Bus 103 Management Notes PDF

## Bus 103 Management ### What is Management **According to Williams,** it is the function of an enterprise which itself with directing and control of various activities to attain business objectives. It deals with the active direction of human efforts. **According to Kim Ball and Kimball:** defi...

## Bus 103 Management ### What is Management **According to Williams,** it is the function of an enterprise which itself with directing and control of various activities to attain business objectives. It deals with the active direction of human efforts. **According to Kim Ball and Kimball:** define management as an activities that embrace all duties and functions that partains to the initiation of an enterprise which includes financing, establishment of major policy and provision of all necessary equipments, the outline of the general form of the organizations under which the enterprise is to operate and the selection of the principal officers. **According to Mary Parker Follet:** It is the art of getting things done through people. To conclude, the various definitions of management do not run contrary to one another. ### Management Is The Sum Total Of All These Activities 1. Determine objectives, plans, policy and programs. 2. Securement of material and machinery cheaply. 3. Put all these resources into operation through sound organization. 4. Direct and motivate the men at work. 5. Supervise and control the performance. 6. Provision of maximum prosperity and happiness for both employee, employer and the public at large. ### FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT 1. **Economic Resources:** Management is one of the factors of production with land, labor, capital are the factors of industrialization. The need for managers has increased as a result of industrialization, globalization and internationalization. Efficient management is the most critical input in the success of any organization because it is the factor or force which assembles and integrates the other factors of production. 2. **Goal Oriented:** It is purposeful activities that coordinate the effort of workers to achieve the goal or success of the organization. The success of management is measured by the extent to which the organization goal is achieved. It is very important that all various levels of management understood the organizational goals and well-defined conceptual skills. 3. **Distinct Process:** Management is a distinct process which consists of the following functions such as planning, directing, organizing, staffing and controlling. These functions are interwoven, it is not possible to lay down the sequence of the following functions or their relative importances. 4. **System of Authority:** Management as the theme of managers represents a system of authority, hierarchy of command and control. Manager at different levels possess, different or various degree of authority. Generally as the hierarchy of authority decrease, the manager’s authority also reduce. ### INTEGRATED Force The essence of management is integrated force of human and other resources to achieve desired objectives. All these resources are made available to those who manage them. Managers apply knowledge, experience and management principles to get desired results by the use of non-human process. Manager harmonize individual and organizational goals for the smooth running of the organization. ### Multi-Disciplinary Subject Management has grown as a field of study or discipline taking or borrowing knowledge from other field such as engineering, sociology, accounting and Psychology, anthropology. ### Universal Application The principles and techniques of management are equally applied in the field of business, education, government, religions and hospitals. The principles are working guidelines which are flexible and capable of entire adaptation to every organization where the effects of human beings are to be coordinated. ### MANAGERIAL SKILLS Skill is an individual ability to translate knowledge into action. It is not necessarily an inborn gift, it can be developed through learning relating to one’s leisure or personal experience and background. In order to be able to discharge this role, manager possess major skills: 1. **Conceptual Skill:** This refers to the ability of a manager to take a broad and far-sighted view of the organization and its future. This is the ability to think in abstract, to analyze the forces working in a situation, the creativity and Innovation ability to access the environment and change taking place in it; Deals with ideas. 2. **Technical Skill:** This the knowledge of managers to understand the nature of the job and Proficiency for nature of the job he/she is performing. 3. **Human relation Skill:** This is the ability to interact with people efficiently. This skill develops managers to sufficient ability in the following: - To recognize the feelings of others. - To judge the possible actions and outcome of the possible actions and outcome of 4. **Decision Role:** ### MANAGERIAL ROLES * **Interpersonal Role** - **Figurehead:** In this role, every manager has to perform some duty of propiason, ceremonial nature such as: - Greeting dignitary - Attending a wedding of an employee - Taking on important customer to lunch or dinner - **Leader:** As a leader, any manager must motivate and encourage his/her subordinates and he must reconcile individual need with organization at large - **Liaison:** In this role, every manager must cultivate contact outside his vertical chain of command to collect that which will be useful for his organization. * **Informational Role:** - **Monitor:** The manager has to perpetually scan his environment for info, interrogate his liaison contact and subordinates in order to receive vital info as a result of his personal contact. - **Disseminator:** A manager possess some of his privileged info directly to his subordinates who all otherwise have no access to. - **Spokesman:** Manager