Analytical Paragraph PDF

Task requirement: Write an analytical paragraph on the basis of the given map/chart/report/line graph etc. Length: 150-200 words Marks: 10  ENGLISH (Language & Literature)-10...

Task requirement: Write an analytical paragraph on the basis of the given map/chart/report/line graph etc. Length: 150-200 words Marks: 10  ENGLISH (Language & Literature)-10 Strictly according to the latest CBSE Sample Paper-2020 ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH Beginning 2020, CBSE has included 'Analytical Paragraph' as one of the writing tasks in the Writing Section of the Question Paper. It will be based on some data or information given in a map, chart, report, graph or diagram etc. In writing such a piece, students will be expected to critically analyse the given information and then summarize or describe it in a creative but objective manner; suggest a solution to a problem it may present; arrive at and describe a logical decision; apply the information to draw conclusions or make suggestions or find out and present alternative ways of doing something in order to save time, energy, resources, funds etc. Clearly, it is not going to be an easy task for most students to manage, but it will not be impossible either, if it is done in pairs or groups with plenty of scaffolding and good samples from teachers. It is needless to say that an answer to a question requiring an analytical paragraph as output cannot and must not be memorised. Instead, students must develop the necessary skills for writing such paragraphs. So, what skills are needed for writing effective analytical paragraphs? Alison Doyle in her article: "What Are Analytical Skills? – Definition and Examples of Analytical Skills" (posted on the website https://www.thebalancecareers.com/) lists the following 21st century analytical skills – not in the same order – that are necessary for employees. These skills are equally important for and relevant to school and college students, too: u Research u Communication u Data analysis/ u Critical Thinking u Creativity interpretation According to Alison, when a learner is trying to detect patterns, brainstorm ideas, observe facts, interpret data, draw conclusions, suggest 'out-of-the-box' or 'not so obvious' solutions to problems, he/she is using the above mentioned analytical skills. Whether attempted individually or in pairs or groups, an analytical paragraph will require students to first develop these skills and then employ them dextrously to produce paragraphs that are well- structured, lucid and logical as well as meet the length criterion. Structure of an Analytical Paragraph: An analytical paragraph should have the following structure: u Topic Sentence which is an opening statement or introduction that briefly describes what the paragraph is about. u Body that forms the detailed description, summary, interpretation or explanation of the information or data in the given input. u Conclusion which can be a logical deduction, a decision or a suggestion. It may also be a warning or a caution, too. Important: Compacta recommends that the output of a question on 'analytical paragraph' should be only one physical paragraph of about 150 words. If CBSE specifies that the output may be of more than one paragraph, the single paragraph may be divided into two or three short paragraphs that follow the structure of an article. 2  TYPES OF ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPHS u PROBLEM AND SOLUTION BASED: A problem is presented and learners are expected to suggest some solution based on some logic. They are supposed to support their solution with arguments, reasons and/or data. u DATA BASED: Some data is presented in the form of a pie-chart, a bar graph, a line graph, a table or a combination of any two of these and learners are expected to analyse the data making comparisons and drawing conclusions and to summarise it in the form of a paragraph. u INFORMATION BASED: Some information is presented as an input and students are required to process and understand that information and then summarise it in a paragraph. Sometimes, they may also be required to give their own opinions or draw their own conclusions, too. u PROCESS DESCRIPTION BASED: A flow chart, a diagram, a visual or an infographic is presented and students have to analyse the information it presents, usually a process showing the sequence or different stages of action in the making of something. u MAP BASED: Usually a set of two maps is presented as an input with significant differences in a piece of land, a landscape or a building plan showing some changes, additions, and alterations therein. Students are supposed to carefully analyse these changes and summarise them in the form of a paragraph. u BEHAVIOUR, FUNCTION, PATTERN OR CYCLE BASED: A flow chart, a diagram, a visual or an infographic is presented as in a process and students have to analyse and summarise the information it presents, usually the behaviour or pattern or structure of an organism or various traits of the character or profile of a professional or the lifecycle of a species etc. u SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BASED: A set of two visuals or diagrams or infographics is presented with one showing marked differences and/or similarities in comparison with the other. Students are required to notice and mark those differences and similarities and then summarise them objectively in the form of a paragraph. u SUGGESTION OR ADVICE BASED: A situation is presented and students are asked to put forth their suggestions or advice on what the person(s) or organisation(s) involved in it should do. This type is similar to the problem and solution based type of analytical paragraphs. 3  Some Useful Expressions for Writing an Analytical Paragraph To report an increase u Has risen/increased/gone up/shot up… u Has experienced/seen a rise/an increase in… u Has shown/registered a rise/an increase… u Has reached a maximum/a peak of… To report a decrease u Has fallen/gone down/come down to… u Has dropped from......… to.......