Indigenous Rights and Indigenous Rights in the US: A Review

Indigenous Rights and Indigenous Rights European Colonizers in the US “Indians” is heavily embedded in the colonization and intervention of Native Americans Christ...

Indigenous Rights and Indigenous Rights European Colonizers in the US “Indians” is heavily embedded in the colonization and intervention of Native Americans Christopher Colombus, an Italian Indians are the origin/beginning of explorer. American civilization. ○ Wanted to indoctrinate Integral to the history of colonial people. North America. ○ His explorations began the Started living in the 1300s. transatlantic colonization. European colonizers embedded ○ He wanted to find a new route different cultures and systems to India, China, Japan, and towards the Native Americans who the Spice Islands. were hunter-gatherers and builders for daily survival. The New World Peoples or self-governing groups European and Western ideologies. rather than simply as individuals Spread of Christianity. sharing personal and cultural traits. America’s soil was very fertile, rich in gold, minerals, and spices. Minorities and Peoples Implications in America A group whose shared cultural and Prosperous and progressive Native personal characteristics distinguish Americans. them from the rest of the population, Diplomacy and cooperation of Native which both outnumbers them and Americans. discriminates against them on the “Western development” basis of these characteristics. ○ Indians were forced to inhabit “Native American” or “American their original economic, Indian” are not strictly racial political, and social identity to categories. Being a member of a comply with the “western tribal nation provides a membership development”, as it was status. believed that the Europeans ○ Membership status: were superior to other races. Land ownership Ancestral by blood Why are Native Americans considered as minorities even though they are the root of American civilization? Political structure and system ○ Started with Indians. ○ Outnumbered by the Europeans.  Self-determination, self-government, and cyanide heap leach gold mining, and sovereignty other industrial activities. Carrie Dann & Mary Dann ○ They were at the forefront of a Self-determination Self-government Sovereignty legal struggle over Western Capacity to decide Survival of tribes; Capacity to Shoshone territory, extending the social, cultural, not be dependent decide on their to Nevada and parts of and political on the state own; tribal California, Idaho, and Utah. decisions without government. sovereignty. the intervention of Civil Rights of Native America the state. Independent NA An Indian tribe tribes, they should is sovereign to The fulcrum of NA have their own the extent that Areas of 1787 US Present US politics Tribal Council as the US permits Comparison Constitution Constitution established by the it to be NAs have a US government sovereign. Citizenship Semi -sovereign 14th Amendment diminutive of (limited function) and self- entities (1868) granted sovereignty, which The US has determinati citizenship to all is not self- Not all were able “plenary power” on Were not persons born determination but to adopt the (absolute) to considered as US naturalized in the dependence. council system, act as “trustee” citizens; they are US; recognized the but its major for tribal viewed as importance of NA Not properly feature became “wards”. separate nations or but did not solidify practiced due to the typical form of tribes. their rights state restrictions “tribal self- and constitutional government” The Indian limits. Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full US citizenship to all NA. Struggles of Native Americans Economic Article 1, Section Na retain a degree Land and water rights decision 8 permits of economic Hunting and fishing Congress to make sovereignty. Religious freedom all laws pertaining Criminal and civil jurisdiction to Indian trade. Full control of NA Modern struggles: on what to trade ○ Republicans want the status US imposes the with whom policies instead of quo to stay, on the other the NAs hand, democrats protest for equal rights and social welfare. Treaty and Two sided US policy has Policy relationship shifted toward Western Shoshone Territory Powers between treaties, supporting NA self- implying the NA’s determination. People were exposed to semi-sovereignty environmental damage caused by nuclear waste shortage, open pit American Indian Movement (AIM) Native Americans asserting sovereignty is declaring the existence of a separate/independent domain. ○ Wanted to create self- government yet they still wanted intervention. In the mid-1970s, prevented resource exploitation of lands by the federal government. Tribal Councils of Native Americans Established by US President Franklin Roosevelt. Tribal Councils are to maintain order within the “tribe” while denying these councils authority beyond the territory that was “reserved” for them. Indian Reorganization Act ○ Utilized by the Roosevelt administration to gain organized control over the political structure and command of Native Americans.