachiocephalic Superficial veins are closer to the surface of the body and can Jugular veins veins usually be seen under the surface of skin, and do not accompany Subclavian vein Superior vena arteries. Superficial vein cava Inferior vena cava  Systemic Veins of Head and neck Internal and external jugular veins drain blood from the head and neck region. Brachiocephalic Jugular veins veins Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Internal Jugular vein Internal Subclavian Jugular vein vein Inferior vena cava  Blood from the upper limbs drains via cephalic veins (superficial) and axillary veins (deep). Axillary veins then drain into the subclavian veins, Subclavian vein and internal Jugular vein joint together and drain into the brachiocephalic veins. Axillary vein The superior vena cava is formed by the union of left and right brachiocephalic veins The superior vena cava therefore drains blood from the head, neck, upper limb and chest back to the heart. Cephalic vein Cephalic vein IVC and veins of Abdomen Left renal vein Right renal vein IVC L4-L5 R. Common iliac R&L Internal vein iliac vein R. External iliac vein  Common iliac vein Systemic Veins (lower limb) External iliac vein Internal iliac vein The femoral vein (deep) drains blood from the lower limb. Blood from the medial aspect of the lower limb drains via the great saphenous vein (superficial) into the femoral vein. Femoral vein The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein as it passes under Great saphenous vein the inguinal canal The external iliac vein unites with the internal iliac vein, which drains the pelvic cavity, to become the common iliac vein. The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of left and right common iliac veins The inferior vena cava therefore drains blood from the pelvic and lower limb regions. It also receives the venous drainage from the digestive system and organs below the level of the diaphragm. Caval system Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Portal system Portal vein Thank you