… u Has experienced/registered/shown a fall/a decrease/a decline in…. u Has hit/touched/reached its lowest/minimum level/point... To report differences u Is better than/more than double/half as much/three times more/less than.... u Not as big as/as much as/as large as... u Many times over/more/less... To report similarity u Is the same as/similar to... u Is/Are comparable with... u Can be grouped together/classified together/clubbed with... u Show(s) similarity/similarities... u There are striking similarities between... To report comparisons and contrast u As compared to… u In (sharp) contrast to/with… u Is comparable/not comparable with… u Compares well with.../Contrasts with… To report constancy or no change u Has seen/registered/experienced/shown no change... u Has remained constant/unchanged/the same... Frequently Used Tenses Present Perfect : Example – The number of accidents has risen sharply. Simple Past : Example – Fewer cases of theft were reported; the sales rose up by 30 per cent. Will + base verb : Example – At this rate the population will touch 1.5 billion mark by 2022. Will + have + past Example – At this rate the population will have touched 1.5 billion by the participle verb : year 2022. Passive Structures : Example – A few other alterations were also carried out in the hotel. 4 Given below are the results of a phone survey of a group of 1000 students aged 13-16 carried out by an education company to find out how effective online classes are. Study the data carefully and then write an analytical paragraph to summarise the information. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw your own conclusions. What Students aged 13-16 do during Take online classes very seriously their Online Classes (in %) Switch on the class but mute microphone and camera 15 Write funny things on the teachers' 15 white board 45 Do not study textbooks or do assignments on their own after 7 the class 18 Play games on another device while the online class is on The given data is not to be mechanically reproduced as shown in the input but has (A) Topic Sentence: A topic sentence is an The pie-chart based on a phone survey of 1000 randomly selected to be interpreted as to what it suggests or constitutes. Here 45% constitutes 'a introductory sentence that briefly describes students shows how school students aged 13-16 years are taking majority of respondents', which is a significant observation or analysis to make. what the paragraph is about. Here, the pie-chart shows the their online classes. A majority of respondents (45%) take their Here the author gives his/her own opinion based on the given data. Such statements results of a survey in percentages. online classes rather seriously, which is a good sign for the newly may not always be needed. Sometimes question statements may preclude the possibility of making such observations. introduced online education system. It also indicates that this age Such expressions are not only effective in group is well-versed in the use of the internet and online education avoiding a mechanical reproduction of the given data but also help in rounding off the platforms and applications. A little under one-fifth (18%) students data for a better understanding of it. said that they do join the online classes but mute their microphone This is another example of the author's own opinion which indicates his/her background knowledge of the topic. and camera, which makes online classes more manageable but does not permit any interaction which is vital for any effective teaching (B) Body: It refers back to 'those who do not take It forms the detailed analysis and description and learning. Then there are those who do not take the online online classes seriously'. or summary of the input information. classes seriously. Fortunately, this group constitutes only 7% of the survey population. They make mischief and disturb the class by Such expressions indicate the author's writing funny things on their teachers' white board. While 15% of all attitude and tone in writing. the respondents said they play games on their digital devices while their online classes are in progress, an equal number of students This expression refers back to the expression '15% of all the respondents' in the previous line by way of comparison. admitted they do not study textbooks or do assignments on their (C) Conclusion: own after the classes. Clearly, a lot needs to be done to ensure This is a conclusion that the author has inferred on the basis of the data and his/her It is the last sentence and own background knowledge of the topic. it describes the logical student compliance before online classes become truly effective. deduction or conclusion. It may sound a caution or a warning based on the analysis of the input. 5 You are the General Manager of a restaurant.You have noticed that the cost of seafood items has gone up in recent times and this has overshot the budgets of raw materials procurement. Your supplier explains that the supply chain of seafood items is adversely affected due to bad weather and a disruption in transport due to a strike, and consequently the prices of seafood items have gone up. Write an analytical paragraph briefly describing how the cost of procuring seafood items has overshot the procurement budget of the restaurant and suggesting a solution to the problem in consultation with the restaurant chef and sales and marketing manager such that the seafood continues to be on the menu but the restaurant does not incur any losses or lose valuable customers to the competition.You might also like to introduce a new menu with attractive alternatives to seafood. The restaurant is finding it increasingly difficult these days to serve its patrons a range of seafood items like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, oysters and tuna fish. While this may have left many of our customers disappointed, the restaurant is unable to please them by overshooting its monthly budgets of raw materials for sea-food dishes. Our vendor Messrs Bombay Seafood Suppliers have expressed their inability to provide these items at the existing rates owing to the disruption caused in their procurement due to inclement weather and a transport strike. Faced with this predicament, the restaurant has the following options – one, increase the prices of sea-food based dishes; two, offer smaller portions to save on raw materials; and three, take away our customer's interest in sea- food by introducing a fortnight long food festival with a new menu of non-vegetarian items based on chicken, mutton, lamb and fresh water fish and eggs as well as a whole new range of Indian and Chinese vegetarian menu, including regular South Indian delicacies. This will not only help the restaurant save on its raw materials supply expenses but also keep our customers happy with a variety of alternative food menu. This matter was discussed with the Chief Chef as well as the Food and Beverages Manager, who are aligned to the proposal spelt out above. Subject to the management approval, the new food festival can go live next weekend. P ractice Exercise Your school has 4 buses each with a capacity of 50 students. The total number of students who actually travel by these buses is 175. Another 150 students have applied for school transport. The school is not in a position to buy new school buses. What should school authorities do to ensure that school buses run to full capacity and the students in the waiting list for school transport get it. Write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words to briefly describe and to suggest some practical or viable solutions to the problem. 