Alt Cell Fcn Lecture Slides PDF

All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu NURS 3110 ALTERATIONS OF CELL FUNCTION Concept Overview, Cell Adaptations, Cell Injury, Cell Death Concept Overview He...

All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu NURS 3110 ALTERATIONS OF CELL FUNCTION Concept Overview, Cell Adaptations, Cell Injury, Cell Death Concept Overview Here’s a schematic diagram of a cell. Lysosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic Plasma reticulum membrane Sodium- potassium Calcium pump pump Review of Cell Structure Review – ATP Production Review of Cell Structure Review – ATP Utilization Review of Cell Structure & Function Review – ATP Utilization Review of Cell Structure & Function Review – ATP Utilization Review of Cell Structure & Function Review – ATP Utilization Cell structure and repair Review of Cell Structure & Function Review – ATP Utilization Secreted by the Lipid + process of Transoprter exocytosis to protein the ECF Review of Cell Structure & Function Review of Normal ATP Production From: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle Review of Cell Function & Function Review of Normal ATP Production Review of Cell Structure & Function End of Concept Overview Slides Cellular Adaptation Atrophy A decrease or shrinkage in the size of cells Disuse atrophy Adrenal gland atrophy Fig. 4-1 http://medstat.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ENDOHTML/ENDO003.htm l Cellular Adaptation Hypertrophy A increase in the size of cells Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Cardiac Muscle Hypertrophy Fig. 4-1 Fig. 4-3 Cellular Adaptation Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells Fig. 4-1 Cellular Adaptation Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells Compensatory Hyperplasia Cellular Adaptation Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells Hormonal Hyperplasia From: https://joeyspdhpe-yr8.wikispaces.com Cellular Adaptation Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells Pathologic Hyperplasia Endometriosis Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Cellular Adaptation Metaplasia The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another Fig. 4-1 Fig. 4-6 Bronchial Metaplasia Cellular Adaptation Dysplasia Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells Mild dysplasia Moderate dysplasia Fig. 4-6 (6th Ed.) Fig. 4-1 Carcinoma in situ Cervical dysplasia seen on a Pap smear Cellular Adaptation Test Your Understanding Open and log into your iClicker app. Find our course (NURS 3110 Pathophysiology Perez/Doig on “NMSU Main Campus”). When I start a ‘session’ click the Join button that appears on your screen, then answer each question in iClicker. Q. Hyperplasia is an increase in the: A. size of the cell. B. cell’s metabolic rate. C. number of organelles in each cell. D. rate of cell division. iClicker Cellular Adaptation Test Your Understanding Q. An increase in the amount of actin and myosin in muscle cells occurs during the process of cellular: A. hypertrophy. B. atrophy. C. hyperplasia. D. metaplasia. iClicker Hypoxic Injury Learn the Terminology Bloom’s Taxonomy Hypoxic Injury Causes Anemi a Hypoxemi Low Hemoglobin a Low O2 Ischemi a Tissue capillary Hypoxic Injury Consequences Overview Hypoxic Injury Decreased oxygen delivery In the absence of oxygen the cell continues to make ATP under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic metabolism For every molecule of glucose, only 4 (instead of 36-38) molecules of ATP are produced. Decreased ATP production Decreased ATP production Failure of Na+/K + pump Accumulation of Na+ in cell [Na+] X X  Decreased ATP production Failure of Na+/K + pump Accumulation of Na+ in cell Cellular and organelle swelling [Na+] X X H2O  Decreased ATP production Decreased protein synthesis Decreased ability for membrane repair  Decreased ATP production Decreased protein synthesis Decreased ability for Decreased number of membrane repair transporter proteins Accumulation of lipids Lipid accumulation Lipid + X X Transporter protein Decreased ATP production Failure of Ca++ pump Accumulation of Ca++ in cell Ca2+ X  Decreased ATP production Failure of Ca++ pump Accumulation of Ca++ in cell Crystallization of Ca2+ Plasma membrane in the mitochondria damage Ca2+ X  Decreased oxygen delivery Anaerobic metabolism Lactic acid (lactate) formation X Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Lactic Acid  Lactic acid formation Lysosomal membrane breakdown Release of hydrolytic enzymes X Lysosomal enzymes Lactic Acid Release of hydrolytic enzymes Autodigestion of cell X Lysosomal enzymes Lactic Acid Pathophysiology Reperfusion injury Cardiac muscle reperfusion with a coronary artery stent Introducing oxygen to tissue that has been hypoxic causes the formation of free radical molecules Hypoxic cells produce Reacts with O2 to create xanthine oxidase When O2 is oxygen free radicals reintroduced At present, there is no way around this. Just know that things may get worse before they get better. Hypoxic Injury Free Radical Injury Overview Free radicals have unpaired electrons, unlike ions, and are aggressively reactive. Free Radical Injury Effects of Free Radicals Causes cell injury Free radicals try to steal an electron or donate the unpaired electron to a previously stable molecule. Free Radical Injury Effects of Free Radicals Cause cell injury DNA Damage - Free radicals can fragment stands of DNA causing mutations or irreversible injury to the cell. Free Radical Injury Effects of Free Radicals Cause cell injury Damage to lipids and proteins – plasma membranes, enzymes, and structural proteins Free Radical Injury  Clinical Examples Free Radicals and Disease CANCER CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Accumulation of mutations can lead to cancer. Oxidation of lipoproteins may cause atherosclerosis. From Campbell and Reece (2005). Biology: Concepts and Connections. Pearson. Free Radical Injury Inactivation of Free Radicals Antioxidants Free Radical Injury Inactivation of Free Radicals Antioxidants Vitamin E Betacarotene (Vitamin A) Nuts & seeds Dark green, yellow & Whole grains orange vegetables Green leafy vegetables Fish-liver oil, etc… Vitamin C Omega 3-fatty acids Citrus fruit Flax seed Green leafy vegetables Fish oil Broccoli, etc… Nuts & seeds Free Radical Injury  Test Your Knowledge Q. How may free radicals cause cell injury? A. Free radicals affect oxygen delivery to the cell B. Free radicals damage DNA C. Free radicals cause calcium to accumulate in the cytoplasm D. Free radicals cause toxins to accumulate in the cell iClicker Hypoxic Injury Cell Death - Overview Necrosis – cell death due to injury Gangrene – extensive cell death due to injury Apoptosis – “programmed” cell death Cell Death Necrosis Loss of plasma membrane structure, swelling of organelles, mitochondrial dysfunction leading to death of a cell. Necrosis looks different in different types of tissues. FYI – images https://library.med.utah.edu/Web http://kobiljak.msu.edu/cai/HM561_Patho Path/jpeg1/RENAL060.jpg http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com logy/Images-Injury/Lab1-Image14.jpg Cell Death Gangrene (Gangrenous Necrosis) Death of an extensive area of tissue from severe hypoxic injury Wet/Moist Gangrene (bacterial invasion) Dry Gangrene Cell Death Apoptosis A process where the cell turns on internal mechanisms to initiate controlled self-destruction. Commonly referred to as‘programmed cell death’. Note: With apoptosis (unlike necrosis), the inflammatory response is not stimulated. Cell Death Apoptosis Clinical Examples EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT CANCER From: http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-welcome Cell Death Quizzes and Study Guide Assignment due Sunday Quizzes available in Canvas and due Sunday - 00 Quiz Syllabus - 01 Quiz Alterations of Cellular Function Two attempts at each quiz before due date. Higher score counts. Correct answers visible after due date Study Guide Assignment available in Canvas and due Sunday Must be completed by hand and submitted as pdf Quizzes and Study Guide Assignment End of Lecture Slides