in front of various group who influences his organization, he advises shareholder about their financial position. Assume customer that organization is fulfilling social responsibility and satisfy government that organization is abiding by the rules and law. * **Decision Role:** ### NATURE OF MANAGEMENT It has conceptualize as a social process of which manager of an enterprise integrates and co-ordinate his resources for the achievement of common and explicit goals. Practice of management can be perceived as an act which covers organized human efforts for the achievement of common goals, so management can be viewed as a science/profession/art. #### Management as Science The development of management as a science is not of recent, it has been in practice as any other thing. Frederick W. Taylor was the first management theory who made an important contribution to the study of management as a science. The scientific method of analysis, observations, experiments in the management of production function. The scientific characteristics has been strengthened by management Scientist who have developed mathematical models of decision making, even though management is a science which possess systematic body of knowledge and uses scientific method of research. #### Management as Art Just as an engineer uses the science of engineering while bridging a bridge and uses the art of engineering building/constructing the bridge, also a manager, uses the knowledge of management theory as a backup but the application in artistic and creative manner. ### EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT The example from the past shows that management from ancient can be traced to Egyptians pyramid, Chinese wall but the most astounding practice of management in the past is the Egyptian pyramid which involved more than 100000 workers for many years working together to build the strongest pyramid which is one of the wonders of the world. However, the 20th century event playing important role in promoting the study of management. Firstly, Adam Smith’s contribution in the field of management. Secondly, was the influence of industrial revolution to the field of management. Adam smith is usually sighted for his contribution to the field of economics and his contribution to classical economics doctrine. But his contribution to the wealth of nation which was in 1776, which outlines the economic advantage that organization and society can gain from division of labor. He used the pin manufacturing company as the basis of his research, he found out that the process involve in producing a pin is 10 stages and artisans each performs this 10 stages on their own resulted in the production of pins only 1 day per individual. But, when division of labor was introduced, each worker specialized on particular process, the production increases to 4,800 pins per day. Adam Smith concluded that division of labor increase productivity by increasing each worker’s skills and saving time, loss and changing task and by creating labor and increasing productivity of machinery. ### INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION This is one of the most important aspect that influences management. The contribution of Ind. revolution was the substitution of machine power for men power which in turn made it more economical to manufacture goods in factory. The advance of machine power led to mass production, reduction in transportation cost that led to rapid expansion of the railway and lack or government regulation, also foster/boost the development of big organization. A formal theory to guide management in running their organization was needed however it was not until 1900 that the first major step towards developing such theories were taken. ### FORCES BACKING MANAGEMENT THOUGHT/PHILOSOPHY Management thought has evolved under an ancient or political, socio-economic forces. 1. **Political Forces** - The thought can be shaped by political forces manifested through administration of political institutions and government agencies. The Important political parties include political assumptions with respect to property right, contract right, concept of justice, Judiciary process and attitudes forwards government control legal process which emanated from political pressure which have tremendous impact on management thinking and practice. Political pressure also defines the interrelated right of consumers, suppliers, owners, creditors and different segment of the public; stakeholders and their benefit of the profit. 2. **Social Force** - This emerges from valve and belief of a particular culture of people, needs, religion and norms of human behavior dictates the relationship among people who perform social contract is that unwritten but understood set of rules that govern the behavior of people in day-to-day interrelationship, same happen between corporations and stakeholders (laborers, investors, suppliers and consumers), this social contract define the relationship, responsibility and reliability that influence the mindset of management thought, it gives the society a sense of order & choice in which human affairs can be conducted by. 3. **Economic Forces** - The forces determine the scarcity, transportation and distribution of goods and services in the society. Every social institution compete for a limited amount of human, financial, physicals and information resources. This competition over scarce resources allocated to them based on profitable use. It is the motivator of technological innovations by which resources available can be maximized. The table below summarise the evolution of management thought. ### WHY MANAGEMENT THEORY Theories are perspective with which make sense of their world experiences. Finally a theory is the coherent group of assumption put forth to explain the relationship between two or more observable facts: John clawson called such perspective invisible power to emphasize several crucial issues for theory, the unseen way involve the approach our world (environment). 