6  SAMPLE ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH (DATA BASED) A. BAR GRAPH Given below is a bar graph showing some changes in the public behaviour in 'X' city in a period of two years. Analyse the data carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. The bar graph presents some data on changes in public behaviour in 'X' city in the current year as compared to the last year on as many as five counts – spitting in public, smoking in public, defacing walls with graffiti and posters, throwing litter at public places and in streets, and the blaring noise from loudspeakers. First a couple of things to cheer about. As is clear from the data, there has been a nearly 66% fall in the number of incidents of spitting. Only 78 cases were registered as against 229 registered last year. Similarly, cases of smoking also decreased dramatically from 481 cases reported last year to a mere 92, a fall of more than 80%. By sharp contrast, the menace of defacing walls with graffiti and posters has more than doubled. From about 457 cases last year, it recorded 983 cases in the current year. While the use of blaring loudspeakers has also come down marginally (from 690 this year as compared to the last year's figure of 761), not much has changed in people's habit of throwing/dumping garbage at public places and in streets. Overall, the public behaviour of people in 'X' city has shown improvements in a couple of counts like spitting and smoking but a lot remains to be done in areas like defacing public property with graffiti and dumping garbage in public places. Similarly, the use of loudspeakers further needs to be reduced. P ractice Exercises 1. The following bar graph shows the points tally of four houses of Sacred Heart Convent School for the year 2020-21. The data is to be used to adjudge the best house of the year and the runners up. Study the data carefully and then write an analytical paragraph summarising the information. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. 7  Discipline Art and Craft Blue House Yellow House Green House Sports Red House Academics 0 2 4 6 8 10 House Wise Points Tally 2. The bar graph shows some statistics about the ten top wheat producing states of India in the year 2011-12. Study the data carefully and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words summarising the information. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. WHEAT Wheat yield STATES Wheat Production (in tonnes) (tonnes per hectare) Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture Uttar Pradesh 30,292,603 3.11 Punjab 17,280,144 4.90 Haryana 12,685,660 5.03 Madhya Pradesh 11,538,512 2.36 Rajasthan 9,319,578 3.18 Bihar 4,725,031 2.21 Gujarat 4,072,000 3.01 Maharashtra 1,313,000 1.56 Uttarakhand 878,000 2.26 All India Average yield (tonnes per hectare) 2.38 West Bengal 872,900 2.77 3. The following bar graph shows nutrient content of some common food items. Write an analytical paragraph of about 150 words briefly summarising the data and making appropriate comparisons. 8 B. PIE CHART The pie-chart below shows some data on the various uses of harvested rainwater to fulfil non-potable water needs of a metropolitan city. Analyse the data and summarise it in the form of a paragraph. Rainwater harvesting holds a lot of promise in solving the water-woes of metropolitan cities. The pie- chart shows how a particular household in a metropolitan city makes use of the rainwater it harvests. As is clear from the pie-chart, a little over one third (36%) of all the harvested rainwater is consumed in washing clothes, while a little over one-fourth (26%) is used in bathing. As much as 22% of the water thus collected is utilized in such activities as gardening (13%), car washing (6%) and mopping floors (3%), whereas flushing accounts for as much as 16% of the total rainwater harvested by the household. Thus, it can be concluded that, if rainwater is harvested and used properly, it can meet a range of non-potable water requirements of the population in cities. It can also help save huge amounts of fresh drinking water that can be used exclusively for cooking and drinking. P ractice Exercises 1. The pie chart below shows some data on the reactions of parents to some questions in a survey conducted by a school to find out if parents are willing to send their children to school after Phase 5 of the unlocking of COVID-19 restrictions. Study the information carefully and then write a paragraph analysing the data. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. Parents' Responses (in %) Will not send children to school until Covid-19 vaccine is available 3 Will send children to school if school 23 takes all precautions of social 38 distancing and sanitation 17 Will prefer to homeschool children 19 Will send children to school only for term and final examinations Will send children to school as soon as it reopens 9 2. Given below are the results of a survey on anxiety and fears among school students aged 13 to 16 and their effects on students' personality and behaviour. Study the data carefully and then write an analytical paragraph summarising the information. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. Different types of Anxiety and Fears Among School Students Aged 13-16 Effects of Different Fears on Students' Personality & Fear of being rejected by Behaviour 10% classmates 9% – Lack of confidence 39% Fear of losing a friend – Poor self-esteem 21% Fear of failure in exams – Below par performance 21% Fear of being scolded by – Difficulty in maintaining parents healthy interpersonal Fear of being insulted by relationship teachers 3. The Readers Club of a school recently conducted a survey to study the habit of reading among students. The pie charts given below show the compiled results in percentages. Use the data to write an analytical paragraph to summarise the findings of the survey. