Anatomy and Physiology - Skeletal System - PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Formation of new layers of bones. SKELETAL SYSTEM 2. OSTEOCYTES : LECTURER: - mature bone cells that maintain the bones....

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Formation of new layers of bones. SKELETAL SYSTEM 2. OSTEOCYTES : LECTURER: - mature bone cells that maintain the bones. G. CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD,MD.,RN.,RM.MAP.PGCE. - its an osteblast surrounded by bone matrix - LACUNAE : spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies. SKELETAL SYSTEM - Canaliculi : spaces occupied by by the osteocyte FUNCTIONS: cell processes. 1. Support : bears the weight> majorsupporting Bone cells are in contact with one onother structure of the body. through canaliculi. Cartilage : firm , flexible support ( ex, trachea) 2. Protection : hard and protects the organ itsurrounds. 3 Osteoclasts : for resorption or breakdown of cells. 3. Movements : Tendons ; releases H+ for bone decalcification. Ligaments : also releases enzymes that digests the joints: two bones come together and protein components of bones. allows movements. 4. Storage : calcium and phosphorus, fats ORIGIN OF BONES : 5. Blood cell production. - From mesenchymal cells Bone Marrow Stem cell Cavities are filled with RED bone marrow that - stem cells White blood cells results to blood cell and platelets. Osteochondral progenator cells Monocytes CARTILAGE Osteoblasts and Chondroblasts OSTEOCLASTS 1. Hyaline Osteocyte Chondrocyte 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage Classification of bone tissue : 1, Woven = collagen are randomly oriented in many Hyaline : associated with the bone directions. happens in fetal development CHONDROBLAST : are cells that produce cartilage Repair of fractures. matrix. Osteclasts break the bone Chondrocytes : cells with matrix that surrounds a Osteolblasts make the new bone. chodroblast and occupies a pace called woven bone is remodeled to become a lacuna within the matrix. lamellar bone. Proteoglycan > taps water and makes the cartilage resilient. 2. Lamellar bone : mature bone that is organized Perichondrium : covers the cartilage. into thin sheets of layers called lamellae. Note : there is no blood vessels in the cartilage Classification of bones based on the amount of matrix and Diffusion ; process whereby the nutrients is passed to space present within the bones. the cartilage. CANCELLOUS Bones less bone matrix more space ARTICULAR CARTILGE COMPACT Bones - present in joints More bones matrix Less space - NO blood vessels or nerves. Interstitial growth: is the addition of matrix within the Cancellous Bones cartilage. Trabeculae : - thin rods of plates of interconnecting bone BONE MATRIX : - bear weight and help bones resist being 35% : Organic : Collagen and proteoglycans and stretching Flexible strength - between this trabeculae are filled with bone 65% : Inorganic : Calcium phosphate crystals marrow and blood vessels. ( Hydroxy apatite) COMPACT BONES Weight bearing strength. - denser and fewer space than cancellous bones. Bone : remove the Collagen: >> Brittle - has blood vessels remove the Mineral : >> Overly flexible Haversian Canal : Concentric lamellae : circular layers of bone matrix that BONE CELLS : surrounds the central canal. 1. Osteoblast : produce collagen and Haversian system or OSTEON : single central canal. proteoglycans The other contents Ossification : formation of the bones by Concentric lamellae osteoblasts : Osteocytes  long bone where the marrows are located. Haversian system : RED BONE MARROW - resembles a bulls –eye target. - The site RBC production central canal ithe bulls eye target YELLOW BONE MARROW Concentric lamellae forms the ring. - Mostly adipose tissue. Osteocytes are located between the lamellar rings Note marrow from the HIP bone is used as a Cannaliculi connects the Lacunae source of donating red none marrow. PERIOSTEUM: circumferential lamellae: thin plates that extend around a connective