1. Firstly, theory is the use to provide a state focus for understanding what we experience. A theory provides the criteria determining what is relevant. 2. Theory enable us to communicate efficiently and thus, move into more of complex relationship to other people. ### IMPORTANT USES OF THEORY 1. Theory makes it possible, indeed, challenge us to keep learning about the world. ### MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION - **The Classical School of Thought (management)** can be traced to the scientific school of organizational school of thought. - **The Scientific School of Thought:** - **Scientific Management School:** In part, from the need to increase productivity. In the united states, especially, skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of 20th century. The only way to increase productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Therefore, the likes of Henry L. Gantt(1856-1919), Fredrick W. Taylor(1856-1915) and Frank Gilbreth fight for body of principle known as scientific management theories. - **Fredrick W Taylor** principle rested on 4 philosophy: - development of the true science of management, so that the best methods for performing tasks could be determined. - Scientific selection of workers so that each worker will be given responsible for the task for which he/she was best suited. - The scientific education and development of workers. - Inmate, friendly corporation between management and labor. - **Frank B. Gilbreth (1868-1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972):** - They are inspired by Taylor (time, study and motivated by a desire to expand human potential). - Gilbreth turn motion study into an extra science. In so doing the pioneer of the use of motion picture for studying and streamlining work motion. They pave the way for modern work simplification by cataloging 17 different hand motion such as group into different categories and formulate THERBLIG which is rearrangement of their name backwards, with the reverse. The success story includes the 18 motion within in laying a simple bricks which reduce from 100 increments in output from 100 bricks to 350 in an hour and reduction in fatigue in cutting cloths was reduced to 10-12 motions and the output instead of 150 dz of cloths jumped to 400 dz and as to do with administration. - **Organizational Mgt School Of Thought** - **Henry Fayol ( 1841-1925):** Generally referred to as classical mgt school because he was one of the first persons to investigated the managerial behavior, but because he was the first person to make it systematic. Fayol believed that sound mgt practice falls into certain pattern that can be identified and analyzed. He believed that manager’s job can be divided into 5 function - **Max Webber (1864-1920):** Developed a theory of bureaucratic management that stresses the need for a strictly defined hierarchy governed by clearly defined regulations and lines of authority. He considered the idea that organization to be a bureaucracy whose activities and objectives are rationally thought out and division of labor were explicitly spread out. He also believe that technically competency should be emphasized and that performance evaluations should be made entirely on the basis of merit. ### James D. Mooney and Alan C. Reily - James D. Mooney was general motor executive teamed up with an art historian to expose the principles of an organization. They submitted that an efficient organization should be based on certain principles which can be studied from two perpetuals: - The employee who create and utilize the process of any organization - The objective of the process with respect to the first aspect which contribute to some of the fundamental principles and organization #### FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION 1. **The Coordination Principle:** It was considered to be a single basis principle that actually encompasses other principle. They defined coordination as orderly arrangement that provides unity of action in the pursuit of a common goal. 2. **Scalar Principle:** This was borrowed from Fayol’s, it is the accordance of authority that accomplish any organizational levels or position. 3. **Functional , Principle:** Its those unique differences in an organizational operation that the manager must perceive important in other to efficiently and effectively integrate and coordinate all the functions of the organization. 4. **Behavioural School Of Thought:** This school recognized the importance of people working in an organization. Their major belief is that people should not be seen as machine, and it has evolved gradually since ten years. This school of thought believed that people deserve to be the central focus of organizations activities, They believe that successful management depends largely on managers’ ability to understand and work with people who have a variety of background, means perception and aspiration. The progress of humanistic approach to human relation, management to model organizational behavior grows rapidly. ### HUMAN RELATION MOVEMENT This school of thought was formulated in order to make managers more attentive to employee’s needs. It came into being as a result of special situations that occurred during the first halves of the 20th century. The human relation movement was supported by very important historical events: - **The threat of unionism:** To understand why human relations evolve, one needs to first appreciate the social political background from the last1800s to 1920s. American industry grows by leaps and bounds as it attempts to satisfy many of the rapid growing population. Early human relations theory proposed an enticing answer which is when employee are satisfied, then they will not go in union. Business managers began to adopt moral boosting human relation techniques in an effort to discourage unionization. - **Robert Owen (1771-1858):** He was a British industrialist who was