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. Frequency of reading among Reading preference (Literature) Reading preference (Magazines and students aged 12 to 17 among students aged 12 to 17 Newspapers) among students aged 12 to 17 10 C. LINE GRAPH The line graph below shows the number of incidents of UFO sightings in North India in six months – July to December last year. Study the statistics carefully and then summarise them in the form of an analytical paragraph. UFOs or Unidentified Flying Objectes continue to be sighted at various places in North India. The data for the last six months of the last year shows that these incidents have shown a fluctuating trend. According to the given line graph, as many as 15 UFO sightings were reported in the month of July. The month of August registered a thirty-three percent increase in such sightings. However, between September and November, the sightings fell sharply from 15 to under 10 before their numbers shot up again in December which registered an equal number of UFO sightings as in July and September. Overall, there have been ups and downs in the number of UFO sightings made in the last six months in North India although the data does not indicate the type of UFOs sighted, where and by whom and whether the claim could be verified by scientists or not. P ractice Exercises 1. The following line graph shows the average number Passenger numbers for the Blue Line of Delhi Metro of passengers who travelled by the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro between October 2019 and March 32 Passengers (in thousands) 2020. Study the information carefully and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words 24 to summarise it. Make comparisons wherever 18 appropriate and draw conclusions. 12 6 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 11 2. The line graph below shows the consumption of fast food by Indian urban teenagers between 2005 and 2020. Study the information carefully and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words to summarise it. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. Line Graph Showing the Number of Times in a Year Indian Urban Teenagers Consumed Some Popular Fast Food Items between 2005 and 2020 450 400 350 300 Fizzy Drinks and Shakes 250 Indian Snacks 200 Pizzas 150 French Fries 100 Burgers 50 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 3. The line graph and the bar graph below show the amount of waste India is going to produce in the coming years and how much land will be needed to dispose of it. Study the information carefully and then write an analytical paragraph to summarise it. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. How much waste is India going to generate in the coming years? 300 Solid Waste Generation (Million tones/day) 200 100 0 1997 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2047 How much land are we going to need to dispose waste? 1400 - 1200 - Land Requirement 1000 - 800 - (in sq.km) 600 - 400 - 200 - 0- 1997 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2047 Source: Position Paper on the Solid Waste Management Sector in India, Dept. of Economic Affairs 2009 12 D. TABLE The table below shows risk of death posed by five different causes in two income groups of people along with the world average of these deaths. Study the data carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Deaths among Three Different Income Groups due to Different Risks/Causes Risk World Low and High middle income income Percentage of deaths Indoor smoke from solid fuels 3.3 3.9 0.0 Unsafe drinking water, insanitation, lack of hygiene 3.2 3.8 0.1 Urban outdoor air pollution 2.0 1.9 2.5 Global climate change 0.2 0.3 0.0 Lead exposure 0.2 0.3 0.0 The table shows some statistics related to deaths among low and middle income groups as well as high income groups due to five reasons – indoor smoke from solid fuels; unsafe water, insanitation and lack of hygiene; urban outdoor pollution; global climate change and lead exposure. As is clear from the data, the high income group people die of the outdoor pollution more than any other cause. They account for 2.5% of all deaths which is higher than the world average of 2.0%. A mere 0.1% people of this group die of drinking unsafe water, insanitation and/or lack of hygiene. On the other hand, the lower and middle income group has mortality rate higher than the world average in all categories except urban outdoor air pollution, where it is 0.1% less than the world average of 2%. This group accounts for 3.9% and 3.8% deaths due to indoor smoke from solid fuels and unsafe drinking water, insanitation and lack of hygiene respectively. Global climate change and lead exposure account for 0.3% death each among this group. Overall, more people in the lower and middle income group die of the given causes than the high income group people. P ractice Exercises 1. The table below shows the average daily consumption of coffee and tea on weekdays by six employees in a company. Study the information carefully and then write a paragraph analysing the data. Make comparisons and draw conclusions as appropriate. Coffee Tea Total No. of Cups Employee AM PM AM PM Coffee Tea Bhushan 0 0 2 2 0 4 Chaitali 1 2 0 0 3 0 Evan 1 1 1 1 2 2 Mahmood 0 0 2 3 0 5 Sukhwinder 2 0 0 2 2 2 Mohanan 2 2 0 0 4 0 13 2. The table below shows some statistics about the estimated and actual profits (in millions of Indian Rupees) of a particular company in the year 2020 as well as details of the 2019 figures. Study the information carefully and summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions wherever appropriate. YEARLY FINANCIAL SUMMARY TABLE 2019 2020 2020 (Targeted) (Actual) Revenue 270 340 430 Cost of Goods Sold 150 180 160 Gross Profit 120 160 290 Costs of Operations 14 16 18 Taxes Paid 4 5 6 Net Income 102 139 266 3. The table below gives in percentage the number of office goers who used different modes of transport to go to work in the years 2019 and 2020 as well as their projected figures for the year 2021. Study the data carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions wherever appropriate. Year Walking Bicycle