Far Eastern University Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Anatomy and Physiology Module 1 – Introduction...

Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Anatomy and Physiology Module 1 – Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy (ah-nat′o-me) Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana) - is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. Gross anatomy Is used whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures. Microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The cells and tissues of the body can only be seen through a microscope. Physiology (fiz″e-ol′o-je) physio = nature; ology = the study of -> - is the study of how the body and its parts work or function Organ System Overview Integumentary (in-teg″u-men′tar-e) system It is the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. With the help of sunlight, it produces vitamin D. It also excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature. Sensory receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface. Skeletal system The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and joints It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. It also has protective functions (for example, the skull encloses and protects the brain), and the cavities of the skeleton are the sites where blood cells are formed. 1  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals. Muscular System The muscles of the body have only one function— to contract or shorten. When this happens, movement occurs. The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles, the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones. The skeletal muscles form the muscular system. These muscles are distinct from the muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs, which move fluids (such as blood or urine) or other substances (such as food) along definite pathways within the body. Nervous System It is the body’s fast-acting control system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. The body must be able to respond to stimuli coming from outside the body (such as light, sound, or changes in temperature) and from inside the body (such as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue). Endocrine System Like the nervous system, the endocrine (en′do-krin) system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly. Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs. The endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (in the female), and testes (in the male). Cardiovascular System The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. Using blood as a carrier, the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from, cells near sites of exchange. 2  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help to protect the body from such foreign invaders as bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. The heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues. Lymphatic System The role of the lymphatic system complements that of the cardiovascular system. Its organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils. When fluid leaks into tissues from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the body. The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity. Respiratory System The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Digestive System The digestive system is basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus. The organs of the digestive system include the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver, salivary glands, pancreas, and others). Their role is to break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells. The pancreas, which delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine, has both endocrine and digestive functions. Urinary System The urinary system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them 3  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing from the body in urine. This system, often called the excretory system, is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Other important functions of this system include maintaining the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance, regulating the acid-base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure. Reproductive System The role of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. The male testes produce sperm. Other male reproductive system structures are the scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system, which carries sperm to the outside of the body. The female ovaries produce eggs, or ova; the female duct system consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. The uterus provides the site for the development of the fetus. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical level – atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level – cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level – it is consisting of similar type of cells. Organ level – it is made up of different type of tissues. Organ System level – are consist of different organs that work closely together. Organismal level - a human being is made up of an organ system. At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule? Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi? Which system functions to remove waste and help regulate blood pressure? 4  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Atmospheric pressure Normal body temperature In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete waste, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive? Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important? In which life function does oxygen participate directly? Anatomical position - The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. 5  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Directional Terms Body Parts and Regions 6  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Subdivisions of the Abdomen 7  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Planes of Section of the Body 8  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Planes of Section Through an Organ Trunk Cavities 9  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Other Body Cavities Oral cavity and digestive cavity. Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Serous Membranes - The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction. What is the Anatomical position, and why is it important that an anatomy student understands it? 10  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing The axilla and the acromial areas are both in the general area of the shoulder. To what specific body area does each of these terms apply? Use anatomical language to describe the location of a cut to the back of your left forearm. Homeostasis (hō′mē-ō-stā′sis; homeo-, the same; -stasis, to stop) - is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment. Homeostatic mechanisms - normally maintain body temperature near an average normal value or set point. Most homeostatic mechanisms are governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system. Negative Feedback Mechanism - Negative feedback is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. Negative feedback does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range. 3 Components Receptor Control center Effector 11  Far Eastern University Institute of Health Sciences and Nursing Department of Nursing Positive Feedback Mechanism - occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response. Positive means that the deviation from the set point becomes even greater. In this case, the word “positive” indicates an increase. At times, this type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis. CRITICAL THINKING 1. A man who was victim of a gunshot wound has lost blood. His blood pressure is low and decreasing, and his heart rate is increased despite the fact that the bleeding has stopped. He receives a blood transfusion, which results in an increase in blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. Give these changes a physiological rationale. 2. Where and in what quadrant and area would a person feel pain if they had a urinary bladder infection? 3. A male victim had a bullet enter his left side, travel through his left lung, and strike his heart. List the cavities and serous membranes that the bullet passes through in chronological order. REFERENCES: Marieb, E. N., & Keller, S. M. (2017). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. Pearson. VanPutte, C., Russo, A., Regan, J., & Russo, A. F. (2018). Seeleys Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 12