the first to speak out on behalf of the human resource. He carried out experiments and research introducing many social reforms and he also believed that work performance is being influenced by the total environment in which is carried out. He also criticized industrialists who spent huge sum of money on purchasing production machine, but did little in their human machine. He also believe that there is need for corporation between workers and managers which resulted in the introduction of shorter work hours, housing facilities, free education for children of the worker, provision of canteen in training of workers. - **Hugo Muster Berg (1863-1916):** He developed a psychological tools at Harvard university, where he studied the application of psychology to organizational settings. He argued that the study of scientific human behavior should identify the general pattern and to explain the individual differences. He was considered as the father of industrial psychologists by other scholars where he looked at the psychological conditions associated to the various level of work productivity and instructed the other scholars. - **George Elton Mayo:** Was a professor at Harvard business school. He served as a leader of a team which carried out the famous auto experiment at Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company, USA, within 1927 & 1932. Originally the research was an application of Taylor management science techniques designed to improve production efficiency. Mayo discussed a factor in detail what causes change in human behavior. He first studied involved the change in worker comparing the output with that of other group whose illumination was held constant. He concluded that the cause of increase in the productivity of workers is not a single factor like change in working hours or rest, but a combination of this further factors such as: - Autonomy to workers - Allowing workers to form a group - Giving workers a conviction which encourages and supports the group of these workers and cooperates. - **Mary Parker Pollet (1868-1953):** Her experiences as a market consultant and her background in political science and philosophy share her strong conviction that managers should be aware that each employee is a complex collection of emotion, beliefs, and attitude. She believed that managers need to recognize the individual motivating to get employees to work in order. According to Parker, managers motivate performance rather than demanding for it. Cooperation spirit of unity and self-control were seen as the key to both productivity and a decent way of life. Historians credited Follet with being ahead of her time in terms of behavioural and systematic management theory. - **Abraham Maslow:** She believed that managers and workers allowed to sees themselves as partners, working towards a common goal. He was one of the founding fathers of motivational school of thought. He was a humanistic who proposed the hierarchy of 5 needs which are Physiological, Society (social, self-esteem and self-actualization. - **Physiological Needs**: Includes those needs which a man need to satisfy first in order to remain active. It can be seen as those needs an individual is born with. This includes food, shelter, sleep, and sex - **Safety Needs:** After satisfying the psychological needs of man, the next thing he thinks of is safety. This comes from the dimension which include: - economic safety - Security of employment - Making provision for old age - Psychological safety - maintaining prestige. - **Social Needs:** Man is a social being and wants to live in a society in order to honor, therefore it is necessary for him to have friends and relation. - **Douglas McGregor (1906-1964):** He’s well known for the formulation of two sets of assumption which are **Theory X** and **Theory Y:** - **Theory X:** Is the assumption that men are very lazy and work is very bad which is both pessimistic and counter production theory. X assumed that if people have little ambition, duties, and wants to avoid responsibility, and so there is a need for close supervision. - **Theory Y:** On the other hand views that man want to work and work is good. Theory Y assumed a positive view that people can exercise _self-direction_ and _self-responsibility_ and consider work to be natural just as rest or play. - **Chris Argyris:** He was an eminent social scientist and a professor of industrial administration at Yale University. He conducted research into personal and organizational practice and developed the theory that those management practice an organizational structure are inconsistent with growth and development of mature personality. He concluded that disagreement between **one** and **one** more environment will result in conflict and failures ### QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL OF THOUGHT: The _Quantitative School of Thought_ is a view of revolutionary change in the application of information technology which gives birth to the quantitative school of thought. It is grounded in _decision theory_, _application_ of _statistics_ in decision making and the evolution of _mathematics_/_econometrics_ that are matured by computer technology. It is a belief that the application of mathematics techniques can help managers in arriving at a solution for a problem. The characteristics: 1. **Focus on decision making.** 2. **Based on economic decision theory.** 3. **Use of former mathematic model/econometrics.** 4. **Use of computer.