Motorcycle/ Own Car Taxi Bus Local Scooter Trains 2019 2 27 39 10 1 12 9 2020 1 11 31 16 12 16 13 2021 0 7 40 11 6 19 17 14 The table below contains some information about climate change and air-pollution, their causes and effects on the environment. Study the information carefully and then write an analytical paragraph to summarise it in your own words. CLIMATE CHANGE AIR POLLUTION Gases Green House Gases (GHG) – primarily CO2 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Particulate Matter (PM) Effects Global Local/Regional Human Health Indirect through effect of Global Warming Direct: breathing problems for healthy Effects people, eye, nose, throat & lung irritation, asthma, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, death Timescale of Long-term, in the future Short-term, immediate Effects Env. Effects Global warming, rising sea levels Acid Rain, smog Major Anthropo- Burning of fossil fuels from motor vehicles Burning of fossil fuels, exhausts mostly logical sources and industry (mostly energy sector) from industry and motor vehicles Two of the environment’s most serious problems – climate change and air pollution can be blamed on Green House Gases, mainly carbon dioxide, that cause climate changes with global repercussions, and Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, VOCs or volatile organic compounds and PM or particulate matter, which have mainly local or regional effects. While climate change affects human health in an indirect way through the various effects of global warming, air- pollution has direct effects on human health causing such problems as breathing difficulties for healthy people, eye, nose, throat and lung irritation as well as asthma, chronic bronchitis, heart disease and even death. These effects are often short-term and almost always immediate whereas effects of climate change take a long time to manifest. The climate change triggered by global warming is responsible for such environment problems as rising sea levels, and air-pollution, on the other hand, is to be blamed for problems like acid rain and smog. Burning of fossil fuels is responsible for both climate change and air pollution. P ractice Exercise 1. The following infographic gives some information about what people of a particular city should do in three emergency situations – evacuation, shelter-in-place and lockdown. Analyse the information carefully and then summarise it in the form of a paragraph in about 150 words. Do not just reproduce the information by simply copying language from the infographic. 15  EMERGENCY INFORMATION Evacuation Shelter-in-Place Lockdown u FIRE ALARM u SEVERE WEATHER u VIOLENCE OR When: u POWER OUTAGE When: u HAZARDOUS When: THREAT OF u AS DIRECTED MATERIAL SPILL VIOLENCE What to do: What to do: What to do: u Use the "Boot" to secure the door. u Follow directions given by security u Use the "Boot" to secure the door Leave the building immediately. u Stay away from windows and doors u Secure and lock windows and close u Remain calm – walk, do not run blinds/shades u Move to an interior room, stairwell, or u Last person out closes the door hallway with no windows on the lowest u Turn off lights and monitors floor u Leave by the nearest safe exit u Keep quiet u Use phones only for emergencies u Do not use elevators u Silence cell phones u Stay in place until the "All clear" is given u Assist others, if safe to do so u Do not open doors during a lockdown, even in the event of a fire alarm u Report missing persons or persons left behind to emergency responders Fire, Medical Emergency or Violence u Stay in safe areas until directed by law enforcement u Report to Evacuation Area and await instructions Call 911 u Do not re-enter building until "All clear" is given 16  The visual below shows how gasoline and diesel reach our local gas stations. Study the information carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions as appropriate. Do not add any new information. Flow of gasoline (or petrol) and diesel to your local gas station Refinery storage Imported crude oil Tanker or barge Tanker truck Gas station Refinery A Bulk Pipeline terminal Common storage Gas station storage Tanker truck Domestic pipeline crude oil Refinery B Tanker truck Gas station Tanker or barge Refinery Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Imported crude oil storage Ever wondered how petroleum fuels like petrol and diesel you use to run your vehicles reach your local gas stations? The entire process passes through several stages from the production or import, refinement, storage, transportation and distribution. In the first stage, the crude oil which is imported from other countries or produced domestically reaches refineries where it is refined in several stages to obtain petrol and diesel, two among a whole range of petroleum- based products. These products are stored in refinery storage facilities which are connected to a central pipeline delivery system. Petrol and diesel from this storage facility are carried to bulk terminal storage tanks either through a network of pipelines or though tankers or barges. Next, tanker trucks further transport these products from the bulk storage tanks to the gas stations in towns and cities where consumers can buy them as and when they require. 17  P ractice Exercises 1. The visual below shows how milk is produced, processed and sold through a distribution network to reach the consumers. Study the visual carefully and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words summarizing the various stages of the process in your own words. Do not add any new information. 1 2 3 4 Dairy farmers milk cows and Milk vans/trucks/jeeps etc. bring Milk is tested for purity and safety Milk tankers carry the collected buffaloes the milk to a chilling centre for as well as for fat content milk to a dairy plant refrigeration 5 The process of milk production and distribution. Milk is processed and pasteurized and kept chilled 9 8 7 6 Consumers consume The packaged milk is distributed The remaining milk is packaged Milk, cheese, butter and ghee milk through shops and supermarkets in bottles/polypacks are prepared from some milk *Milk of sheep, goats and camels is also used in some parts of the world. 