tissue membrane that covers the outer the bone and Forms the outer surfaces of the compact surface of the bone. bones. Outer fibrous : DICT Inner circular/ ENDOSTEUM : single INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE layer of bone with progenator cells, - located between the osteons osteocllasts and osteoblasts. - these are remnants of circumferential or concentric lamellae that were partially removed during the BONE DEVELOPMENT: bone remodelling. INRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION : Volkmann’s canal : these area canal through which the - Is a formation of bones within a connective tissue blood vessels from the pereosteum or medullary cavity membrane. enters the bones. CENTER OF OSSIFICATION -the area also where the osteocytes receive - old bone with a expanding edges of youngest nutrients and eliminate waste products. bone. Volkmanns Canal= serves as a connection - FONTANELLES “ spaces of the skull bone that have not yet been ossified. BONE ANATOMY : ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICAION Shapes : - is the formation of bone within the cartilage. LONG BONES : Longer than wide BONE GROWTH - upper and lower limbs Appositional Growth : the way Bones develop. - deposition of new bone matrix by osteoblasts SHORT BONES : nearly cubed shaped or round onto the surface of the trabeculae. - Wrist bones ( Carpals) Growth in Long Bones - Ankle Bones ( Tarsals) Bone length is achieved by the growth of FLAT BONES EPIPHYSEAL PLATE. -Thin, flattened and are curved. - skull bones, GROWTH IN BONE LENGTH breast bone ( sternum ) Bone length is achieved by the growth of EPIPHYSEAL Shoulder blades ( Scapula) PLATE. - cancelous bone sandwiched between two 1. ZONE of RESTING STAGE layers of compact bones. nearest to the epiphysis and contains IRREGULAR BONES chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly. - shapes that do not fit in the other 3 categories. 2. ZONE of PROLIFERATION - Vertebrae and facial bones. Chondrocytes form a new cartilage thru interstitial cartilage growth. Chondrocytes divide and form columns STRUCTURE OF THE LONG BONES resembling stacks of plates or coins. DIAPHYSIS or SHAFT - primarily a compact bone 3. ZONE of HYPERTROPHY - end of the long bone is cancellous bone with - the chondrocytes produced in the zone of outer layer of compact bones. proliferation mature and enlarges. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - a hyaline cartilage at the end of the lond 4. ZONE of CALCIFICATION bones within joints. - very thin and contains hyperthropied EPIPHYSEAL PLATE or GROWTH PLATE chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. - a long bone that is still growing located Diapysis increases in length due to new cartilage are - site of growth in bone length. formed in the zone of proliferation and enlargement of EPIPHYSIS : the end of long bones cells in the zone of hypertrophy. NOTE : as the bone achieves Normal adult size, EPIPHYSEAL LINE : a bone that serves as a replacement of bone growth stops as the epiphyseal plate the epiphyseal plate that has stopped growing. is ossified and becomes an epiphyseal MEDULLARY CAVITY : line. - a large internal space in the diaphysis of the - 12 to 15 years old. BUT Calcium level in the The articular cartilage does not become ossified bone Increases when growth of the epiphyseal plate stops. PTH : increases the uptake of calcium in the intestine - Promotes the formation in vitamin D FACTORS AFFECTING THE BONE GROWTH in the intestines 1. Nutrition - Increases the reabsorption of calcium > Vitamin D. Increases the absorption of calcium n from urine in the kidneys. the intestines. IF the calcium is HIGH in the blood - expose to sunlight. - PTH levels decrease RICKETS = Vitamin D deficiency in Chidren - (+) movement of calcium to the bones - Vitamin D is decreased so less OSTEOMALCIA = Vitamin D defficiency in ADULTS absoprtion in the intestines. - Less reabsorption of Calcium in urine. 