** - Other continuations in the school of thought include: - **Operational Management:** which entails the application of quantitative methods of the organizational task production. - **Management Information System:** these are integrated programs for collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to support management making. The Management Information System is more than a machine. It contains human resources, software, hardware, and integrated processes. But mostly MIS is based on computer applications. ### CONTEMPORARY SCHOOL OF THOUGHT These include: - **Classical theory,** - **Modern behavioural theory,** - **Quantitative theory** - **Integrated School of Thought:** In the recent years, an attempt has been made to integrate the classical theory with the modern behavioral and quantitative theory into an overall framework that uses the best of each approach. These approaches assume that there are no best ways to manage and all theories have application to be practiced in management. The theories under these are: - **Contingency Theory**: It is based on a notion that proper management techniques in a given situation depends on the nature and condition of the organization. It is believed that on the situation depends the best and most efficient approach. ### UNIVERAL PROCESS THEORY - **Process theory** is dependent on which particular management problem can be solved through different process or stages. Like, the theory believes that for any particular problem in an organization the solution lies under different stages or processs on different views. ### BUSINESS ORGANIZATION * Business organization refers to an occupation in which goods and services are produced and sold in return for money which is carried out on a regular basis with the prime objective of profit. * **Timms** defines business as a commercial enterprise or establishment that is involved in the trading of goods and services. * **The Universal Concept of management** - **System Theory:** In the 1960s, a new approach to management which attempts to unify the early school. The system approach is based on the generalization that organizations are its components and are integrated and interdependent. A system is composed of related and dependent elements which, when interrelation and interaction occur between these elements depend on each other. A system can be seen as a subelement that works together in accordance to achieve a particular objective, and depends on each other. - **However, the complication of using a general definition emerges again. For instance, the objective of business does not have to be for profit. Therefore, the argument that can be made that non-profit organization can be regarded as a business. ### OBJECTIVE OF BUSINESS 1. **Profit Objective:** It simply the return of investment. Total revenue - Total expenses = equals profit. 2. **Market share objective:** Some organizations aspire to be the market leader in order to control and dictate the price they called the market leader. It is Strategy is the characteristic of this business. It uses one over competitor and performs over the rivals. Differentiates them and cross leader strategy. 3. **Sale objective:** Most organizations strive to promote their sales. 4. **Employment:** The reason why some ventures into the business is to give employment opportunities to the organization. ### FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION - **Sole Proprietorship:** This is the simplest form of business under which an individual can operate their own business. He is not a legal entity; it’s a business organization where an individual is the alpha and omega of the business, i.e. he’s the one that sows, reaps, and harvests the income in the business, it is one-man show. The reasons why most individual prefer this type of business is because of: - **The name** - **Status** - **Independent** - **Lack of honesty** - **In the community.** - **Advantages:** - **Easy to form:** No formal registration is needed. - **There is independency and freedom in decision making** - **High secrecy:** Because it is managed and controlled by a single individual. - **The sole proprietor usually have a tax advantage** - **Dissolution of the business is very easy** - **Disadvantages:** - **It has limited resources:** - **It has constraints on its further ability** - **It has unlimited liability.** - **The lifespan of the business is usually limited.** - **Partnership:** It is an arrangement between two or more parties known as partner who agree to cooperate and advance their mutual interest. - **Advantages:** - **Easy to form:** Because partnerships are generally inexpensive business structures. - **Shared financial commitment:** Each partner by pulling in resources together. - **Complimentary Skills**: The strengths, resources, and expertise of each partner compliment one another in business. - **Employment Incentives:** Partnership create an avenue whereby employment opportunities extended to other parties. - **Disadvantages:** - **Joint liability:** It is the creation of an avenue for third party involvement. - **Possibility of the disagreement among the partner can lead to the end.** - **Limited Liability Company:** This is an artificial creation, invisible, intangible and existing only in the contemplation of law as a legal (artificial person). It is separated form the owner and can enter into a contract, i.e. sue and be sued in its own name. It can open subsidiaries into franchise and can also be called a multinational organization. - **Features:** - **Separate entity:** In law, a company is different form the owner and stated under CAC (Corporate Affair Commission) - **Can own asset and incur liability in its own right** - **Can be sued and sue in its own name.** - **Has perpetual succession:** i.e. continues for a long period of time. - **The liability of owner and shareholders is limited to the amount paid on the allocated shared.** - **Have the right to borrow on the own’s account and name.