2. The visual below shows the process in which sea water is made fit for human consumption (cooking, drinking, bathing and washing etc.). Study the information in the visual carefully and then write a paragraph in about 150 words to summarise the various stages of the process. Do not add any new information from your side. Ocean STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 Water Pre-Treatment Reverse Osmosis (RO) Conditioning + disinfection Consumer Leftover high-salinity water discharged as brine. Filters remove suspended Reverse osmosis membranes Mineral and/or chemicals are solids and other particles separate dissolved minerals added to ensure produced that would interfere with (including salts) and other water meets health, aesthetic the desalting process. impurities from the water. and anti-corrosion standards. 18 Given below are the two maps of a library in a city. Carefully study both the maps and then write an analytical paragraph describing the major changes or renovations the library has undergone in the last 20 years. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw your own conclusions. City Library in 2000 Toilets Book Shelves & Reading Hall Door 2 P A R K I N G DRIVE WAY Magazine & Newspaper Stands Book Issue & Return Counter Door 1 Main Entrance City Library in 2020 Exit from PARKING Way to Underground Underground Parking & Cafeteria Parking & Cafeteria Door 2 Door 1 Book Issue & Return Counter Magazine & Water Station Newspaper Stand Book Shelves & Reading Hall DRIVE WAY DRIVE WAY Toilets Pool Area Main Exit Books Exhibition Area Entrance 19  The City Library, the central point of the city has undergone many changes in the last twenty years. In the year 2000 it was much smaller with half of its area on the right being occupied by the entrance driveway and parking lots. Toilets for the visitors were located behind the parking lots. Visitors got access to the reading hall and bookshelves from a door close to the main entrance gate. For this they first had to go past the books issue and return counter. Newspaper and magazine stands were located behind this counter. Twenty years later, the library has been completely redesigned and rebuilt and a lot of new facilities have been added to it. The entrance driveway remains on the right but has become narrower. Ornamental plants can be seen growing all along it. The driveway takes you to an underground parking area in the extreme end of which is a cafeteria for visitors. On the ground floor a new reading hall has been built which is nearly double the size of the old reading hall and also contains an issue and return counter, a water station and toilets. While the visitors enter from the right hand side gate of the library, they exit from the parking lot from the gate on the left hand which leads to the exit driveway. The open area right in front of the reading hall has a lush green garden with a pool and some easy garden chairs for readers as well as a permanent books exhibition area. P ractice Exercise 1. Given below are two maps – A and B of APJ School. Map 'A' shows the layout of the school as it was in 2015 and Map 'B' shows the layout of the school at present. Carefully study the two maps and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words describing the major changes in the layout. MAP A Gate 2 Raja Ram Mohan Rai Road Gate 1 PATH Middle School Block Nursery, KG and Playground Primary Block Third Floor (Multipurpose Hall) Second Floor PATH (Classes IV and V) Second Floor Secondary School Block (Class VIII) First Floor (Classes I, II and III) First Floor (Classes VI & VII) Second Floor PATH PATH Ground Floor (Classes IX, X (Nursery and KG Ground Floor & Auditorium) Section) (Office Library First Floor and Dispensary) (Administrative Block & Principal's Office) Ground Floor Parking for Staff (Cars, Bikes) & Students (Bicycles) 20  MAP B Raja Ram Mohan Rai Road Gate 2 Gate 1 PATH Tagore Block Gandhi Block Roof Top: Six Skating Rink Flo th Indoor or Fi Multipurpose Hall Flo fth and Sports Office or Duplex Fif Flo th Auditorium Hall or Science Lab and (1000 Capacity) Library Fo Fo u u Flo rth Flo rth or or Classes VII & VIII Multi-discipline Class XII Playground Th Th Flo ird PATH PATH Flo ird or or Classes V & VI Class XI Se Se c c Flo ond Flo ond or or Class X and Classes III & IV Sports Office Fi Fi Flo rst Flo rst or or Class IX and Classes I & II Science Labs Gr Gr o o Flo und Accounts Section, Flo und Principal Office, or 100% Basement: PARKING or Visitor's Lounge, Staff cars & bikes Administrative Block, Student bicycles Infirmary Visitor's Lounge Ba School Buses se Ba me se me nt Indoor Games Hall nt Library, Gym and and Library Swimming Pool 21 The visual below shows the life-cycle of a turtle. Study the information carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions wherever appropriate. C. Movement to Sea: Nesting*: (creating a safe underground nest and laying eggs) After hatching, baby turtles race towards the sea. D. Childhood or Juvenile Period: B. Hatching: For first few years, young turtles feed on Eggs hatch after an incubation planktonic invertebrates on surface water. period of 45-70 days Move with ocean currents. H. Breeding Migration: After breeding is completed for the season, adults migrate E. Adulthood: back to foraging grounds to feed In 20-50 years, turtles reach and prepare for the next breeding the size of about 60 cms. season. Breeding migrations occur Settle in near-shore shallow A. Nesting*: every 3-5 years. waters to feed, and reach Each female lays adulthood and sexual maturity. 5-6 nests per nesting season. Average number of eggs per nest 30-160. Eggs buried in pits F. Breeding: 70-80 cms deep. After a long maturation period of G. Return to their 20-50 years, the turtles are ready Original Birth Place: to breed and perform long distance Turtles return to their original breeding migrations. birth place to breed and lay eggs. The life cycle of a sea turtle has several stages like nesting, hatching, early childhood or juvenile period, adulthood and breeding and it spans over a hundred years. Each female on an average nests, i.e. creates a safe underground nest and lays eggs therein, for 5-6 nests per nesting season. Depending upon the species, a turtle nest can contain 30 to 160 eggs which remain buried in sand pits 70-80 centimetres deep. The eggs incubate for 45-70 days and as soon as they hatch, baby turtles rush towards the sea. Young or juvenile turtles feed on planktonic invertebrates and move with ocean currents in the first few years of their life. Upon reaching the size of about 60 centimetres, the turtles settle in near-shore shallow