2. HORMONES - GROWTH Hormones : increases the over all CALCITONIN : tissue growth. - Decreases Osteoclastic activity resulting to the GIGANTISM : Abnormally increased Height. decrease in blood calcium levels. - ACROMEGALLY : increase in connective tissue growth EFFECTS OF AGING in the skeletal SYSTEM including the bones after the epiphyseall plate have 1. Bone is more brittle in older clients ossified. 2. Bone Mass decreases -Increase in the diameter or thickness of the 3. Increases the like hood of bone fracture. bone. 4. Increase like hood of bone compression Dwarfism : Curvature of the spine, stooped posture) - Abnormally decreased in height. 5. Tooth loss SEX HORMONES : ESTROGEN ( female sex hormones) END END END END END END TESTOSTERONE ( male sex hormones ) Both caused burst of growth in puberty. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY However >> both can stimulate the ossification of epiphyseal plate. TOPIC : AXIAL SKELETON : SKULL RESULT : Female stop growing earlier than males cause estrogen can cause a quicker clossure of LECTURER: G. CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD.,MD.,RN.,RM the epiphyseal plate. AXIAL SKELETON : SKULL BONE REMODELLING : SKELETON - The process of replacing the old bones with the new bones. Skeleton : 206 Bones - OSTEOCLASTS - remove the old bones - OSTEOBLASTS - deposits the new bones. Paired Bones : same bones on both sides of the body CALCIUM HEMOSTASIS 86 - Bone is the major storage site of calcium in the body. Unpaired Bones : bones in the midline of the body, - Helps in the maintenance of calcium in the blood. BLOOD BONE 34 CALCIUM as osteoblasts builds the Tubercle : small rounded bump bones a ligament may be attached to this CALCIUM as osteoclasts break Process : a prominent projection MORE Calcium in the blood down the bone calcium Foramen : Hole : maybe occupied by a nerve or moves out of blood vessel the bone Condyle : has a smooth rounded end covered by a PARATHYROID HORMONE particular cartilage. major regulator of blood calcium Calcium level Decrease: PTH increases AXIAL SKELETON : Osteoclasts breaks the boneto release calcium - forms the upright axis of the body. into the bone - protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs housed within the thorax SKULL Nuchal lines : smal ridges that extend laterally from - other name is cranium the protuberance and are the point of Brain case : 8 bones attachments of several neck muscles. Paired : Parietal and temporal LATERAL VIEW OF THE SKULL : UN Paired : Frontal, Occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid Temporal largest part of the side of the bones. skull FACIAL BONES : Parietal - forms the structure of the face Squamous Suture : Joins the parietal and temporal bones. - 2 Maxilla 2 Zygomatic External accoustic or auditory meatus : 2 Palatine 2 lacrimal large hole that serves as a 2 nasal passageway for sound towards the ear 2 Inferior nasal concha drum. 1 Mandible 1 Vomer Mastoid Process : ____ - Large inferior projection - just below the inferior auditory meatus 14 Bones - filled with mastoid air cells connected to the middle ear. Facial Bones >support the organs of vision, smell - serves as attachment for muscles that and taste. rotates the neck. > attachment for muscles of mastication Facial expression and Eye movements. Shenoid Bone : Greater Wing Maxilla - anterior to the temporal bones. - it’s a single bone that extends completely Mandible holds the teeth across the skull. Temporal bones : holds the Auditory ossicles. Zygomatic or Cheekbone : seen and felt on the face. Calvaria Or Skullcap : top of the skull Zygomatic arch : consist of joint processes from the *** temporal and zygomatic bones and forms a bridge on the side of the skull. Superior View of the skull : see the sutures. MAXILLA : Upper Jaw > anterior to the zygomatic bone Posterior view of the skull Mandible : Lamdoid suture : the suture that connects the Lower Jaw : inferior to the maxilla. parietal bones and the occipital bones. Consist of two parts : 1. Body Wormian or Sutural bones : extra small bones that 2. Ramus: (+) MANDIBULAR lines the lambdoid suture. CONDYLE > articulates with the temporal bone External occipital protruberance : allowing movement of the mandible. Coronoid Process is the attachment site of the - Present on the postereior surface of the temporalis muscle to the occipital bone. mandible. - site of attachment of ligamentun NUCHA Alveolar Process : Present in the Maxilla and the mandible for the attachment of teeth. Ligamentum Nucha : Anterior view of the skull an elastic ligament that extend the neck down and Frontal bone : Forehead helps keep the head erect by pulling on the occipital Zygomatic Bones : Cheekbone region of the skull. Maxilla Mandible. Cavities of the skull : ORBITS NASAL cavity. - where mandibular condyle articulates with the ORBIT : Enclose the eyeball skull. ( anterior to the mastoid) - eye ball rotates within - Provides protection of the eye Nasal Septum - attachment for the muscle of the eye > Posterior surface is bounded on each side by the OPENINGS OF THE ORBIT : vertical bony plates of sphenoid bone. Superior and inferior Orbital fissure a. Medial pterygoid plates - provide openings through which the nerves and blood b. Lateral pterygoid plates vessels communicate with the orbit or pass to the face. VOMER : forms most of the posterior portion of the nasal septum. OPTIC canal : entry of the optic nerve from the Hard Palate or the BONY PROMINENCE cranial cavity to the eye. - forms the floor of the nasal cavity. Nasolacrimal canal: from the orbit to the nasal cavity. > carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity END END END END END END END Nasal cavity : Nasal Septum : divides the nasal cavity into right ANATOMY LECTURE and left halves. TOPIC: AXIAL SKELETON : VERTEBRAE, STERNUM Superiorly : Perpendicular plate of ethmoid AND HYOID Inferiorly : Vomer LECTURER: Anterior : septal cartilage GIOVANNI CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD., MD., RN.,RM Lateral : 3 bony shelves : Nasal Concha. Note L: nasal concha and nasal septum increases the AXIAL SKELETON : VERTEBRAE, surface area in the nasal cavity which promotes moistening STERNUM AND HYOID and warming of the inhaled air and the removal of particles from the air by overlying mucous membranes. HYOID BONE Nasal Septum - Provides attachment for tongue muscle and also an attachment point for important neck muscle that Paranasal Sinuses : elevates the larynx during speech or swallowing. - unpaired - Paranasal sinuses : air filled cavities within bones - not a part of the adult skull which opens up in the nasal cavity. > lightens the weight of the bones Vertebral column > Acts as resonating chambers during voice - “ Backbone” production - central axis of the skeleton Inferior View of the Skull - extends from base of the skull to slightly past : Base of the skull the end of the pelvis. FORAMEN MAGNUN - present in the occipital bone Functions of the skeleton. - where the spinal cord passes through from 1. Supports the weight of the head and trunk the brain - passageway of the vertebra arteries. 2. Protects the spinal cord Occipital condyles : connects the skull to the 3. Provides a site for muscle attachment. vertebrae. Located just adjacent to the foramen magnun. 4. Provides a site for muscle attachment CAROTID CANAL 5. Permits movement of the head and trunk - seen from the inferior side - the entry of the carotid artery to supply the brain. JUGULAR FORAMINA FIVE REGIONS of the Vertebral column -Exit point of the Internal jugular vein 1. Cervical = 7 “C“ STYLOID PROCESS - two long pointed pen shaped processes from the inferior 2. Thoracic = 12 “T” surface of the temporal bone. - attached are muscles for movement of the tongue, hyoid 3. Lumbar = 5 “L” bone and pharynx. Mandibular Fossa 4. Sacral = 1 “S” 5. Coocygeal = 1 “CO” Note : Embryo has 33 or 34 Vertebra but the 5 sacral = all have a transverse foramen in each transverse process fuse to form 1 bone. through which the vertebral arteries extends towards their : 4-5 coccygeal also fuse to form 1 bone. Head. VERTEBRAE