** - **External audit is compulsory** - **Profits** are subject to double taxation. - **Statutory annual report (compulsory)** will be submitted to CAC - **Dissagrement among parties over profit sharing is common** ### GOVERNMENT & BUSINESS In any economic activity, the participation of government is very fundamental because no economic system is free from the government intervention. However, the intervention of government in economic activities extend to business organization and this involvement of government in business activities are determined by the economic system being practiced in a country. Basically, there are three types of economic system which to a large extent determine how government influence business organization. ### SOCIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF SOCIALISM It is an economic system in which the means of production are maintained by the entire public and governed by a structural representative according to a general plan which means the government. In socialism, the economic system, the proeliuction and distribution of goods and services are controlled greatly by the government rather than the private businesses. In such situation, the emphasis is on proportion rather than competition. However, there are many varieties of socialism. Some socialism tolerates capitalism as long as government maintain the dominant influence over the economy. Others insist on the termination or elimination of private enterprise. #### Features of Socialism - **Joint ownership**: Socialism emphasizes that the means of production are owned on behalf of the elite general public. Common ownership implies that the whole structure of production or natural resources are held in common by the entire society. This means that every person withstands in equal relationship with every other person with respect to income. - **Income equity**: The social systems of the economy create an avenue whereby income is equally distribute by the government to the citizen of the country, thereby creating equity among the citizens. - **Centralized economic planning**: The social system of the economy creates government centralized the plans of the nation, thereby creating an economic system by which the principal is carried out on a regular basis with the prime objective of profit. - **Social welfare and security**: The government ensures that the citizen enjoy maximum social welfare such as health care, old age care, and other social security like paying some money to the unemployed in the country. - **Classless society**: In the social economic system, since there is equitable sharing of income, there is no difference between the citizens such as the rich and the poor ### MARKET OF CAPITALIST ECONOMY SYSTEM This is an economic system formed on a free market, open competition, profit motive, and private ownership of the means of production. It encourages private investment and business. The investors in this private company are known as capitalists. In this kind of system, individual and firms have the right to own and use wealth to earn income and to sell and purchase labor for wages, with little or no government controls. This force of market is what determines _what to produce_ _how to produce_, _for whom to produce_ how efficient is the production process. Demand and supply, determine the price at which products are produced. #### Features of Capitalism - **Freedom of choice by the consumer**: There are different types of product that is available to the consumer in the market. The consumer has the freedom of choice to select among the variety of products available. - **Profit motive**: In this kind of economic system, business organization/players. The business majorly be motivated by profit motive. - **Capital**: It is in the hands of businessmen and women. - **Private property**: Unders this system, an individual or business organizations have the right to own property like land, equipment, gears, extra, and can decide what to do with those properties - **Freedom enterprise**: This means business organizations can choose the types of enterprise they want to go into without any restriction by the government. The forces of demand and supply will determine the means of productions. - **Competition**: This system is majorly characterized by competition among the different organizations. Such competition is a result of available commodities. - **Mixed economy**: This is also known as dual economic system. It is the combination of both socialism and capitalism. This kind of economic system is partially controlled by the government. Private & government are given a mastollever of freedom to operate in a market. The means of production are determined both by the private and governmental sectors. ### POPULATION, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND AGE STRUCTURE OF WORKING POPULATION The national polical of working population. This was formulated to streamline the continuous burden of high fertility and population growth on the health of families, standard of living, the country’s agriculture, and food availabilty, unemployment, reduce educational opportunity, and limited economic resources. The goal/policy is to: - To improve the standard of living and quality of life of people. - To promote their health and welfare, especially by preventing premature death and illness among high risk mothers and children. This effort is made to voluntarily discourage pregnancy before the age of 18 and after 35, and pregnancies less than 2 years apart before birth of all which are prevalent in 4th Seven, Nigeria. - To achieve lower population growth rate by voluntarily controlling family fertility. In other words, the introduction of family planning that are compatible with the attainment and economy, social goals of the nation. - To achieve a more even distributions of population between urban and rural areas. The goal of the policy are to be achieved through the following objectives: 1. **Provision of awareness** among the citizens of population on the problem and challenges of rapid population growth on development. 2. **Provision of the necessary information** and education on the value of reasonable family size to both individual families and the future of the nation, enabling self-reliance to everyone. 