waters to feed and mature to adulthood, which can take anything between 20 to 50 years. Thereafter, turtles are ready for long distance breeding migrations which may occur every 3 to 5 years. Turtles usually return to their original birth place for breeding. After breeding is completed for the season, adults migrate back to foraging grounds to feed and prepare for the next breeding season. That is how this cycle goes on and on. 22  P ractice Exercises 1. The visual below shows how viruses multiply. Carefully study the given information and then summarise the main ideas in an analytical paragraph in about 150 words. Active viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells. How Viruses Multiply 5. The bacterium bursts open, 1. A virus attaches to releasing new viruses. the surface of a The viruses go on to infect bacterium. more cells. Active Virus 4. The proteins and genetic 2. The virus injects material assemble into its genetic material new viruses that fill the into the bacterium. bacterium. 3. The virus genetic material takes over the cell functions of the bacterium. The cell starts to produce the virus's proteins and genetic material. 2. The diagram below describes the process of water cycle in the atmosphere. Study the information carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Condensation Water vapour in the air cools down and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. Water storage in the atmosphere Precipitation Condensed water vapour that falls to the Earth's surface such as rain, snow and hail. Evaporation Transpiration Water on the surface of rivers, Run off Once absorbed water lakes, and oceans heats up and Water from rain or melted reaches the leaves of becomes vapour, or steam, which snow moves across the a plant, some goes into the air. land, running into evaporates into lakes and oceans. the air. Water storage in oceans Infiltration Water flows from the surface into the ground and becomes soil moisture Groundwater discharge or groundwater. 23 The visual below shows differences between two types of diabetes* in humans. Carefully study the information and then write an analytical paragraph comparing both the types and highlighting similarities and differences. TYPE 1 TYPE 2 DIABETES DIABETES u Symptoms usually can u May not exhibit be seen in childhood or symptoms before young adulthood diagnosis u Episodes of low blood u Usually no episodes of low sugar (Hypoglycemia) blood sugar level are common u Accounts for 5-10% of u Typically diagnosed in all diabetes diagnosis Adulthood (though not always) u Immune system eliminates u Insulin resistance *Diabetes: a disease in which Sou rce insulin production the body's ability to produce s: W or respond to the hormone eb M D insulin is impaired, resulting in an Cannot be prevented May be prevented/ dA u u m abnormal metabolism of er an delayed ic Di ab et es carbohydrates and elevated As soc iat io n levels of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone is impaired due to various reasons. As a result of this impairment, there is an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates in the body and an elevation in the glucose levels in the blood. Diabetes is of two types – Type 1 and Type 2. Both the types have certain similarities and differences. Take for example, the symptoms in Type 1 – they can be usually seen in childhood or young adulthood itself but in Type 2 they may not manifest in any form until the disease is diagnosed. Type 1 is characterised by episodes of hypoglycemia or low blood sugar levels whereas no such episodes are normally seen in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 accounts for 5 to 10 per cent of all diabetes cases, the remaining are Type 2 cases, which are typically diagnosed, though not always, in adulthood. In Type 1, the immune response of the body eliminates the production of insulin hormone, whereas the bodies of patients with Type 2 diabetes develop resistance to insulin. While Type 2 can be prevented or delayed in a majority of cases through exercise and diet regimes, Type 1, unfortunately, cannot be prevented. It requires a life long use of insulin. 24  P ractice Exercises 1. The Venn diagram below shows three different types of forests. Study the information given in the diagram and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions, wherever appropriate. Alpines Tundra u Located in mountain ranges u Youngest and coldest biome* u 10% of earth's surface u Wastelands and rocks and The Tundra's u Dry and not much precipitation less vegetation and trees Trees coverage of the u u 40 species of animals earth's surface is u Winter lasts from June to u Located in the Northern 20% while the September Hemisphere Alpines' is 10% u Plants and animals must adapt to u 20% of the earth's UV exposure and cold weather surface Polar Lands, Alpines and the Tundra The Alpines The Tundra is and Temperate very cold while Forests are similar Temperate Forests because they have go through four hiberating animals. seasons. Temperate Forests *biome: (noun) the characteristic plants and animals u Eastern North America, New Zealand, Asia and Europe that exist in a particular type of u Cool and rainy environment, for example in a u Deciduous trees forest or desert. u Hibernating animals u Four seasons 2. The Venn diagram below compares comets and asteroids. Study the information given in the diagram and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph in about 150 words. Make comparisons and draw conclusions wherever appropriate. Comets Asteroids Made of: Ice, rock and Made of: rock and metals compounds with hydrogen Both and carbon Relics of Length: 5 meters to nearly 1,000 the early kilometers Length: 1 kilometer to nearly solar system 100 kilometers No tails; at least one found to Hazy clouds and tails form as they Orbit the sun have water near the sun Not spherical in Most in asteroid belt between Most in outer solar system shape Mars and Jupiter (Kuiper belt or Oort cloud) Have collided Probably formed inside Jupiter's Probably formed in outer with Earth orbit solar system May have caused mass May have delivered water to Earth extinctions on Earth 3. The following table lists some similarities and differences between African and Indian elephants. Study the information carefully and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and draw conclusions wherever appropriate. 