ATLAS Parts : = the first cervical vertebrae. Body : Weight bearing portion of the vertebra. = NO body = has large superior articular facets to articulate with Vertebral arc = projects posteriorly from the body the occipital condyles at the the base of the skull. = the joint allows the head too say YES. Two parts of the vertebral arch: = atlas does not have an spinous process 1. TWO PEDICLES = attached to the body AXIS 2. TWO Laminae = extends from the transverse = the second vertebra. process to the spinous process. = it has projections around which the atlas rotates to produce a NO motion of the head. Vertebral SPINE ( SEE ILLUSTRATION ) ODONTOID Or DENS Vertebral Foramen = the projection in the axis. = its an opening formed by vertebral arch and the posterior part of the body. Spinous process = the spinous process of most vertebra ends n two VERTEBRAL CANAL parts. And are called “ BIFID spinous process = formed by vertebral foramina and the next vertebral foramina. = contains the spina l cord and cauda equina VERTEBRA PROMINENCE = the most prominent spinous process and located in the 7nth cervical vertebra. It is felt Transverse process as a lump between the shoulders. It is not bifid. = extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch between the lamina and the pedicle THORACIC VERTEBRA = have attachment sites for the ribs SPINOUS PROCESS = have long , thin spinous process which are directed = located at the junction between the two laminae. inferiorly. = a series of lumps down the midline of the back. LUMBAR VERTEBRA NOTE : Transverse and spinous process are attachment = have large and thick bodies and heavy rectangular sites for muscles moving the vertebral column transverse and spinous process. Articular process SACRAL VERTEBRA = 5 in number = for the support and movement of the vertebral = fused into one bone called the SACRUM culumn a. Two Suprior A.P. ALAE = the superior part of the sacrum which forms b. Two Inferior A.P. a wing shaped area Note : Superior A.P of one vertebra articulates with the inferior process of tye next Superioor Vertebrae. AURICULAR SURFACES ARTICULAR FACET = the shape of the lateral surface of the sacrum are ear - A part of the articular process (smooth part) which shaped ( Auricular ) and joins the sacrum to the allows movements between the processes pelvic bones. Intervertebral Foramina = exit points of the spinal nerves in the vertebral MEDIAN SACRAL CREST column. = these are the first four sacral vertebrae that partially forms the projections. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN VERTEBRAE Cervical vertebrae SACRAL HIATUS = this is suppose to be the spinal process of the fifth  sacral vertebrae the did not form, resulting to gap. SCAPULA : which exposes the sacral canal.This gap is called the sacral hiatus. = flat triangular bone. GLENOID Cavity : a depression where Humerus SACRAL HIATUS connects to the scapula. = is used to gain entry into the sacral canal to administer anesthetic injections 3 Fossae of the Scapula a. Supraspinous Fossae SACRAL PROMONTORY - Superior to the spine = the anterior edge of the body of the first sacral vertebrae b. Infraspinous Fossa. = a land mark that separates the abdominal cavity from - Inferior to the spine the pelvic cavity c. Subscapular Fossa = felt in the vagina examination and is used as reference - anterior surface of the scapula point to determine the adequacy of the pelvic opening if it can allow the passage of the fetus Acromion : Extension of the spine forming the during vaginal delivery. point of the shoulder. = Protective covering of the shoulder joint. COCCYX = Attachment site for the clavicle and some = otherwise known as a tail bone of the shoulder muscle. = consist of four or more or less fused vertebrae. = easily broken in a fall or maybe fractured during child Corocoid process : curves below the clavicle and birth. provides attachment for arm and chest muscle. CLAVICLE : is a long bone with a slight sigmoid curve. End of lecture Acromial end : Laterally located = articulates with the acromion of the ANATOMY LECTURE scapula. TOPIC : APPENDICULAR SKELETON Sternal end : Medially located. LECTURER: = articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. ( only point of attachmen to the axial GIOVANNI CLYDE E. REBADULLA OD.,MD.,RN.,RM skeleton. APPENDICULAR SKELETON UPPER LIMB Appendicular Skeleton bones of the : Arm a. Bones of the upper limb b. Bones of the Lower Limb Forerarm c. Girdles : Pelvic ( attachment of the Lower Limb) Wrist = support and movement = stronger and attached more firmly Hand to the body ARM: = lower limb : thicker and longer than = From the shoulder to the elbow the upper limb =HEMERUS =>> the only bone of the arm Pectoral (attachment of Upperlimb) HUMERUS : Pectoral Girdle : - articulates with the Glenoid Cavity of the other name : Shoulder Scapula Consist of : Scapula : 2 Anatomical neck: Located around the head of the humerus Clavicles: 2 ( Collar bones ) - where the connective tissue holding Note: The humerus is attached to the Scapula, connected the shoulder is attached. by the clavicle to the sternum. Surgical neck  - common fracture site of the humerus. - Between the forearm and hand. - Composed of *8 Carpal bones. GREATER tubercle = LESSER Turbercle = point of muscle attachment. Arrangements : INTERTUBERCULAR OR BICIPITAL GROOVE Proximal row, lateral to medial -1. SCAPHOID - boat shaped. = located between the tubercles contains the tendon - 2. LUNATE – Moonshaped muscles of the biceps Brachi. - 3. TRIQUETRUM - Three cornered - 4. PISIFORM – Pea shaped Distal row of carpals ( From Medial to Lateral ) Deltoid Tuberosity = located on the lateral - 1. HAMATE - Hook shape surface of the humerus. -2. CAPITATE – Head = attachment site for the deltoid muscle. -3. TRAPEZOID – Four sided geometric form with 2 parralel sides Condyles : Distal end of the humerus that - 4. TRAPEZIUM - Four sided geometric form. articulates with the two forearm bones. NO parallel sides. HAND CAPITULUM : head shaped end that articulates with the Radius. -METACARPALS - attached to the carpal bones TROCHLEAR : articulates with the ulna. - the bony framework of the hand. DIGITS : Fingers and thumb Medial and Lateral epicondyle = points of attachment of the muscle of the forearm PHALANGES : the bones in the digits ****************************************** FOREARM Two Bones : PELVIC GIRDLE - Protects the internal organ 1. ULNA : Medial side of the forearm ( Little - Supports the weight of the body finger) - Attachment for the lower limb - Right and left COXAE or HIP JOINTS 2. RADIUS : on the Lateral side of the forearm ( - Joints each other anteriorly and thumb ) posteriorly at the SACRUM - PELVIC GIRDLE : the basin formed by the Throchlear or Semi Lunar Notch Hip joints and the SACRUM - C shaped articular surface at the proximal 3 Bones of the COXAE end of the ulna. - a. ILIUM - form most of the elbow joint. - b. ISCHIUM - c. PUBIS OLECRANON SYMPHYSIS PUBIS : the meeting point of the - posterior process forming the tip of the elbow COXAL BONE anteriorly - it’s the elbow. SACROILIAC JOINT : the meeting point of the CORONOID Process = the smaller anterior Cocxal bones with the SACRUM Posteriorly. process HEAD : the proximal end of the radius. - articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. ACETABULUM Radial tuberosity - The point of articulation of the lower limb with the pelvic Girdle. Ulnar tuberosity : attachment site of the arm muscle. - Located on each surface of each coxal bone Styloid processs of the uradius and ulna LUNATE SURFACE : articular surface of the - attachment for the ligaments of wrist. acetabulum which is crescent shape Note: OBTURATOR FORAMEN Radius is the most commonly fractured bone seen as a - located ion the lower portion complete transverse fracture known as COLLE’S fracture. - closed by connective tissue ASIS= located on the superior portion of the WRIST Ilium. GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH – superior to the - Between the knee and the ankle ischial spine LESSER SCIATIC