3. **Education of all young people** on population matters, central relationship, fertility regulation, and family planning before entering the age of marriage and child bearing, to assist them towards maintaining responsible family size within their ability to cater for. 4. **Provision at affordable cost of family planning** and services to all persons and individuals at the possible time to enable them to regenerate their fertility. 5. **Enhancement of integrated rural and urban development** in order to improve living condition in rural area thereby slowing down the rate of migration from rural area to the cities. ### POPULATION This can be defined as the total number of people living within a country or a geographical area at a particular time. The study of population is very important for many reasons such as: - The determination of the working population - The allocation of resources - The availability of labor ### TYPES OF POPULATION 1. **Overpopulation**: This is defined as a situation where a country has more people than the population and human resources can support with adequate living standards. 2. **Underpopulation**: This is a type of population that is less than the available natural resources of a county. In other words, underpopulation is a situation where the population is too small relative to the available resources. 3. **Optimum Population**: This is a type of population which when combined with the available resources and the given level of existing technology, secures a maximum return per head. In other words, optimum population stands in between the two other extremes of overpopulation and underpopulation, which is neither too small nor too large. ### LABOR FORCE (Employed + Unemployed) The labor force consists of all those who choose to work, the employed among them are those who hold jobs, the unemployed are those who are out of job but seeking jobs. The labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed. Employed persons comprise of those engaged in paid employment, or those in their own business or professions for farm or who work 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operating by members of their family. Unemployed persons comprise of all persons who do not work or make specific efforts to find jobs within the specific period ### HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT Since unemployment is such an important, social, political and economic issue, official unemployment statistics clearly require that a worker must seek to work to be included in the unemployment counts. During bad time, many job seekers leave the labor market, discouraged by a failure to find work, they quit looking for non-existing jobs and join the ranks of hidden unemployed, i.e. those who will work if the jobs are available. ### DIAGRAM SHOWING OVER, UNDER AND OPTIMUM POPULATION (Diagram showing the relationship between population, labor force, and output per head.) ### Output Per Head (Diagram showing the relationship between population and output per head.) ### SEX DISTRIBUTION This refers to the classification of a population according to sex or gender (ie male and female). ### AGE DISTRIBUTION This can be defined as the break down of the population of a country into age groups: There are three basic age groups. They are: 1. **0-17 years:** They are called *dependent population*. 2. **18-60 years:** They are called *independent population*. They are active working or labor force. 3. **60 years and above:** They are the dependent population. ### UNDEREMPLOYMENT Underemployment is employment of a person who does not use their full capacity in performing a job. Eg., an architect performing the jobs of (1) a draftsman, (2) an engineer performing the jobs of a technician, or (3) a manager performing the jobs of a draft person. Although the effects are not easily quantified, underemployment of any portion of the labor force will result in a level of output smaller than the economic potential. Therefore, underemployment has an effect similar to unemployment of the nation. ### LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION We define the labor force as a *residual concept*. To measure the degree to which a population participate in work is called: - **The Labour Force Participation Rate:** Which is the ratio of the actual labor force to the potential labor force. The potential labor force consists of the population age 16, which is expressed in the form of percentage. > **Labor Force/ Labor Force Potential x 100** ### WOMEN IN LABOUR FORCE Although the natural participation rate has remained fairly constant, there has been a sustainable shift in the sex composition of the workforce; Specifically, there has been a sharp or great increase in the level of women's participation in the workforce. This is a result of different events/factors that have prompted the closing of the gap between the number of men and women in the workforce. These forces responsible for this relationship are: 1. **Gender Equality.** 2. **Increase in household consumptions standards.** 3. **Expanded white collar and professional opportunities.** 4. **Increase in technological advancements**, especially household maintenance, such as blending machines, pounded yam machines, washing machines, microwave, etc. ### TRANSFER PAYMENT Transfer payments are monetary payments made by government to individuals or firms who perform no service in return. ### CONSUMER PROTECTION Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights and to the formation of consumer organizations, which helps consumers to make better choices in the marketplace and get help with consumer complaints. - **A consumer** is defined as someone who acquires ownership or use of goods or services for direct use or resale or using for production, and manufacturing. Other organizations that promote consumer protection, are *self regulating* business agencies and some government agencies. - in Nigeria, regulatory agencies such as SON, NAFDAC, and NOLEA seek to protect consumers against outright scams, prohibitions of the sales of fake products and prevent unlawful practices by organizations that can negatively affect consumers