25  AFRICAN ELEPHANT INDIAN ELEPHANT u Herbivorous migratory herds u Herbivorous migratory herds u Social females, solitary males u Social females, solitary males u Irresistible caring of the calves u Irresistible caring of the calves u Little more aggressive u Less aggressive (compared to African elephants) u Larger, Females: 2 – 3 metres, u 2 – 3 metres Males: up to 3.5 metres u Weighs more, 3 – 6 tons u 2 – 4 tons u Ears are large and round; u Ears are not very large grow above the head height u Clearly visible concave back u Back is not concave u Wrinkles on the skin are predominant u Wrinkles on the skin are not very dense u Tip of the trunk has two fingers u One finger at the tip u Both males and females have tusks u Only males have tusks 26 The table below lists the various timings for drinking coffee soon after it is made for a customer along with a recommendation for an ideal time when the coffee should be consumed. Study the information and then summarise it in the form of an analytical paragraph. In conclusion say when Mr James can get the best out of his cup of coffee. WHEN SHOULD MR. JAMES DRINK HIS COFFEE? QUANTITATIVE DATA QUALITATIVE DATA Time Temperature (Minutes) (Celsius) Drinkability 0 80 scalding 1 75 painful tongue burn 1.5 70 mild tongue burn 5.5 65 blow on it and take a small sip 8 60 perfect to sip 13 55 perfect to gulp 20 50 good, not great 26 45 pretty warm and passable 33 40 warm and slightly unpleasant 41 35 cool and uninviting This paragraph tries to suggest the best time when Mr. James can get the maximum taste, aroma and joy from his cup of coffee. For this purpose the temperature of a cup of the hot beverage was recorded immediately after it was prepared and the readings of temperatures at different time intervals were recorded. The drink was tasted every time its temperature was measured. What follows is a summary of the findings. When the coffee is just strained out from the machine or pan, its temperature is as high as 80°C at which it is scalding hot and cannot be even sipped without burning the lips. After a minute, the temperature comes down by five degrees but the coffee is still so hot that it can give painful burns to the tongue. Allow the coffee to cool down for half a minute more to reduce its temperature by 5 more degrees. However, it is still hot enough to give a mild burn to the tongue. At 8 minutes after preparation, it is just perfect to sip at a temperature of 60° C. When its temperature reaches 55°C, it becomes ideal to gulp and this stage arrives at around 13 minutes after preparation. At 50°C it remains good for consumption but no longer great in taste. Twenty-six minutes after preparation, it is pretty warm at 45°C and can be considered just passable but after that it begins to be first slightly unpleasant but warm, and then cool and uninviting. So, it is recommended that Mr. James can get the best out of his cup of coffee when it measures 55°C, which is approximately after 13 minutes of its preparation at standard summer room temperature and pressure. 27  P ractice Exercise 1. Given below is some information about a promising young music artist. Study the information carefully and then write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words suggesting: u why you think he has the promise of a great artist u how he should prioritise his ultimate goals (i.e. which goal to achieve, when and why) u what he should do to achieve these goals u what difficulties you think he may have to face in achieving his goals What Should Pranav Wahi Do? Pranav Wahi (20 years unmarried male) Profession : Guitarist, Lyricist, Music Producer Training : u Foundation Course in Instrumental Music (Guitar) from KMMP AR Rahman Music Academy (1 year ago) u 1 Year Music Production Course from Sonic Field Music Production Academy, NOIDA (in progress) Source of Income : Support from father, stage shows, background music score for artists/singers/rappers, TV shows, and short films Marriage Plans : Not in any relationship currently, no plan for marriage for the next five years Ultimate Aim : Produce music for Bollywood films, do solo shows, establish own band with like-minded musicians, launch albums and singles of own songs, judge a reality show, teach music at a renowned institute, win Grammy award 28  M ore Practice Exercises 1. The pie chart below shows some data about the sources of greenhouse gas emissions from the food choices in the USA in 2008. Study the information carefully and then write a paragraph analysing the given data. Wherever appropriate make comparisons and draw conclusions. Sources of greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. food choices Cereals & Drinks, oils carbs snacks etc. Chips Soda Chicken, fish & eggs 25% Fruits & 10% Vegetables 9% 10% 17% 29% Red Meat Dairy Adapted from: Weber and Matthews (2008) Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impact of Food Choices in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (10), 3508-3513 2. The following bar graph and pie-chart show the seat occupancy and market share in per cent that six domestic airlines had last year. Study the data carefully and write an analytical paragraph in about 150 words. Make comparisons where appropriate and draw conclusions. Market Share (in %) SEAT OCCUPANCY 16.1 Vistara (Spice Jet) 46.8 98% (IndiGo) Go Air 83% 10.3 (Go Air) Air India 76% 5.9 IndiGo (Vistara) 89% Spice Jet 4.7 81% (Rest) Rest 16.2 (Air India) 74% *All statistics are imaginary 3. Given below are the results of a phone survey of a group of 1000 students aged 13-16 about what they think of online classes. Study the information carefully and then write a paragraph in about 150 words analysing the data. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. 29  What Students aged 13-16 think of Find online classes boring Online Classes (in %) Find online classes interesting 10 Feel online classes adversely affect 9 health 11 43 Complain that online classes do not follow any set time table 27 Complain that teachers are not well versed in the use of computer and information technology 4. The line graph below shows the number of fatal crashes by vehicle type in 'X' country between 2014 and 2020. Study the information carefully and then write a paragraph in about 150 words analysing the data. Make comparisons wherever appropriate and draw conclusions. Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type in 'X' Country between 2014 and 2020 31,000 Passenger Cars 20,000 Light Trucks