NOTCH – inferior to the ischial - Two Bones : TIBIA = larger and supports the spine. weight of the FALSE OR GREATER PELVIS Leg TRUE PELVIS PELVIC INLET FIBULA - smaller PELVIC OUTLET TIBIA : shin bone FEMALE PELVIS - has medial and lateral condyles at the Broader proximal end Larger More rounded pelvic inlet and outlet. INTERCONDYLAR PROMINENCE MALE PELVIS - ridge between the condyles Greater weight and size TIBIAL TUBEROSITY - inferior to the patella attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle LOWER LIMB ANTERIOR CREST Bones of Thigh - Forms the sharp edge on the Shin. Leg Ankle MEDIAL MALLEOLUS Foot - enlarged distal end of the tibia. Thigh - medial side of the ankle - the region between the hip and knee. - Main Bone : FEMUR FIBULA FEMUR - does not articulate with the femur - HEAD of femur articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone. - its small proximal head articulates with the TIBIA - NECK; Connects the head to the body. - lateral maleolus - Distal end of the tibia - GREATER TROCHANTER LESSER TROCHANTER – attachment sites - Lateral wall of the ankle joint. that fasten the hip to the thigh. FOOT PECTINEAL LINE GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY other muscle attachment Seven tarsal bones of the Foot LINEA ASPIRA 1. TALUS- ankle bone MEDIAL CONDYLE articulate with the TIBIA 2. CALCANEUS – heel LATERAL CONDYLE 3. CUBOID – Cuboidal in shape MEDIAL EPICONDYLE Site of ligament 4. NAVICULAR – boat shaped attachment 5. CUNEIFORMS- Wedge shaped ( 3) LATERAL EPICONDYLE ADDUCTOR Tubercle – also for muscle attachment Distal row of bones MILC C- Medial, Intermediate, Lateral PATELLA Cuneiforms - Other name : Knee cap Proximal rows : - A sesamoid bone No thanks Cow - Articulates with the Patellar Groove. navicular, talus and calcaneus. LEG Metarsals  Phalanges SUTURES - Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull. - A dense regular connective tissue FOOT ARCHES FONTANELLE - distribute the weight of the body between the - a large area of unossified membrane between skull Heel and the Ball of the foot during standing and walking. bones. A soft spot. - (+) Pulse TRANSVERSE ARCH - makes the skull flexible during birth process. LONGITUDINAL ARCH - Allows growth of the Head after birth. HEAD END OF LECTURE. Infants ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anterior fontanelles ARTICULATION OR JOINTS Closes at age LECTURER: 12 – 18 months G. CLYDE E. REBADULLA, OD.,MD.,RN.,RM Posterior fontanelles ARTICULATION OR JOINT Closes by the end of age 2 months - is a place where two or more bones come SYNOSTOSIS together. - when two bones grows together across a joint - consider the degree of movement to form a single bone. Types of joints SYNDESMOSES SYNARTHRODIAL= immovable joints - a fibrous joints which binds two bones together but allows some movements or flexibility. AMPHIARTHRODIAL = slightly movable joint Ex: Radius and Ulna Diarthrodial = freely movable joint GOMPHOSES Classes of Joints: - Consists of pegs held in place within sockets by 1. FIBROUS fibrous tissue. 2. CARTILAGENOUS Ex: teeth and the sockets of the mandible. And maxilla. 3. SYNOVIAL 2. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS - unite two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or Fibrocartilages. SYNCHONDROSES - Joint of two bones with Little or NO movements FIBROUS JOINTS : at all. - United by fibrous tissues Ex : Joints in the ISP - have no joint cavities Synchondrosis - Exhibits Little or NO movements. SYMPHYSES  - Fibrocartilage uniting two bones. - a pocket or sac containing synovial fluid providing Ex: manubrium/ sternal junction TYPES OF JOINTS Symphyses Pubis TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. PLANE OR Gliding Joints - joints are freely movable - consist of two opposed flat surfaces in - with synovial fluid which a light amount of gliding motion can OCCUR BETWEEN THE BONES. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - rotation is possible but is limited by - a thin layer of hyaline cartilage which provides a smooth surface where the bones meet. ligaments and adjacent bones. Ex. Articular process between vertebrae. Articular Hyaline cartilage 2. PIVOT JOINTS ARTICULAR DISKS - consist of a cylindrical process that rotates within the ring composed partly by ligaments or bones. - a flat plate or pad of fibrocartilge located between the articular surface of the bones. -uni axial joint that restricts movements to rotation around a single axis. - absorbs and distribute the forces between the articular cartilages as bones move. Ex : Head of radius and end of the ulna EX; JOINTS : Temporomanibular Dens and the atlas Sternoclavicular HINGE Joints Acromioclavicula - consist of a convex cylinder in one bone applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone. MENISCUS Ex : Elbow and Knee joints - an incomplete crescent shaped fibrocartilage pad found in joints Ball and Socket Joints Ex: knee and Joints - consist of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion JOINT CAPSULE of the ball fits. - surrounds the ends of the bones forming - Multi – axial synovial joints forming a joint cavity. Example : Shoulders - helps holds the bones together while allowing Hip Joints movements. ELLIPSOID JOINT Parts : - Other name : Condyloid Joint a. Fibrous capsule (outer) – for strength and - modified ball and socket joint mobility b. Synovial membrane - the shape of the articular surface is Elipsoid - produces synovial fluid ( +) Hyaluronic acid `- Like a hinge, restricts ;location - a thin lubricating film that covers the surface - Ex: Atlanto occcipital joint that allows YES of the joints movement;. BURSA : SADDLE JOINT  - consist of two saddle shaped articulating surfaces CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS oriented at right angle to each other so that the complimentary surfaces articulate with each other. - Involves the rotation of a structure around an axis or movement of the structure in an arc EX; carpometacarpal joint A. ROTATION MOVEMENTS : - Turning of an structure around its long axis such as GLIDING MOVEMENTS : the movement of the atlas around the axis when shaking the HEAD “ NO”. - bone surfaces slide or glide over each other - slight movements just like carpal bones - MEDIAL rotation of the humerus within the ANGULAR MOVEMANTS forearm flexes brings the hand towards the body - One part of the linear structure such as the body - LATERAL Rotation of the humerus is the rotation or a limb is bent relative to another part of the of the humerus so that the hands moves from the structure thereby changing the angle between the body two parts. PRONATION AND SUPINATION FLEXION : to bend PRONATION - Movement of the body part anterior to the coronal plane - Arm lying facedown ; Palms of the hand facing inferiorly - Moves the leg to posterior direction SUPINATION EXTENSION : to straighten - Arm lying face up: Palmof the hand faces supperiorly - Movement of thee body part posterior to the coronal plane. CIRCUMDUCTION - Moves the leg in anterior direction - Combination of flexion , extension, abduction and adduction FLEXION and EXTENSION SPECIAL MOVEMENTS PLANTAR FLEXION ELEVATION = moves the structure superiorly - Movement of the foot towards the plantar surface such as standing on toes DEPRESSION = Moves the structure inferiorly DORSIFLAXION - Movement of the toes towards the shin such as when Protraction and Retraction walking on hills PROTRACTION= moving a structure in a gliding motion HYPEREXTENSION in ANTERIOR direction - An abnormal forced extension of a joint beyond its RETRACTION= = moving a structure in a gliding motion normal range of motion. in POSTERIOR direction ABDUCTION LATERAL EXCURSION - Movement away from the median plane - Moving the mandible to either right or left of the midline such as grinding the teeth or chewing ADDUCTION MEDIAL EXCURSION - “ to bring together” - Returns the mandible to neutral position - Movements towards the median plane END END END END END END END LATERAL FLEXION - Bending of the body, side to side.